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Copyright by Brendan Michael Goodrich 2018 Copyright by Brendan Michael Goodrich 2018 The Report Committee for Brendan Michael Goodrich Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Report: Transit-Oriented Development in the Texas Triangle Megaregion: An Inventory of Planning Practices and Infrastructure, and a Synthesis of Stakeholder Perspectives APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Ming Zhang, Supervisor Junfeng Jiao Transit-Oriented Development in the Texas Triangle Megaregion: An Inventory of Planning Practices and Infrastructure, and a Synthesis of Stakeholder Perspectives by Brendan Michael Goodrich Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Community and Regional Planning The University of Texas at Austin August 2018 Abstract Transit-Oriented Development in the Texas Triangle Megaregion: An Inventory of Planning Practices and Infrastructure, and a Synthesis of Stakeholder Perspectives Brendan Michael Goodrich, MSCRP The University of Texas at Austin, 2018 Supervisor: Ming Zhang While most Texas Triangle planning agencies at the state, regional, and local level agree that transit-oriented development (TOD) would benefit their communities, less than ¼ report having even adopted a definition for TOD for their jurisdiction. As a result, most of the region’s 181 TOD-ready sites remain underdeveloped. Planning agencies need guidance in developing policies and guidelines that support the construction of quality TOD at rapid transit stations. This research set forth to inventory TOD in the Texas Triangle, as well as identify the reasons for successes and failures around the megaregion. Through desktop research, surveys, and interviews, this research found that public agencies crucially need guidance on new and useful Texas value capture mechanisms—especially TIRZs and TRZs—which could fund needed capital projects for station areas and for transit lines. Additionally, planning agencies need access to best practices for TOD-specific land development codes. Quality codes can both guide development to these sites and depoliticize the agonizing approval process reported by all parties for density-increasing TOD projects. Planners and developers were largely supportive of form- based codes which allow for higher densities and for developer flexibility, often identified as key to realizing progress at TOD sites. With an increase in quality partnerships and improvements in demonstrated public investment and TOD-specific development codes, TOD in the Texas Triangle holds tremendous yet-unrealized potential. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction: Transit-Oriented Development at the Megaregional Scale in the Texas Triangle ................. 1 1.1. Introduction to Megaregions ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Transportation Challenges in Megaregions ................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Transit-Oriented Development as a Solution in the Texas Triangle ................................................................ 4 1.4 Research Outline .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2. Research Methods ................................................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Research Tasks ............................................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.1. Transit Inventory .................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.2. Literature Review ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.3. Survey .................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.4. Interviews .......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.5. TOD Typologies ................................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 3. Literature Review of TOD Practices ..................................................................................................... 12 3.1. Central Purposes of TOD Planning ............................................................................................................ 12 3.2. Definitions of TOD.................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3. Plans’ Stated Benefits of TOD ................................................................................................................... 16 3.4. TOD Practice............................................................................................................................................. 20 3.4.1 Transit Modalities................................................................................................................................ 20 3.4.2. Land Use and Intensity ....................................................................................................................... 24 3.4.3. Environment ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 4. Transit Technologies in the Texas Triangle .......................................................................................... 28 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 28 4.2. Austin ....................................................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.1. Capital Metro MetroRail Commuter Rail ............................................................................................ 29 4.2.2. Capital Metro MetroRapid BRT-Lite .................................................................................................. 29 4.3. Dallas ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 4.3.1. Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) Light Rail ..................................................................................... 31 4.3.2. Trinity Railway Express Commuter Rail ............................................................................................. 31 4.3.3. Denton County Transportation Authority (DCTA) A-train Commuter Rail .......................................... 32 4.4. Houston ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 4.4.1. METRORail Light Rail ...................................................................................................................... 32 4.5. San Antonio .............................................................................................................................................. 33 4.5.1. VIA Primo BRT-Lite .......................................................................................................................... 33 v Chapter 5. TOD Typologies in the Texas Triangle................................................................................................. 34 5.1. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 34 5.2. Typologies ................................................................................................................................................ 36 5.3. Inventory of Texas Triangle Rapid Transit Station Typologies.................................................................... 42 5.4. TOD Readiness Scores of Texas Triangle Rail Stations .............................................................................. 51 Chapter 6. Surveys of Public Agencies and Developers ......................................................................................... 58 6.1. Public Agency Survey ............................................................................................................................... 58 6.1.1 Public Agency Survey Methods ........................................................................................................... 58 6.1.2. Public Agency Survey General Findings ............................................................................................. 59 6.1.3. Value Capture Findings ...................................................................................................................... 63 6.1.4. Planning Tool Effectiveness Findings ................................................................................................. 64 6.1.5. Public Agency Survey Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 65 6.2. Developer Survey .....................................................................................................................................
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