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AGD 1222 HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN
TOPIC 4: Popular Graphic of the Victorian Era (The New Communication Tools, Lithography, Chromolithography & Photography)
By Puan Rosyida Mohd Rozlan
Popular Graphics of the Victorian Era
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline • A.D 1850’s : The term/word ‘Victorian’ is used: • To express a new consciousness of the industrial era’s spirit, culture and moral standard. • The Victorian era was a time of strong moral and religious belief, proper social conventions, and optimism.
• A.D 1819-1901 : Queen Victoria of United Kingdom of Great Britain -became the long reign (ruler) and spanned (extend over) two-third of the 19th Century, which more than 66 years.
• 18th Century A.D (1760-1850) : Industrial Revolution A period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England.
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WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline
• A.D 200-18th Century A.D : Invention & Development of Printing Techniques • A.D 200-600 : Seal & Woodblock printing by the Chinese • A.D 1040 : Movable type introduce by the Chinese • A.D 1430s : Intaglio by Martin Schongauer • A.D 1454 : Printing Press by Guttenberg • A.D 1769 : Lithography by Aloys Senefelder • A.D 1837 : Chromolithography by Godefroy Engelmann • A.D 1840’s : American Chromolithography began in Boston
• A.D 1765 - 1932 : Invention & Development of Photography Techniques • A.D 1765-1833 : Heliogravure - first photographic image introduce • A.D 1799-1851 : Daguerreotype • A.D 1800-1877 : Photogenic Drawing, Photograms & Calotype • A.D 1813-1857 : Collodion • A.D 1854-1932 : Kodak camera
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline
• A.D 1849 : Grand Exhibition of the Industrial Revolution • Organized by the Queen Victorian husband, Prince Albert • participated by hundreds exhibitors from all industrial nations • become important summation of the progress of the Indst. Rev.
• A.D 1809 - 1874 : Owen Jones, an English designer, author and authority on color. • became major design influence at mid-century of 19th Century.
A.D 1856 : Owen Jones produced a book of large color plates, named ‘The Grammar of Ornament’ • has gave great influence to the Western design especially to the Victorian Era design.
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WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline
• A.D 1812 - 1852 : W.N Pugin • An English architect who fostered (promote the development) of a fondness (affection) for the Gothic style and design.
• A.D 1840 : The Boston School of Chromolithography • William Sharp introduced chromolithography printing techniques to America that began in Boston, where the Boston School of chromolithography was started.
A.D 1840 - 1860 : The battle on the signboards in England • due to ascendancy (influence) of the letterpress and broadsheet of visual and pictorial posters. • Lithography was the graphic medium allowing a more illustrative approach to public communication.
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline
• A.D 1840’s : The rise of American Editorial and Advertising Design • Harper and Brothers become the largest printing and publishing firm in the world. • Harper and Brothers launched a monumental project that became the young nation’s finest achievement of graphic design and book production to date. • Harper’s Illuminated and new Pictorial Bible, 1850 • Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 1850 • Harper’s Weekly, 1867 • Harper's Bazaar, 1867
• A.D 1880 - 1900 : The Victorian Advertisement on Trade Card • They were popular as a cheap and effective way to advertise products and services.
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WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline
• A.D 1890’s - 1940’s : Golden Age of American Illustration
Launched by Horward Pyle with over 3,300 illustrations and two hundred text published in which inspired a younger generation of graphic artists to carry forward the tradition of realism in America.
WHERE? - Classification according to geographical regions
The colored areas on the map below show the countries which belonged to the British Empire in Victorian times. Some of the countries on the map had different names in the 19th century.
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WHERE? - The Victorian Empire in 1837
• During the Victorian Empire in 1837, England become a huge empire - India, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand.
WHO? - The Person/People who developed or invented
• A.D 1819-1901 : Queen Victoria of U.K of Great Britain Victoria was the Queen of U.K, Ireland and Empress of India from 1876 to 1901
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WHO? - Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament, 1856
• A.D 1809-1874 : Owen Jones
• An English; a London-born architect and designer, author and authority on color who contributed a catalog of design possibilities from Eastern and Western cultures; called ‘The Grammar of Ornament’, 1856
• Key figure in nineteenth century design reform.
• He looked towards the Islamic world for much of this inspiration, using his carefully-observed studies of Islamic decoration at the Alhambra to develop bold new theories on flat patterning, geometry and abstraction in ornament, that still resonate with contemporary designers today.
WHO? - Owen Jones’ geometry and abstraction ornament
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WHO? - A.W.N Pugin Ornamental Designer & Architect: Articulate Gothic Style
• A.D 1812-1852 : A.W.N Pugin
• An English architect who designed the ornamental details of the British Houses of Parliament; the first 19th century designer to articulate a philosophy of Gothic style.
• He defined design as a moral act that archived the status of art through the designer’s ideals and attitudes;
• He al so believed the integrity and character of a civilization were linked to its design.
WHO? - A.W.N Pugin
(Above) Portrait of A.W.N Pugin
(Right) One of Pugin’s architecture design
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WHO? - Architecture Designs of A.W.N Pugin
WHO? - Aloys Senefelder The Development of Lithography
• A.D 1769 : Bavarian author Aloys Senefelder Invented stone printing called Lithography; based on the simple chemical principle that oil and water do not mix.
(Left) Portrait of Aloys Senefelder
&
(Right) His Lithography printing press machine
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WHO? - Godefroy Engelmann The Development of Chromolithography
• A.D 1837 : A French printer Godefroy Engelmann He patented (invented) Chromolithography printing techniques; printing techniques that separated the colors from an image into a series of printing plates and printed these component colors one by one.
WHO? - William Sharp The Boston School of Chromolithography
• A.D 1840 : William Sharp
He introduced chromolithography printing techniques to America, which began in Boston, where The Boston School of Chromolithography was started.
Sharp was a London painter and drawing teacher who opened a lithography shop in 1829.
(Right) Portrait of William Sharp
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WHO? - William Sharp The Boston School of Chromolithography
(Above) Chromolithography by William Sharp
WHO? - John H. Bufford The Boston School of Chromolithography
• A.D 1870 : John H. Bufford Is the major innovator of chromolithography in Boston, whose crayon- style images achieved a remarkable realism; hallmarks of his designs were meticulous and convincing tonal drawing and the integration of image and lettering into unified design such as in posters design.
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WHO? - Louis Prang The Boston School of Chromolithography
• A.D 1824 - 1909 : Louis Prang
• Prang is a German immigrant to America whose work and influence were international in the Victorian Era.
• He is ‘Father of the American Christmas card’ for his pioneering work in holiday graphics.
• He also produced printed album cards called ‘Trade Cards’ or ‘Scrap’; beautiful art bits that was a (Above) major Victorian pastime. Photograph of Louis Prang
WHO? - Joseph Niepce The Inventors of Photography: Heliogravure
• A.D 1765 - 1833 : Joseph Niepce
• A Frenchman who first produced a photographic image called Heliogravure
• Heliogravure is a sun engraving method using a pewter sheet Covered in bitumen of Judea, a light-sensitive asphalt (a mixture of dark bituminous pitch made by the distillation of crude oil)
(Left) Photograph of Joseph Niepce
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WHO? - Joseph Niepce Heliogravure Photography
(Above) Joseph Niepce, photolithographic print of Cardinal Ambroise, 1822 First image printed from a plate that was created by the photochemical action of light rather than by the human hand.
WHO? - Louis Jacques Daguerre The Inventors of Photography: Daguerreotype
• A.D 1799 - 1851 : Louis Jacques Daguerre
• He worked with Joseph Niepce and perfected the early photographic process called Daguerreotype, which he presented to the French Academy of Sciences.
• Daguerreotype used highly polished silver-plate copper sheet that was sensitized by placing it, silver side down, over a container of iodine crystals; the plate was placed in the camera and exposed to light Photograph of coming through the lens to produce Louis Jacques Daguerre a latent image.
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WHO? - Louis Jacques Daguerre Daguerreotype Photography
(Above Left) (Above Right) Daguerre camera Louis Jacques Daguerre, Paris boulevard, 1839.
WHO? - William Henry Fox Talbot The Inventors of Photography: Calotype
• A.D 1800 - 1877 : William Henry Fox Talbot
• Talbot has pioneered a process that formed the basis for both photography and photographic printing plate by working with objects held over paper treated with silver compounds and exposed to light.
• Calotype means; ‘beautiful impression in Greek that allowed greater light-sensitive paper.
• Talbot created Photogenic drawing, Photogram and published a book that featured 24 photographs mounted into each copy by hand called ‘The Pencil of Nature’.
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WHO? - William Henry Fox Talbot Calotype Photography
(Above Middle & Right) (Above Left) Pages from Talbot’s ‘The pencil of Nature’, Talbot’s camera 1844. This first book to illustrated entirely with photograph Had original prints mounted onto the printed page.
WHO? - John Calvin Moss Photography to Printing: Gelatin Emulsion
• A.D 1871 : John Calvin Moss
• Moss has pioneered a commercially feasible photo- engraving method for translating line artwork into metal letterpress plates.
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Photography to Printing: Gelatin Emulsion
WHO? - George Eastman The Development of Photography: Kodak Camera
• A.D 1871 : George Eastman
• An American dry-plate manufacturer who put the power of photography into hands of the lay public when he introduced his Kodak Camera in 1888.
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George Eastman: Kodak Camera
WHO? - Harper & Brothers The Rise of American Editorial and Advertising Design
• A.D 1850’s - 1870’s : Harper & Brothers (James & John)
• The New York company started by James and John Harper that became the largest printing and publishing firm in the world by the middle of the 19th century.
• They had launched a monumental project that became the young nation’s finest achievement of graphic design and book production during the Victorian Era.
• Thomas Nast (1840-1902): is an artist-correspondent for Harper’s Weekly; with deep social and political concerns that led him to strip away detail and introduced symbols and labels for increased communicative effectiveness in his work.
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WHO? - Harper & Brothers The Rise of American Editorial and Advertising Design
WHO? - Howard Pyle The Rise of American Editorial and Advertising Design
A.D 1853 - 1911 Howard Pyle
Pyle has launched the period called the Golden Age of American Illustration; published 200 texts; meticulous research, elaborate staging, and historical accuracy of his work inspired a younger generation of graphic artists to carry forward the tradition of realism in America.
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WHAT? - Introduction: Popular Graphic of the Victorian Era
• The Victorian Design, search for design spirit to express their epoch (period/time).
• The design demonstrates aesthetic confusion of the Victorian era that lead to a number of often contradictory design approaches and philosophies mixed together in a helter-skelter (jumbled or chaotic) design.
• For example, The Grammar of Ornament by Owen Jones has demonstrates an eclectic confusion of the Victorian Era; with the Medieval letterforms, Baroque plant design, and Celtic interlaces are combined into a dense symmetrical design.
• Traditional values of homes, religion, and patriotism were symbolized with sweetness and piety, that produced by chromolithography, an innovation of the Industrial Revolution that unleashed a flood of colorful printed images.
WHAT? - Introduction: Popular Graphic of the Victorian Era
• The Victorian love the ornaments with complexity and fussiness design was expressed through: i. gingerbread woodwork applied to domestic architecture, ii. Ornate, extravagant embellishment on manufactured products such as silverware and large furniture, iii. And, elaborate borders and lettering in graphic design.
• Graphic design in Victorian Era, captured and conveyed the values of the era with expression of sentimentality, nostalgia, and a canon of idealized beauty; through printed images of children, maidens, puppies, and flowers.
• Victorian Era was the time where advance classes grew, industries grew and invention was plentiful, due to the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century (high demand on products, services as well as workers for the factory).
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WHAT? - An Eclectic confusion of Victorian Ornaments
Elaborate borders and lettering
WHAT? - Victorian Ornate & Extravagant Embellishment
Ornate and extravagant embellishment applied to domestic architecture
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WHAT? - Victorian Ornate & Extravagant Embellishment
Owen Jones’ design and ornaments became major design influence at mid 19th century
Elaborate borders and Lettering in Graphic Design
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WHAT? - Victorian Posters & Adverts The Development of Lithography & Chromolithography
• Although lithography was invented in 1798, it was at first too slow and expensive for poster production.
• Most posters were woodblocks or metal engravings with little color or design.
• With chromolithographic process," a breakthrough which allowed artists to achieve every color in the rainbow with as little as three stones - usually red, yellow and blue - printed in careful registration.
• Ability to combine word and image in such an attractive and economical format finally made the lithographic poster a powerful innovation.
WHAT? - Victorian Posters & Adverts
• The Victorian posters, produced during the Late 18th to 19th century, which new typographies were developed specifically for advertising.
• They were designed to grab attention, and were used on posters or handbills (pamphlet, brochure or handout).
• This advert reveals all sorts of details about the entertainments on offer there, including 'musical clowns', 'The White-Eyed Musical Kaffir', a ballet named 'Cecile', and a 'troupe of skaters'. These traditional Victorian circus or/and entertainment posters use different sized lettering to attract the eyes of passers by.
• Other advertisements provide a fascinating glimpse into the kinds of commercial activities going on in England at the time. There are all sorts of products being advertised: whiskey and table water, boots and newspapers, cafes and furniture sellers, ales and champagnes.
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Victorian Entertainment Posters & Adverts
Victorian Circus Posters & Entertainment Adverts
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Victorian Circus Posters & Entertainment Adverts
Victorian Advertisements: Trade Cards
• ‘Tradecard’ were popular between 1880-1900 time period of the Victorian era; is about the size of a 3x5 index card and typically has a nice picture with advertising slogan on the front side, and full advertising text (and sometimes testimonials) on the back side by the local store.
• Local merchants and street walkers would hand them out for free as a cheap and effective way to advertise products and services.
• Trade cards can be classified into two types:
1. Stock: these cards were generic in that they could be applied to any product. The backs were typically blank so they could be printed by the advertiser. And there was usually a blank box on the front for the advertiser to print as well. You run across the same stock card being used by multiple advertisers.
2. Custom: produced by/for specific companies who, as a rule, did not share their designs with other firms. These cards often picture the product being advertised.
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Victorian Advertisements: Trade Cards
Victorian Advertisements: Trade Cards
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Victorian Advertisements: Trade Cards
Victorian Greeting Cards: L. Prang & Company
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Victorian Greeting Cards: L. Prang & Company
Victorian Package & Label Designs
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Victorian Package & Label Designs
Victorian Package & Label Designs
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Victorian Package & Label Designs
The Butterfly Brand can label and most of other can labels in the 1890ʼs demonstrate the integration of illustration with decorative patterns derived from Jonesʼs Grammar of Ornament.
Victorian Postcards Design
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Victorian Postcards Design
Kitsch : Victorian Stickers Designs & Die Cuts
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Kitsch : Victorian Stickers Designs & Die Cuts
Harper & Brothers: Harper’s Illuminated & New Pictorial Bible, 1850
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Harper & Brothers: Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 1850
Harper & Brothers: Harper’s Weekly, 1867
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Harper & Brothers: Harper’s Bazaar, 1867
Howard Pyle: Illustration
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Howard Pyle: Illustration
Victorian Typefaces : MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan
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Victorian Typefaces : MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan
Victorian Typefaces : MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan
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WHY? - The Purpose/ Need of Popular Graphic of Victorian Era
WHY? - The Purpose/ Need of Popular Graphic of Victorian Era
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HOW? - The Execution/ Technical Process
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