Capitolul 2. Siturile Natura 2000 Pricop-Huta Certeze Și Tisa Superioară …………………………………………………… 15 2.1

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Capitolul 2. Siturile Natura 2000 Pricop-Huta Certeze Și Tisa Superioară …………………………………………………… 15 2.1 RĂZVAN BĂTINAȘ • DUNCAN HALLEY Coordonatori SERVICII ALE ECOSISTEMELOR DIN SITURILE NATURA 2000 PRICOP-HUTA CERTEZE ȘI TISA SUPERIOARĂ Editor: Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca Facultatea de Geografie Departamentul de Geografie Fizică și Tehnică Referenţi ştiinţifici: Anca CRĂCIUNAȘ, Șef serviciu Arii Naturale Protejate, Ministerul Mediului, București Dănuț PETREA, Decan, Facultatea de Geografie, Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca MULȚUMIRI Această publicație însumează, parțial, rezultatele proiectului RO02-0013 - Studiu integrat privind contribuția ecosistemelor din ariile protejate Natura 2000: Pricop- Huta Certeze și Tisa Superioară la dezvoltarea durabilă a comunităților locale, finanțat printr-un grant acordat de Islanda, Liechtenstein și Norvegia, Program RO02 – „Biodiversitate și servicii ale ecosistemelor”, Apelul pentru propuneri de proiecte nr. 1, al cărui Operator de Program este Ministerul Mediului. Ne exprimăm gratitudinea pentru sprijinul oferit de Granturile SEE 2009-2014, cu speranța că această publicație va reprezenta un instrument de lucru pentru toți factorii de decizie interesați de problematica conservării biodiversității. Conținutul acestei publicații nu reprezintă poziția oficială a Granturilor SEE 2009- 2014. Întreaga răspundere asupra corectitudinii și coerenței informațiilor prezentate revine editorilor. Design copertă: Gheorghe-Gavrilă HOGNOGI © Toate drepturile rezervate editorului. Reproducerea integrală sau parţială a textului şi ilustraţiilor, prin orice mijloace, fără acordul acestuia, este interzisă şi se pedepseşte conform legii. RĂZVAN BĂTINAȘ • DUNCAN HALLEY Coordonatori SERVICII ALE ECOSISTEMELOR DIN SITURILE NATURA 2000 PRICOP-HUTA CERTEZE ȘI TISA SUPERIOARĂ Editura RISOPRINT Cluj-Napoca 2017 LISTA AUTORILOR Mircea ALEXE Eivind ARONSEN Ștefana BANC Sabin BĂDĂRĂU Răzvan BĂTINAȘ Ciprian CORPADE Duncan HALLEY Gheorghe HOGNOGI Csaba HORVATH Andrei NIȚOAIA Lelia PAPP Rareș PETRIC Ionuț PONCIȘ Ana-Maria POP Simona POP Sebastian RAFAN Rareş RANGA Daniel SABĂU Robert STANCIU Gheorghe ȘERBAN CUPRINS Cuvânt înainte ……………………………………………………………….. 7 Scopul și obiectivele …………………………………………………………. 8 CAPITOLUL 1. SITURILE NATURA 2000 ȘI SERVICIILE ECOSISTEMELOR ………………………………………………………… 10 1.1. Conservarea biodiversității în ariile protejate integrate rețelei Natura 2000 ……………………………………………………………. 10 1.1.1. Permisivitate și restrictivitate în cadrul siturilor Natura 2000 ……. 11 1.2. Siturile Natura 2000 și serviciile ecosistemelor ……………………… 13 CAPITOLUL 2. SITURILE NATURA 2000 PRICOP-HUTA CERTEZE ȘI TISA SUPERIOARĂ …………………………………………………… 15 2.1. ROSCI 0358 Pricop-Huta Certeze …………………………………… 16 2.2. ROSCI 0251 Tisa Superioară și Aria protejată „Pădurea Ronișoara” 17 2.3. ROSPA 0143 Tisa Superioară ………………………………………… 20 2.4. Contextul teritorial …………………………………………………… 20 CAPITOLUL 3. HABITATELE DIN SITURILE NATURA 2000 PRICOP-HUTA CERTEZE ȘI TISA SUPERIOARĂ ……………………. 35 3.1. Habitatele din ROSCI 0358 Pricop-Huta Certeze ………………….. 36 3.2. Habitatele ROSCI 0251 Tisa Superioară și Aria protejată „Pădurea Ronișoara” ……………………………………………………………. 46 CAPITOLUL 4. SERVICII ȘI BENEFICII ALE ECOSISTEMELOR ÎN SITURILE NATURA 2000 PRICOP-HUTA CERTEZE ȘI TISA SUPERIOARĂ ……………………………………………………………... 66 4.1. Ecosistemele forestiere și funcțiile lor ……………………………….. 67 4.1.1. Evoluţia defrişărilor în arealele forestiere de pe teritoriul siturilor .. 71 4.1.2. Impactul antropic asupra pădurii ………………………………….. 76 4.1.3. Impactul activităților forestiere asupra comunităților umane ……. 79 4.2. Resursa acvatică și varii tipuri de valorificare ………………………... 80 4.2.1. Apele de suprafaţă ………………………………………………….. 81 4.2.2. Scurgerea medie lichidă ……………………………………………. 85 4.2.3. Scurgerea maximă lichidă între resursa de apă şi riscurile induse .. 88 4.2.4. Regimul de scurgere a râurilor ……………………………………... 102 4.2.5. Resursele de apă subterană …………………………………………. 104 4.2.6. Resursele de ape minerale …………………………………………. 109 4.2.7. Bilanţul hidric ………………………………………………………. 110 4.2.8. Resursele socio-economice de apă de suprafaţă şi subterană ……... 111 4.2.9. Calitatea apelor naturale …………………………………………… 112 4.2.10. Poluarea mediului acvatic ………………………………………… 123 4.2.11. Aspecte privind monitorizarea calitativă şi impactul antropic asupra corpurilor de apă din bazinul Tisei superioare …………… 128 4.2.12. Componente biotice ale ecosistemului acvatic vulnerabile la manifestările hidrologice extreme şi poluare ……………………... 132 4.2.13. Valorificarea hidroedilitară a resursei de apă …………………… 138 4.3. Siturile Natura 2000 – între conservare şi valorificare turistică …… 163 4.3.1. Factori de condiționare a activităţilor turistice ……………………. 164 4.3.2. Resursele locale – forme de exploatare economică ………………... 167 4.3.3. Forme de valorificare turistică ……………………………………... 208 CAPITOLUL 5. PERCEPŢII LOCALE PRIVIND BENEFICIILE SERVICIILOR ECOSISTEMICE DIN SITURILE NATURA 2000 PRICOP-HUTA CERTEZE ȘI TISA SUPERIOARĂ ................................ 221 5.1. Percepții locale privind beneficiile serviciilor ecosistemice în siturile Natura 2000 Pricop-Huta Certeze și Tisa Superioară ……... 222 BIBLIOGRAFIE ......................................................................................... 241 Summary .................................................................................................... 248 Cuvânt înainte Lucrarea de faţă este bazată pe interpretarea cercetărilor derulate în cadrul unui proiect susţinut prin Mecanismul Financiar European, ca parte integrantă a unui program coordonat de Ministerul Mediului. Teritoriul analizat este definit de constrângeri teritoriale impuse de relief şi reţeaua hidrografică, fiind caracterizat de multiple interferenţe sociale şi politico-administrative. Eterogenitatea etnică, poziţionarea adiacentă unui sector de graniţă, cu multiple provocări de securitate, tezaurul tradiţional, exprimat frecvent prin valorile patrimoniului etnografic, au condus la conturarea unui spaţiu cu valenţe unice, peste care se suprapun repere de ordin biogeografic, ce sunt conservate la nivelul unor situri de importanţă comunitară, ce fac parte din reţeaua europeană Natura 2000. Resursele naturale, habitatele forestiere dominante, concură la definirea unui spaţiu în care culoarul Tisei devine axa principală de deplasare pentru comunităţile umane adiacente acestui teritoriu, în care municipiul Sighetu Marmaţiei a devenit un pol de atractivitate pentru întreaga regiune a Ţării Maramureşului. Analiza celor două situri Natura 2000, din perspectiva habitatelor, respectiv a resurselor ce asigură sustenabilitatea comunităţilor umane, a scos în evidenţă repere ce surprind starea de conservare a habitatelor, patrimoniul biogeografic asociat, dar şi relaţiile de interferenţă cu activităţile socio-economice care definesc acest teritoriu. Presiunile antropice asupra resurselor naturale disponibile vor trebui limitate, astfel încât să fie asigurat un echilibru între conservarea biodiversităţii din cele două situri şi necesităţile comunităţilor umane din teritoriu. De altfel, acest echilibru trebuie să fie corelat cu principiile dezvoltării durabile, care să asigure pe termen lung crearea premiselor favorabile pentru satisfacerea nevoilor generaţiei actuale, fără compromiterea necesităţilor generaţiilor viitoare. 7 Scopul și obiectivele Rezultat al unui proiect tripartit cu finanțare norvegiană, Studiu integrat privind contribuția ecosistemelor din ariile protejate Natura 2000: Pricop-Huta Certeze și Tisa Superioară la dezvoltarea durabilă a comunităților locale, prezenta lucrare atinge, parțial, o parte din problematica avută în vedere în cadrul proiectului mai sus-menționat. Scopul principal al lucrării este acela de a aduce în atenția tuturor factorilor interesați (comunități locale, mediu universitar, autorități publice, ONG-uri, mass- media etc.) informații concrete legate de valoarea siturilor Natura 2000, în cazul de față siturile Pricop-Huta Certeze și Tisa Superioară și modul în care acestea pot contribui, nu la inhibarea unor activități economice, ci dimpotrivă, la dezvoltarea armonioasă și pe termen îndelungat a bazei de susținere pe care o oferă cele două situri în cauză. Negreșit, acest demers a fost facilitat de urmărirea consecventă a unor obiective mult mai specifice, precum: identificarea serviciilor ecosistemelor și beneficiilor acestora în arealele Pricop-Huta Certeze și Tisa Superioară; surprinderea atitudinii comunităților locale, în calitate de beneficiari direcți ai acestui studiu, privind valorile acestor situri și modul în care sunt exploatate și valorificate serviciile ecosistemelor; identificarea unor modele de bune practici în teritoriu privind valorificarea rațională a unor resurse existente. 8 CAPITOLUL 1. SITURILE NATURA 2000 ȘI SERVICIILE ECOSISTEMELOR Autori 1.1. Conservarea biodiversității în ariile Ana-Maria POP protejate integrate rețelei Natura 2000 ......... 10 Ciprian CORPADE 1.2. Siturile Natura 2000 și serviciile Răzvan BĂTINAȘ ecosistemelor ………………………………... 13 Ana-Maria POP 9 1.1. Conservarea biodiversității în ariile protejate integrate rețelei Natura 2000 La nivelul României, aproximativ 47% din suprafața țării este ocupată de ecosisteme naturale și seminaturale, diversitatea biologică existentă demonstrând existența unui important capital natural pe care generația prezentă dar și cele viitoare suntem datori să o valorificăm ca atare (Strategia Națională de Conservare a Biodiversității, 2000). Dacă primele materializări ale interesului acordat protecției naturii se manifestă în țară în secolul XX, prin adoptarea în anul
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