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Petromyzontidae) in Europe

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Petromyzontidae) in Europe Genetic and morphological diversity of the genus Lampetra (Petromyzontidae) in Europe Catarina Sofia Pereira Mateus Tese apresentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Biologia ORIENTADORES: Professor Doutor Pedro Raposo de Almeida Doutora Maria Judite Alves ÉVORA, DEZEMBRO DE 2013 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA Genetic and morphological diversity of the genus Lampetra (Petromyzontidae) in Europe Catarina Sofia Pereira Mateus Tese apresentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Biologia ORIENTADORES: Professor Doutor Pedro Raposo de Almeida Doutora Maria Judite Alves ÉVORA, DEZEMBRO DE 2013 Aos meus pais Acknowledgements Agradecimentos No final desta etapa gostaria de dedicar algumas palavras de agradecimento a várias pessoas e instituições que de alguma forma contribuíram para a realização desta Dissertação. Estou especialmente grata à minha família pelo apoio e carinho e aos meus orientadores pelo encorajamento, amizade e conhecimento partilhado. Em primeiro lugar quero agradecer aos co-orientadores do meu Doutoramento Professor Pedro Raposo de Almeida e Doutora Maria Judite Alves. Ao Professor Pedro Raposo de Almeida pela sua dedicação, entusiasmo, e postura profissional, sempre descontraída e otimista, que foram fundamentais para chegar ao final desta etapa. Agradeço a confiança que sempre depositou em mim e o facto de me ter inserido no mundo da ciência, e em particular no fascinante mundo das lampreias. A sua exigência científica e o rigor que incute a quem consigo trabalha foram essenciais para o meu crescimento científico. Obrigada por colocar os seus estudantes sempre em primeiro lugar. À Doutora Maria Judite Alves pelo seu incansável apoio, pela enorme dedicação a este projeto, pelas discussões de ideias e confiança depositada no meu trabalho. Agradeço todos os conhecimentos partilhados, e o investimento na minha formação científica, incentivando-me sempre a frequentar cursos e congressos. Nos momentos de maior desânimo a sua ponderação e calma foram fundamentais para continuar, tendo sempre um conselho a dar, uma palavra amiga e de encorajamento. Agradeço também a oportunidade de ter podido partilhar do “melhor gabinete do MUHNAC”. A ambos, Muito Obrigada. Ao Bernardo Quintella por tudo o que me ensinou sobre lampreias, por incutir o rigor em todos os trabalhos, pelos conselhos a vários níveis que sempre me deu, e pela disponibilidade constante para me ajudar. O seu contributo científico foi essencial em todos os trabalhos que realizei. Agradeço também a leitura criteriosa de partes desta Dissertação. À Natacha Mesquita por ter partilhado tanto do seu conhecimento do mundo da genética, pela boa disposição e gargalhadas ao longo destes anos em que partilhámos gabinete. Pelo empenho e rigor nos trabalhos que realizámos em conjunto e pelo interesse no meu trabalho, estando sempre pronta a dar a sua opinião e a partilhar os seus conhecimentos. iii Ao Carlos Alexandre pela companhia e incentivo nas inúmeras saídas de campo, pela disponibilidade que sempre demonstrou para me ajudar. Obrigada pelas conversas e discussões sobre política, religião, ciência, banalidades, que nos ajudaram a passar as muitas noites em claro a seguir as lampreias que teimavam em não se mexer. Obrigada também pela ajuda no ArcGIS para a elaboração dos mapas de amostragem. À Sílvia Pedro pela amizade e apoio desde que cheguei ao Instituto de Oceanografia. Pela partilha de pensamentos, sonhos e frustrações nesta nossa caminhada que um dia nos pareceu infindável. Muita Força nesta fase final! À “equipa das lampreias”, Carlos Alexandre, Sílvia Pedro, Tadeu Pereira, Ana Filipa Ferreira e Filipe Romão, pelo companheirismo e ajuda nas saídas de campo. À Marta Lourenço pela alegria que trouxe ao laboratório e às saídas de campo. Com um sentido de humor enorme, em qualquer circunstância tens sempre uma perspectiva positiva que nos deixa animados. Ao Hugo Gante por me ter incentivado a ir à Basileia, por me ter orientado quando lá cheguei, pelo apoio e por tudo o que me ensinou do mundo da genética. Obrigada pela energia positiva e boa disposição. To Walter Salzburger for welcoming me in his laboratory and making me feel part of his group. Thanks for introducing me to the world of next-generation sequencing, for your interest in my work, and for your availability to help in many ways. Thanks also to all Walters’ lab members for their kindness, especially Madlen Stange, Marius Roesti and Daniel Berner for their help in data analysis and for their enthusiastic participation in the study developed in Basel. Ao Rolando Rodríguez-Muñoz pelo esforço que fez para conseguir as autorizações para a amostragem nas Astúrias, e pela ajuda e valioso contributo que teve nos trabalhos que realizámos em conjunto. À Natacha Mesquita, Judite Alves, Alexandra Cartaxana, Alexandra Marçal, Diana Carvalho, Filipe Lopes, Paulo Marques e Cristiane Bastos Silveira do MUHNAC pela boa disposição, sejam quais forem as circunstâncias. Obrigada pelas conversas ao almoço, foram fundamentais para me abstrair do trabalho, nas longas horas diárias em frente ao computador. Ao Filipe Lopes agradeço também as excelentes fotografias que tirou às espécies novas descritas no âmbito desta tese. À Gilda Silva, Carla Azeda e João Paulo Medeiros do Instituto de Oceanografia pela ajuda e pelo bom ambiente que criaram desde sempre no laboratório de zoologia. iv Às companheiras de laboratório Joana Abreu, Sara Dias, Tereza Almeida e Tina Lopes (Jardim Botânico), Joana Anjos e Carolina Madeira pela companhia, boa disposição e partilha de conhecimentos. Ao Filipe Ribeiro, ao Luís Costa e à Ana Filipa Filipe pelo incentivo, sobretudo na escrita da tese, e por tudo o que me ensinaram do mundo dos peixes. Ao Doutor José Lino Costa pelos conselhos na análise estatística. Ao Professor Carlos Assis pela revisão dos nomes científicos das espécies descritas no decorrer deste trabalho. À Professora Maria José Costa por me ter integrado no Grupo de Zoologia Marinha do Instituto de Oceanografia aquando do início deste estudo. À Professora Maria Manuela Coelho por me ter integrado no grupo de trabalho por si coordenado, Evolutionary Genetics, do Centro de Biologia Ambiental. Agradeço também o facto de me ter facilitado o acesso ao seu laboratório e o uso do sequenciador para otimização dos microssatélites. À Elsa Cabral e à Mafalda Mascarenhas do Centro de Oceanografia e à Cláudia Oliveira do Centro de Biologia Ambiental pela ajuda nas questões burocráticas que foram surgindo no decorrer desta tese. À Maria Drago por ter estado sempre presente desde que embarcámos no mundo da Biologia. Pelas tardes de cinema, pela companhia nas tardes de laboratório, pelos lanches de desabafo. Pela ajuda nas mais diversas coisas, pelas palavras de apoio, pela compreensão, ao longo de tantos anos. Mesmo quando longe, estás sempre perto. Obrigada pela partilha mútua de sonhos e receios, Obrigada pela AMIZADE. Aos meus tios Graça e Jorge pela boa disposição contagiante, pelo apoio, pelo carinho, pelas palavras inspiradoras. Pelas conversas sábias, as sardinhadas, as caracoladas, as tardes de piscina. Cada dia passado convosco é uma nova lufada de ar fresco, um novo ânimo para continuar nesta odisseia. À minha tia São pela generosidade imensa, pela dedicação. Obrigada pelo cuidado, pela preocupação, pelo mimo. A tua vontade de ajudar o próximo enche-nos o coração. Ao meu tio Pedro pelas conversas filosóficas que muitas vezes nos fazem abstrair da realidade. Ao meu Avô por ser um exemplo de vida. v Aos meus irmãos João e Joana por me mostrarem sempre o lado mais feliz da vida, por todos os conselhos e palavras de apoio. Por me fazerem sentir sempre um motivo de orgulho, dando-me força e coragem. Obrigada pelo vosso carinho. Aos meus PAIS por me acompanharem e apoiarem incondicionalmente, em todas as etapas da minha vida. São a minha força, e o meu porto seguro. Sempre demonstraram o orgulho que têm em mim, tornando-me mais segura e confiante. Sem a vossa ajuda nada disto teria sido possível. Muito Obrigada. Ao HUGO pelo amor, pela compreensão, pelo carinho, pela companhia e paciência ao longo destes anos. Quando tudo parece impossível, as tuas palavras e a tua calma tornam tudo mais simples. Obrigada pela ajuda no trabalho de campo, na formatação da tese, nos inúmeros problemas informáticos. Obrigada por estares sempre aqui. Institutional acknowledgements Agradecimentos institucionais Ao Centro de Oceanografia e ao Centro de Biologia Ambiental por me terem integrado nas suas equipas como estudante de Doutoramento. Ao Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência (MUHNAC) por ter criado as condições para que pudesse desenvolver este trabalho, enquanto instituição de acolhimento. To the Zoological Institute of the University of Basel, Switzerland for providing all the necessary working conditions during my stay at the Institute. À Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, QREN (Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional), COMPETE (Programa Operacional Fatores de Competitividade) e FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional) pelo financiamento do projeto intitulado “Estrutura genética e filogeografia das lampreias (Petromyzontidae): definição de unidades de conservação e gestão” (PTDC/BIA-BDE/71826/2006), no âmbito do qual esta tese foi desenvolvida. À Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia pela atribuição da bolsa individual de Doutoramento SFRH/BD/44029/2008. Ao Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas (ICNF) a concessão das licenças de pesca. vi List of publications Mateus CS, Quintella BR, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Almeida PR (2011) Presence of the genus Lampetra in Asturias (northern Spain). Cybium, 35, 162−164. Published as Research Article. Mateus CS, Almeida PR, Quintella BR, Alves MJ (2011) MtDNA markers reveal the existence of allopatric evolutionary lineages in the threatened lampreys Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) and Lampetra planeri (Bloch) in the Iberian glacial refugium. Conservation Genetics, 12, 1061–1074. Published as Research Article. Mateus CS, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Quintella BR, Alves MJ, Almeida PR (2012) Lampreys of the Iberian Peninsula: distribution, population status and conservation. Endangered Species Research, 16, 183–198.
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