6 X 10 Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67178-1 - Grammars of Space: Explorations in Cognitive Diversity Edited by Stephen C. Levinson and David P. Wilkins Index More information

Author index

Adelaar, K. A. 103 Brown, P. 9, 14, 79, 164, 230, 231, 239, 241, Adzomada, J. K. 359 246, 247, 262, 264, 268, 271, 272, 273, 281, Agbodeka, F. K. 359 282, 286, 292, 295, 443, 526, 551 Agesthialingom, S. 409 Bühler, K. 223 Aissen, J. 236, 300 Burrow, T. 409 Aklif, G. 149 Alpher, B. 103 Campbell, L. 274 Ameka, F. K. 61, 107, 238, 282, 359, 361, Capell, A. 64, 117, 158, 207 362, 364, 365, 367, 368, 370, 372, 395, 397, Capo, H. B. C. 359 399, 405, 450, 495, 523 Carlin, E. B. 311 Andrade, M. J. 275 Carroll, M. 508 Annamalai, E. 400 Chadwick, N. 64 Ansre, G. 359, 367, 368, 397 Choi, S. 468 Arden, A. H. 401, 403 Clark, E. 78, 175, 373 Armstrong, W. E. 157, 176 Claudi, U. 364 Arun Selvan, J. 400 Clements, G. N. 361, 365, 388, 397 Aske, J. 219, 299 Cleverly, J. R. 64 Austin, P. 51 Collins, C. 397 Ayres, G. 275 Coronel, J. 275 Crowley, T. 222 Baldwin, B. 207 Cunningham, L. 207 Barbiers, S. 477 Cuyckens, H. 488, 489, 490, 491, Barrera-Vásquez,A. 275, 276 492 Beier, U. 207 Beliën,M. 488, 491, 492 Danziger, E. 254 Beltránde Santa Rosa, P. 275 Dayley, J. P. 278, 279 Berman, R. 13, 422, 537, 551 De Goeje, C. H. 311 Berlin, B. 230, 236, 245 Dench, A. C. 103, 149 Bickel, B. 425 Derbyshire, D. C. 311, 317, 321 Blair, R. W. 275 Dhamotharan, A. 409 Blake, B. 33 Dickey, L. 413, 514 Blench, R. 359 Dixon, R. M. W. 67, 103, 278, 314, Bohnemeyer, J. 79, 89, 231, 241, 246, 273, 365 277, 279, 295, 296, 297, 300, 301, 302, 531 Dobson, V. 25, 38, 48, 51, 54 Bolt, J. E. 64 Donaldson, B. C. 476, 503 Boogaart, R. J. U. 493 Downs, R. M. 226 Bowden, J. 209, 210 Dryer, M. S. 118 Bowerman, M. 9, 11, 239, 405, 468, 475, 488, Durie, M. 221, 222, 396 491, 492, 514, 522 Dürr, M. 256 Bricker, V. R. 275, 281 Duthie, A. S. 359, 364, 366, 369 Britto, F. 401 Dwyer, J. 207 Broekhuis, H. 476 Dzul de P’ot, O. 281

600

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67178-1 - Grammars of Space: Explorations in Cognitive Diversity Edited by Stephen C. Levinson and David P. Wilkins Index More information

Author index 601

Edmonson, M. S. 274 Hoiting, N. 222, 360, 391, 395, 396 Emeneau, M. B. 409 Hopper, P. 210 England, N. C. 230, 273 Hosokawa, K. 117, 122, 149 Essegbey, J. 107, 359, 361, 362, 364, 365, Hovdhaugen, E. 208 373, 378, 387, 388, 395, 399, 450 von Humboldt, W. 209, 210 Evans, N. 103, 523, 535 Hutchins, E. 207

Fellows, S. B. 207 Ikegami, Y. 446, 473, 474 Fodor, J. 514 Inhelder, B. 542 Foley, W. 158, 159 Frawley, W. 17, 18, 19, 530 Jackendoff, R. 17, 271, 274, 283, 298 Freeze, R. 78 Jackson, W. S. 321 Frikel, P. 312 Johnson, G. 117 Johnson-Laird, P. N. 21, 217, 485 Gaines, R. 390, 396 Johnston, J. R. 520, 542 Gavua, K. 359 Jones, C. 103 Geerts, G. 476, 477, 482, 484, 485, 493, 494, 503 Kant, E. 1 Geoghegan, R. 181 Kasaipwalova, J. 207 Gildea, S. 311, 317, 343 Kato, Y. 463 Givón,T. 221, 416 Kaufman, T. 236, 245, 274, 277, 278, 280, Gleitman, L. R. 514, 552 286, 295, 311 Goddard, C. 103 Kita, S. 15, 41, 301, 362, 413, 437, 443, 450, Goldap, C. 287, 289, 298, 306 454, 455, 467, 469, 472, 514, 532 Goldberg, A. E. 123 Klimov, G. A. 278 Gossen, G. 230 Koch, H. 28, 51, 86 Green, I. 25, 64 Kofod, F. M. 64, 69, 103 Grice, H. P. 167, 170, 172, 180 Kooij, J. G. 477 Krämer, M. 279 Hale, K. 29, 31, 117 Krishnaswami, V. 400 Hamano, S. 450 Kummer, W. 274 Hanks, W. 230, 287, 288 Kunihiro, T. 448 Harkins, S. 25, 36, 127 Kurylowicz, J. 210 Harvey, M. 64 Hasegawa, Y. 462, 463, 465 Ladefoged, P. 158 Haun, D. 472 Landau, B. 17, 271 Haviland, J. 35, 55, 103, 149, 235, 236, 246, van Langendonck, W. 488 248, 251, 253, 256, 281 Laughren, M. 53, 103 Hayes, B. 313 Laughlin, R. M. 236, 251 Heestermans, H. 477, 488 Lawton, R. 207 Heine, B. 61, 210, 364, 367, 369, 372, 391, Leach, E. R. 157, 207 543 Leach, J. W. 157, 207 Henderson, A. 158 Leavitt, C. 311 Henderson, J. 25, 38, 48, 51, 52, 54, 157, 158, Lehmann, C. 78, 210, 275, 279, 285, 287, 298 159, 160, 161, 164, 173, 174, 192, 193, 194, Lehmann, Th. 401, 406, 408, 409, 421 195, 196, 197 Lemmens, M. 494 Hengeveld, K. 175 de León,L. 242, 245, 246, 272 Herring, S. C. 422 Levelt, W. J. M. 551 Herskovits, A. 4, 164, 487 Levin, B. 96, 276, 280, 289, 365 Hill, C. 21, 189, 428 Levinson, S. C. 1, 16, 20, 21, 35, 55, 61, 103, Hill, D. 15, 42, 47, 84, 196, 197, 217, 220, 107, 116, 149, 157, 159, 167, 169, 170, 172, 254, 299, 345, 417, 465, 533 178, 180, 191, 205, 206, 222, 231, 238, 239, Hlomatsi, Y. 368 241, 242, 264, 268, 271, 272, 335, 400, 425, Hoddinott, W. G. 64, 69 448, 472, 512, 514, 520, 523, 526, 541, 542, Hoff, J. 467 543, 544, 549, 550, 551, 552

602 Author index

Lewis, M. 397 Pfeiler, B. 274, 275 Li, P. 514 Piaget, J. 542 Lichtenberk, F. 368 Pike, K. 8 Liep, J. 157 Pinker, S. 513, 514 Lithgow, D. 207 Pio P´erez,J. 276 Lord, C. 367, 368, 391 Polian, G. 236 Lucy, J. 207, 217, 277, 279, 533 Po’ot Yah, E. 281 Lyons, J. 78, 551 Powell, H. A. 208

Maddieson, I. 158, 159 Quine, W. 552 Maffi, L. 236, 245 Malinowski, B. 207, 208, 226 Radetzky, P. 420 Martin, L. 230 Rajam, V. S. 409, 435 Martin, S. E. 438, 439 Rappaport Hovav, M. 96, 280, 365 Mart´ınezHernández,J. 275 Rasch, B. H. 472 Matthews, P. 535 Ray,S.H. 210 Matsumoto, Y. 445, 446, 450, 461, 462, 463, Reh, M. 367 464, 467 Richter, J. V. 380 Mayer, M. 13, 39, 125, 142, 143, 218 Rivière,P. 312 McGhee, J. 207 Roelofs, A. 551 McGregor, W. 66, 68, 69, 75, 77, 91, 101, Romero Castillo, M. 283 102, 103, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, Ross, M. 207 125, 128, 129, 133, 135, 137, 138, 140, 146, Rumsey, A. 103, 149 147, 149, 152 McKenzie, R. 103 Saah, K. K. 365 McQuown, N. A. 275 San Bonaventura, G. 275 Meillet, A. 210 Sapir, E. 278 Meira, S. 311, 313, 317, 343, 526 Schaefer, R. P. 390, 394, 396, 398 MendézGuzmán,D. 236 Schiffman, H. 401, 409 Merlan, F. C. 68, 69, 103 Schultze-Berndt, E. 18, 63, 64, 65, 70, 73, 82, Meyer, A. 551 83, 84, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 111, 115, 125, Miller, G. 21, 217, 485 128, 135, 137, 146, 147, 148, 149, 301, 397, Monod-Becquelin, A. 236 534 Morita, Y. 460, 463 Scoditti, G. M. G. 207, 208 Mosel, U. 208 Senft, G. 15, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, Muraki, M. 463 212, 214, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 226, Mushin, L. 121 227 Myers, F. 62, 116 Shibatani, M. 437, 438 Silverstein, M. 26 Nash, D. 55, 69 Slobin, D. 13, 18, 19, 39, 44, 101, 222, 360, Nichols, J. 277, 402 391, 395, 396, 397, 398, 422, 450, 452, 520, Norman, W. 230 537, 542, 551 Nüse, R. 223 Smailus, O. 274, 275 Nyaku, F. K. 390 Smith, J. 238 van Staden, M. 475 Osam, E. K. 365 Stea, D. 226 Owen, M. G. 275, 279 Stewart, J. M. 359 Ozyürek,A.¨ 437 Stokes, B. 115, 117, 120, 149 Stolz, C. 79, 89, 273, 531 Paramasivam, K. 400, 420, 421 Straight, S. H. 278, 279 Pawley, A. 222 Stross, B. 236, 242 Pederson, E. 9, 11, 12, 62, 222, 223, 272, 303, von Stutterheim, C. 508 310, 400, 405, 425, 428, 432, 542 Suárez,J. A. 274 Peile, A. R. 152 Subrahmanyasastri, P. S. 403 Persson, J. 207, 208 Svorou, S. 17, 369

Author index 603

Tagashira, Y. 467 Villa Rojas, A. 230, 309 Takahashi, T. 465 Vogt, E. 230 Talmy, L. 17, 18, 19, 44, 51, 52, 82, 83, 101, 102, 146, 147, 199, 202, 205, 219, 222, 223, Walsh, M. 64 231, 251, 260, 274, 276, 282, 283, 294, 297, Weijnen, A. 488 299, 300, 343, 360, 392, 394, 399, 414, 422, Weiner, A. B. 208 435, 450, 462, 469, 485, 491, 500, 511, 527, Westermann, D. H. 360, 367, 369, 388, 530, 531, 536 397 Tanaka, S. 458, 459, 461 Whitehead, O. 103 Tanz, C. 542 Wilkins, D. 14, 15, 25, 26, 33, 36, 38, 39, 42, Tedlock, B. 230 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 61, 62, 75, 77, 84, 86, Teramura, H. 452, 453, 460 103, 106, 108, 111, 115, 116, 125, 127, 128, Tindale, N. 115 130, 133, 149, 151, 153, 196, 197, 217, 220, Took, H. 210 223, 254, 282, 290, 299, 345, 400, 417, 433, Tozzer, A. 275 465, 495, 512, 523, 533 Traugott, E. C. 210 Williamson, K. 359 Tsujimura, N. 438 Wilson, S. 69 Tsunoda, T. 69, 103 de Witte, C. 282, 495 Tunbridge, D. 51 Woodworth, N. L. 426 Turner-Neale, M. 25 Wunderlich, D. 279 Wurm, S. 158 Van Oosten, J. 494 Verhelst, M. 475 Zavala, R. 295, 300

Language/Language family index

LANGUAGES 332, 364, 369, 371, 372, 400–435, 439, 440, 441, 443, 446, 450, 452, 462, 467, 468, 469, Aboriginal English 115 473, 475–486, 516, 519, 520, 522, 527, 532, Adnyamathanha 51 534, 535, 537, 538, 543, 544 Akan 365, 379, 380, 382, 399 Ewe 7, 61, 107, 359–381, 405, 450, 519, 522 Alyawarr 24 Anmatyerr 24 Finnish 17 Aŋlɔ 359, 363, 382, 384, 385, 386, 389, 392, Fódome 359 399 French 236, 476 Anum 379 Apala´ı 317 Gajirrabeng 64 Arrernte 7, 14, 18, 22, 24–55, 77, 86, 103, Gbe 359 106, 108, 111, 125, 128, 130, 133, 149, 151, Gooniyandi 103, 125, 129, 133, 135, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 173, 198, 246, 312, 315, 152, 154 351, 405, 516, 518, 519, 520, 523, 524, 526, Greek 173 530, 531, 533, 534, 535, 538, 539, 541, 545, Guugu Yimithirr 35, 55, 103, 149, 172, 542 547, 549 Atsugewi 102 Hausa 21, 189, 428, 544 Australian English 25 Hixkaryana 317, 321 Ho 359 Baki 210 Hohoe 359 Bardi 121, 149 Hungarian 358 Bilinarra 64 Boso 379 Indian English 432 Bunuba 103, 149 Indonesian 207 Itzá 274 Chinese 146, 395 Chol 233 Jaminjung 4, 7, 18, 22, 63–112, 125, 128, 135, 137, 146, 147, 148, 149, 403, 519, 520, 523, Djaru 103 527, 530, 531, 533, 534, 541, 544, 549 Dodóme 359 Japanese 7, 15, 18, 146, 301, 398, 400, 426, Dravidian 400 437–471, 518, 520, 522, 523, 531, 532, 544, Dutch 7, 9, 173, 246, 312, 446, 473, 475–486, 545, 549 519, 520, 522, 523, 524, 527, 532, 535, 538, Jukun 115 539, 543, 544, 549 Dyirbal 103 Kannada 400, 426 Kayardild 103, 535 Eastern Kunwinjku 36 Kaytetye 24, 51, 86 Emai 394 Kilivila (Kiriwina) 7, 11, 21, 205, 518, 520, English 5, 7, 18, 19, 21, 30, 34, 43, 53, 61, 62, 522, 524, 527, 530, 539, 549 73, 102, 119, 147, 148, 151, 155, 158, 166, Kitava 207 174, 189, 194, 209, 240, 274, 286, 292, 297, Korean 469

604

Language/Language family index 605

Kpando 359 310, 312, 315, 351, 443, 512, 518, 520, 522, Kpedze 359 524, 526, 527, 530, 532, 533, 535, 536, 538, Kriol 64, 73, 104, 112, 115 539, 542, 543, 544, 545, 547, 549 Kukatja 152 Tzotzil 230, 233, 235, 236, 242, 245, 246, 248, 251, 252, 253, 256, 272, 273, 281, 283, Lakand´on 274 292, 300, 310 Latin 402, 433 Longgu 197, 220 Unggarrangu 115 Luritja 24, 25 Unggumi 115

Makushi 317 Waiwai 317 Malayalam 400, 429 Wangkajunga 152 Mam 273 Wardaman 64, 66, 103 Martuthunira 103 Warlpiri 25, 29–30, 31, 53, 55, 102, 103, 125, Miriwoong 64, 103 146 Mop´an 230, 274, 303, 310 Warrwa 7, 18, 66, 68, 77, 91, 101, 102, 103, Murrinh-Patha 64 519, 523, 527, 530, 534, 535, 541, 542, 543, 544, 549 Nez Perce 102 Wayana 321 Ngaliwurru 63–112 Ngarinyman 64, 103 Nungali 64 Yankunytjatjara 24, 103 Nyikina 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 149, 154, Yawuru 115, 117, 122, 149, 154 155 Y´elˆıDnye (Rossel) 7, 16, 19, 107, 157–201, Nyulnyul 117, 120, 121, 137, 140, 246, 312, 335, 336, 500, 511, 519, 520, 522, 149 524, 527, 530, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 539, 542, 544, 545, 547 Yindjibarndi 103 Panyjima 103 Yir Yoront 103 Peki 359, 366, 379, 380, 382, 399 Yirram 64 Pekigbe 380 Yukatek Maya 7, 18, 19, 89, 199, 205, 230, Pilbara 103, 149 273–301, 518, 520, 522, 523, 527, 530, 531, Pitjantjatjara 24, 25 533, 534, 535, 539, 549 Portuguese 312, 358

Rembarrnga 36 LANGUAGE FAMILIES Russian 358 Aboriginal 121, 155, 156 Sanskrit 400, 403, 408 Amerindian 312 Spanish 17, 233, 274, 275, 280, 299, 309, 358, Arabanic 24 395, 426, 452 Arandic 25 Sranantongo 312 Australian 6, 35, 63, 103, 117, 127, 133, 154, 523 Tadoid 359 Austronesian 103, 158, 207, 227 Tamil 7, 172, 400, 527, 530, 531, 539, 544 Bunuban 103 Tiriy´o 7, 311–357, 512, 519, 520, 522, 530, 536 Cariban 311, 312, 313, 316, 317, 343, 347, To’aba’ita 210 348 Tojolabal 233 Tok Pisin 157 (Proto)(South) Dravidian Tɔŋ´u 359 Trio 311 Finno-Ugric 146 Turkish 520 Tzeltal 7, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 164, 183, Germanic 79, 101, 102, 146, 476, 493, 510, 230–272, 273, 281, 282, 286, 291, 292, 295, 527, 530, 550

606 Language/Language family index

Gorokan 158 Oceanic 207, 209, 210, 211 Guang 379 Pama-Nyungan 24, 25, 64, 117, Indo-European 231, 274, 297, 302, 309, 358, 152 475–486 Papuan 158, 159, 205 Pilbara 103 Kwa 359 Romance 101, 146, 295, 299, Mayan 6, 79, 146, 230–256, 273, 443, 533, 313 535 Mesoamerican 274, 280 Semitic 146

Nyulnyulan 115 Worrorran 115

Subject index

ablative case 40, 45, 52, 67, 73, 348–350, 421, deictic directional in YélˆıDnye194, 196 535 deictic in Tzeltal 238, 239 absolute frame of reference 4, 20, 232, 541 locational and temporal in Jaminjung Arrernte 53, 57, 58, 60, 62 63–68 in Australian languages 148 mimetic in Japanese 450 and coding of path 535 place in Tzeltal 233 distribution across languages 541–542 spatial 5, 31, 34, 38, 126–133, 154, 285, Ewe 382–386, 387 291, 297 fixed bearings in 21, 53, 541 static topological in Warrwa 129–130, 153, generalizations about 547 155 Jaminjung 103, 104–107, 114 adverbs Japanese 447, 473 Dutch translocational 502–503 Kilivila 223, 225, 228 ideophonic in Ewe 392, 398 male use in Yukatek Maya 308 of manner in Tamil 434 as orientation bound 20 of orientation in Arrernte 39, 44, 54 Tamil 425, 428, 429, 431, 433–434 of place in Kilivila 212 Tiriyó 351 Tiriyó 314, 341 Tzeltal 232, 237, 263–270, 271, 272 age factors 51, 52, 348–350 Warrwa 148, 150, 151, 156 agent, suppression in Japanese 444, 445, YélˆıDnye183, 186, 187, 190, 205 473 Yukatek Maya 273, 303–306, 308 agglutinating languages 7, 25, 207, 360, action path 29, 48–51 401–402 adhesion 489, 520, 522, 526 Akan, BLC in 379, 382, 399 adjacency 124, 240 Aktionsarten (temporal contours) 18, 449, adjectives 465, 467, 531 cardinal in Arrernte 54 ‘alignment’ reading, Hausa 189, 428 demonstrative in Tamil 426 allative case 40, 43, 45, 52, 59, 67, 73, 111, dispositional in Tzeltal 237, 258 535 adjuncts, ground-denoting in Yukatek Maya allative constructions 344, 346, 347, 380, 456 273, 283, 296, 297–299 anaphoricity 191 adpositions 16, 17 angle and the BLC 519–520, 526 deictic 4, 21, 269 conflations in the similarity space 520–523 directional specification 20, 541 extensional range 521 fixed bearings 4, 21, 22 general purpose 5 named facets 4, 20 languages without 520 angular vs. non-angular 3 spatial 2, 5, 9, 170, 512, 520 animacy 282, 291, 377, 406, 460, 494, 518, see also postpositions; prepositions 519 adverbials anthropology 229 cardinal direction in Warrwa 149 ‘aquatic’ ground 17, 113, 337 deictic directional in Warrwa 123, 135, 138, Aranda see Arrernte 156 areal factors 6, 51, 523

607

608 Subject index

arguments 65, 163, 208, 365, 437 differences between languages 15 intransitive verbs 28, 44, 278 form classes in 16 marking ON verb/IN verb phrase 7 lexical choices within the 520 Arrernte 24–55 reduced form 16 BLC in 516, 519, 556 semantic and pragmatic factors in 16 compared with English and Ewe 61, 62 similarity space and contrasts within compared with Warlpiri 29, 53 519–520, 526 distribution of topological material in clause subtypes of Jaminjung 72–78, 113 526 and a topological similarity space 514–519 frames of reference 52–60, 62 underlying expanded form 16 grammar 25–29 basic locative function 514 motion description 39–52, 60 ‘be’ equivalents 73, 74, 77, 113, 417 speakers 24–25 locative verb 15, 534 syntax 26 ‘become’-language, Japanese as a 446, 473 topological relations 29–39, 60 BLC see basic locative construction as a verb-framed language 44, 62 body-part system 56, 57, 82, 107, 114, 131, Arunta see Arrernte 187, 209, 214, 228, 364, 369, 374, 380, ascribed intrinsic frame of reference 425 498, 543 aspect prominent languages 364, 372, 388 and region terms 432 ‘associated motion’ Tzeltal 232, 237, 241–246, 261, 263, 272 Arrernte affixes 44, 47–51, 60, 61, 534 used metaphorically 213 categories 19, 28, 39, 534 boundary-crossing verbs 38, 101, 366, 391, distinct from aspect 51 533 Jaminjung 86 Japanese 463 canonical relations see stereotypical/canonical Warrwa 146 relations YélˆıDnye197–199, 203 cardinal system 53, 54, 55, 58, 60, 148, 149, attachment 124, 167, 169, 171, 328, 334, 347, 150, 151, 152, 153, 237, 284, 303, 308, 376, 380, 447, 489, 498 428, 447, 507 Jaminjung coverbs 76, 79, 81 case marking 5, 15, 16, 535 vs. non-attachment 11, 515, 522 Arrernte 25, 27 Australian Aboriginal cultures, significance of Finnish 17 place in 116 Jaminjung 65, 66 Australian languages Japanese 437 central areal features 534 Tamil 402–403 common semantic patterning 523 YélˆıDnye160 inalienable possession of a part by a whole Central Australian Aboriginal Media in 33 Association (CAAMA) 25 use of absolute frames of reference 148 change of location 502 water-flow system 103 coverbs in Jaminjung 94, 95, 99 auxiliaries Ewe structures 389 and directionals 237, 251–263, 416–422 Japanese 453, 456, 464 Dutch 503–504 punctual in Yukatek Maya 274, 295, 300, auxiliary sign language 61 301 axial information see coordinate systems change of locative relation verbs 88–91, 98, 135 ballistic motion, verbs and coverbs in change of state Jaminjung 88–91, 95–97, 99, 113 analogue 468 basic locative construction (BLC) 15, 514 discrete in Japanese 467–469, 470, 473 abbreviation of 16, 520 punctual 469 alternative constructions within the 518, spontaneous or agentive 446 519–520, 526 vs. motion 15 alternatives to 16, 526 child language acquisition application range in Japanese 440 and absolute frame of reference 272 BLC Hierarchy 16, 514, 515, 516, 519 constructivism of 551

Subject index 609

IN and ON concepts 520 constituency 147 and intrinsic frame of reference 21, 542 constraints late mastery of spatial langauge 551 on diversity of spatial distinctions 2, 551 narrative skills in West 13 on formal expression of semantic types 6 semantic concepts 5 implicational 551 spatial ideas 2 on motion components 17 and the topological sub-domain 526 in selection of frames of reference 550 circumpositions, Dutch 482 on semantic parameters 5 classifier languages 208 on spatial conceptualization 514 clause structural 551 chaining in Tamil 435 constructivism, in child language acquisition differential loci of motion encoding 540 551 of motion in Warrwa 118, 135, 136 contact 4, 522, 526 overlapping in Ewe 366 between languages 399 spatial information throughout the 5, 6, 17, casual 490 526 force dynamics 492 verbless Arrernte 32 lack in Japanese 446 clothing adornment 375, 379, 444, 499 relations 76, 79, 131, 170, 282, 374, 388, cognition 408, 409, 411, 412, 487–493 human spatial 1, 229, 513 role in dialect differentiation 382 and language 2 ‘surface-to-surface’ 522, 526 and spatial language 1–2, 550 vs. non-contact 11, 33, 34, 170, 409, 515, and universal semantic parameters 512 519 Cognitive Anthropology Research Group 206, containment 4, 75, 76, 81, 82, 124, 164, 167, 476 240, 328, 350, 370, 411, 446, 499, 520, cognitive science 1, 3 522, 526 cognitive style, and frame of reference 542, context 550 and frame of reference 545, 550 coincidence of location 164, 489 locatives and 31, 61 ‘come’ equivalents 344, 346, 417, 418, 419, contiguity relations 53, 124, 164, 240, 336, 425, 434, 462–465 489, 543 ‘COME’ and ‘GO’ questionnaire 14 conventional collocation communication systems 2 default in YélˆıDnye175–179 see also language and novel objects in YélˆıDnye179 comparative linguistics 2, 5, 8 converbs, Tamil 415, 424 comparative semantics 8, 514, 551 coordinate systems componential analysis 522, 551 absolute 264 compound verb constructions 121, 135, 138, in intrinsic frame of reference 302 155 major classes 550 compounding polar 20, 550 in deictic verbs of motion 41 secondary speaker’s 544 Dutch 479, 482 see also frames of reference Ewe 360 copular sentences 315, 316, 371 Japanese 467 coverbs 18, 527 concepts Jaminjung 63–68, 69–70, 72, 75, 79–82, innate structuring 552 91–97, 98, 99, 101, 113, 114 structure of 1 posture 530 universal 522, 551 use of term 69 see also spatial concepts cross-cultural comparison 8 conceptualization, spatial 206 cross-linguistic studies 8 across dialects within a language 360 differential spatial coding 3, 5, 6 constraints on 514 of motion description 527–541 diversity in 272, 512, 550 patterns of spatial conceptualization 512 connectives 466 spatial inferences 6 connectivity see attachment; contact of topology 514–526

610 Subject index

crossways dimension 232 directionals 535 cultural factors 1, 13, 17, 61, 155, 176, 210, bound particles 273 230, 309, 312, 434 deverbal 18 cup-on-table scene 9, 16, 32, 126, 165, 214, Jaminjung 67, 73, 104, 105 370, 379, 520–524, 526 Tzeltal 232, 237, 251–263 verbal 530 dative case 43, 409, 535 discourse strategies 62 deictic auxiliary verb constructions 417, 418, dispositional predicates 16, 538, 539 419, 425, 434, 462–465, 468, 474 Tzeltal 231, 241, 263, 271 deictic centre 345, 412, 417, 419 dispositionals, Tzeltal 231, 237, 246–248, 249, deictic verbs of motion 4, 8, 14, 533 258, 261 Arrernte 41–42, 44, 58, 60 distance, degrees of relative 122 derivation in 41 ‘do’-language, English as a 446, 473 Dutch 502 dreamings, relationship of language to 25, 52, Jaminjung 84 61 YélˆıDnye193–197 Dutch 475–504 deixis 42, 101 BLC in 486, 493, 510, 511, 519, 559 Japanese 448, 471 compared with English 475, 492, 505, 508 Kilivila 223, 225 frames of reference 507–510 locative in Ewe 363 grammar 477–485 spatial in Yukatek Maya 287, 306 morphology 479 Tamil 425–427, 434 motion description 500–506, 510 Tzeltal 232, 237, 238–240, 271 as satellite-framed language 485, 500, 511 YélˆıDnye191–192, 205 speakers 475–477 demonstratives 8, 61 topological relations 485–500, 510 adnominal in Jaminjung 68 word order 477, 482 adnominal in Yukatek Maya 287, 288 adverbial in Jaminjung 68, 69 egocentric frame of reference see relative adverbs in Dutch 506 frame of reference Jaminjung 67, 68–69 elicitation techniques 2, 9–11, 14, 552 pronouns in Kilivila 209 stimuli 8 in Tamil 426 ellipsis 16, 216 two-term in Ewe 362, 363 emerging, coverbs of in Jaminjung 94–95, 98, in Tzeltal 238 99, 113 Warrwa 122, 156 ‘emic’ concepts 8 in YélˆıDnye191, 192, 205 emphasis 424, 436, 503 denotation 8 endangered languages 154 dependency 147 English dependent-marking languages 7 Arrernte compared with 61, 62 developmental psychology 542 BLC in 519, 562 diagrams 1 as a ‘do’-language 446, 473 dialect variation, in Ewe 359, 382, 399 Dutch compared with 475, 492, 505, 508 diglossia 400 Ewe compared with 371 direction Japanese compared with 446, 450, 452, 462, or angle 20, 21, 541 468 away from 121, 151 prepositions in 446 changes in 59 satellite-stacking 422, 450 sense of 542 Tamil compared with 417, 419, 427, sources 22, 541 433–434, 435 towards 121, 151, 152, 396 YélˆıDnye compared with 174 direction of gaze 82, 106, 111, 114, 151, 152, ENTER/EXIT elicitation film 15, 532 153, 244, 246, 304, 347 ‘enter/exit’ verbs 8, 199, 301, 391, 531, 533 direction of motion 4, 151, 269, 390, 415, 449, Japanese 301, 467–469, 470, 473 465, 470 epistemic certainty 191 coverbs in Jaminjung 70, 91–97, 106 epistemic modality 437

Subject index 611

equational statements, nominal predicates 439 complex in Jaminjung 81, 106, 110, ergative-absolutive pattern 26, 160, 233 111–112 ergativity cultural artefacts as 516 ‘mixed’ in Yukatek Maya 278 direction of 19 morphological 8, 26, 65, 118 displacement in space along a trajectory 18 ethnographic issues 61, 230, 233, 272 encoding of shape 5 ethology 229 inherently fixed 440 ‘etic’ metalanguage of comparison 8, 135 point figure in motion as parallel to a static European languages 378 linear figure 260 child language acquisition 526 semantic information about the 526 Japanese compared to 473 figure–ground configurations 5, 11, 18, 19, Talmy typology of motion description 527, 223, 282, 291, 514, 518, 524, 526 528–529, 530 BLC 515 Event Complexity videoclips (ECOM) 340 frames of reference 541–550 events negative space 443, 497, 498, 499 Givón’s event integration 416 reversal 77, 154 non-durative structures 300 simple binary 542 predicated 17 focal scene 524 relations of order 273, 302 form classes simultaneous vs. sequential 13 in BLC 16 see also motion events in motion description 17, 527, 533 Ewe 359–396 frames of reference 3, 4, 15, 19–22, 514, Arrernte compared with 61 541–550 BLC in 371–372, 373–375, 380, 399, 519, ambiguity in 21, 352, 508, 544 561 choice in photo-matching game 11 compared with English 371 cognitive consequences of preferred 272 dialect variation 359, 382, 399 and cognitive style 542, 550 difficult to classify 395–398, 399 constraints in selection 550, 551 frames of reference 382–387, 399 and context 545, 550 grammar 360–369 deixis as alternative to 191, 223 morphology 360 distribution across sample languages 541, motion description 387–398 542 speakers 359–360 distribution over individuals and groups tone language 360 307–309 topological relations 370–382 in the language sample (App.3) 567–569 verb serializing language 360, 366, 394 in motion description 13 word order 361 prepositional phrases 5 existence see location and existence ‘pseudo-absolute’ 308, 310 existential predicates 236, 237, 290, 291, and scale of space 470 292 switching 309 existential/locative statements 163, 175, 237, topological relations preferred over 154 372, 439, 444 variation in selection 22, 550 existentials, negative 175 various uses in different languages 544–550 ‘exit’ verbs see ‘enter/exit’ verbs see also absolute frame of reference; expression, ‘characteristic mode of’ 18, 397, intrinsic frame of reference; relative 527 frame of reference extensional analysis 8, 521 free phrase order languages 25 extent, of ground in Japanese 457, 461, 470 Frog Story 13–14, 19, 39, 83, 85, 88, 92, 97–99, 142, 192, 218, 261, 293, 339, 361, facing relations 11, 55, 56, 183, 185, 282, 347, 388, 392, 422, 450, 537–541, 552 355, 357, 366, 386, 387, 471, 473, 509, ‘cliff scene’ 14, 88, 95, 97–99, 142, 293, 510, 545, 547 339, 422, 500, 506, 538 fictive motion 51, 151 front/back/left/right system see figure 3, 9, 17 left/right/front/back system coincidence with the ground 29 functional equivalence 12, 15

612 Subject index

gender differences, in Mayan use of frames of Institute for Aboriginal Development 25 reference 308, 309 instrument of motion 17, 530, 531 gender reference 401, 478 Intelyape-Iyape Akaltye Project 25 generalizations, implicational 513, 514, 551 intension 8, 522, 526 generic verbs, Ewe 360, 389 ‘internal motion’ 83, 99 genetic factors, in semantic typology 6 intransitive verbs, arguments 28, 44, 278 geocentric frame of reference see absolute intrinsic frame of reference 4, 20, 21, 541 frame of reference distribution across languages 542–543 geographical factors 61, 210 Dutch 508 geometric primitives 543, 550 Ewe 382, 386 gestalt 272 ground-internal 447, 448 gestures 59, 61, 149, 229, 239, 425 in Jaminjung 70, 79, 81, 107–112, 114 ‘go’ equivalents 417, 425, 428, 434, 462–465 Japanese 447, 471, 473 goal 4, 17, 83 Kilivila 223, 224, 226, 228 coding of 461, 527, 535, 539 named facets in 20, 541, 543 specification along with source 19, 535, 538 as orientation free 20, 543 grammars, spatial description in 2, 230 Tamil 425, 427, 432–433 grammaticalization 209, 210, 367 Tiriyó 352, 353 defined 210 and topology 543 grammaticization theory 432 Tzeltal 242, 245, 263, 264, 271 ground 3, 9, 17 underlying universals 542, 550 animate 518, 519 use of term 107 ‘aquatic’ 17, 113 Warrwa 154 distinguished from path 535, 536 YélˆıDnye183, 186, 187, 190, 205 functional 459, 460 Yukatek Maya 273, 302–303, 307, 308, 310 Preferred Ground Structure 539 see also ascribed intrinsic frame of semantic information about 526 reference see also figure–ground configurations isolating languages 7, 158, 360 ground-marking system direction and goal 5, 535 Jaminjung 111 and predicate-marking system 524 BLC in 72–78, 113, 519, 560 compared with Ngaliwurru 65, 68, 70 ‘hanging’ 134, 145, 173, 176, 182, 217, 282, compared with Warlpiri 102 328, 332, 496, 498 compared with Warrwa 146 head-marking languages 7 compared with Yukatek Maya 89 ‘holding’ coverbs 82 frames of reference 103–112 honorification, Japanese 437, 439 grammatical and lexical resources 64–72 horizontal dimension 4, 20, 54, 220, 245, 257, lexicalization of spatial expressions 264, 472, 491, 522, 526 112–114 ‘Horn scales’ 169, 335 motion description 83–102 ‘hypertransitive’ languages 365 as neither verb-framed nor satellite-framed 101–102, 113 I-principle see Quantity, Grice’s first speakers 63–64 maxim of topological relations 72–82, 113 ideophones 339, 341, 344, 360, 392, 397, 398 word order 65 imperative 59, 346 Japanese 437–472 impersonal construction for location 135, 364, BLC in 438–446, 447, 473, 518, 554 378 compared with English 446, 450, 452, 462, implicational scale 180, 514, 534, 549, 551 468 IN- and ON- relations 9, 11, 167, 168, 170, frames of reference 447, 470–473 172, 405, 520, 526 grammar 437 inalienable nouns see relational nouns location in 438–449 inference, pragmatic 6, 169, 204, 405, 435, mimetics 398 443 motion description 449–470 innateness theory of representation 513, 552 multiverb constructions 462–467, 470

Subject index 613

scrambling 437, 463 encoding of general in Arrernte 29, 34, speakers 437 52 topological relations 446–447 and existence in Tzeltal 237–238 verb morphology 437 intrinsic frame of reference for in Kilivila as verb-framed 146, 450, 466, 469 223, 228 word order 437 in Japanese 438–449 ‘journey’ motif 13, 19, 39, 52, 301, 527, 537 relative to the deictic centre in Jaminjung 105 Kilivila 206–227 resulting in YélˆıDnye164 BLC in 518, 555 special expressions in YélˆıDnye164 frames of reference 222–228 verbally described in Tamil 413–415 motion description 217–222, 228 vs. motion 449, 536 neither verb-framed nor satellite-framed 222 see also change of location serial verb construction 205 locative case 404–407, 410, 413, 434 speakers 207–209 zero in YélˆıDnye160, 171, 204, 535 topological relations 209–217, 228 locative construction word order 207 across dialects in Ewe 381 kinesis vs. stasis 3 basic see basic locative construction kinship, and place 61 (BLC) Kriol 64, 115 non-basic in Ewe 375–380 Kula exchange system 157, 207 locative descriptions 15 caused 366 land, relationship of language to 25, 157, 229 locative nouns, Tamil 404, 407–413, 434 landmark see ground locative predicates 5, 372–373, 382 landmarks conflations and distinctions within the ad hoc 225, 226, 305, 308, 310, 429 similarity space 523–524 as boundary markers in Ewe 384 contrastive 8, 524, 526 environmental in Oceanic languages 209 stative 292 language locative verbs 15, 16, 17 and cognition 2, 513 in combination with spatial nominals and and family membership 25 adverbs in Arrernte 31 relationship to land and dreamings 25 kinds of container 17 language families 6 suppletive set in Ewe 371, 372–373 language sample 6–8 (Table 1.1) 6–8 Tiriyó 512 left/right/front/back system 5, 549 Warlpiri compared with Arrernte 29 absence in Tzeltal 232, 246, 270–271 YélˆıDnye166 Arrernte 53, 62 locatives Dutch 508 body part in Tzeltal 243 Ewe 360 defined 210 Japanese 448 descriptive 486 Kilivila 212, 223, 226, 229 grammaticalization into closed-class Tamil 429, 433 categories 210 Tiriyó 352 relation with existentials 175 Warrwa 148 static as derivative on motion descriptions YélˆıDnye183, 189 19, 38, 377, 536 Yukatek Maya 306 locomotion, oriented lexicalization 112–114, 159, 204, 222, 282, locomotion verbs 360 combined with coverbs in Jaminjung 86 linguistic typology 8, 513 deictic 84 linguistics 3 Jaminjung 84–88, 99 location logical operators 437 coincident 29 conflated with motion description 500, 510 M-implicature 172, 181 dynamic 29 M-principle see Manner, Grice’s maxim of Manner, Grice’s maxim of 180

614 Subject index

manner monolingualism 233, 274, 312 mimetic 398, 450, 470 morphology, causative 45 and motion 146, 527 morphosyntax 6, 8 two-tier lexicon (Slobin) 397 motion manner of motion across the languages (App.2) coverbs in Jaminjung 70, 91–92, 97, 99, aspectual in Tzeltal 257 102, 113 caused 297, 388, 452, 455–456, 465 ideophones in Ewe 360, 397 deictically anchored in Tzeltal 253 without change of locative state 531, 534 enclosure oriented in Tzeltal 256 manner-of-motion verbs 4, 17, 530, 531 inherently directed 289, 297, 309 Arrernte 41, 43–44 ‘internal’ 531 Dutch 500 interpretation from non-motion expressions Ewe 366, 390, 396, 397 in Ewe 388–389 Japanese 449, 455, 456, 464 link with stasis 388 Kilivila 220, 221 location vs. 449, 536 Tamil 415–416 manner and 527 Tiriyó 343 ordering of types in Arrernte 44 Tzeltal 253 and path 274, 295 Warrwa 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 156 point-oriented in Tzeltal 255 YélˆıDnye199 relationship with action 48–51 Yukatek Maya 280, 294, 295 semantic distinctions in choice of markers, spatial discourse 420, 422 expression in Jaminjung 99–101 matrilineal culture 157, 207 and spatial change 17 Max Planck Institute of Psycholinguistics, spontaneous in Japanese 452, 453–455, 456 Space Project 2, 3, 8, 117, 230 in static descriptions 262 Mayan languages summary of coding properties 528–529 directionals in 18, 534 summary of expressions in Jaminjung 97 positional classes 79 Talmy’s ‘motion situation’ 219 space in 230–232, 273 uncaused 297 as verb-framed 146 verbless sentences 535 medium of motion 17, 458, 530, 531 vertical axis, in Tzeltal 257 memory, role of place and direction 1, 308, vs. change of state 15 541 vs. stasis 19, 205, 258–263, 536 Men and Tree Space Game 11–13, 545 see also ‘associated motion’; fictive motion; absolute frames of reference 548 ‘internal motion’; verbs of motion Arrernte 54 motion conceptualization 527, 530, 531–537 Dutch 493, 508, 545, 546 change of locative relation 531, 532, 533, Ewe 362 534 intrinsic frame of reference 57, 548 change-of-location 531, 533 Jaminjung 103, 106, 107, 111 durative 531 Japanese 471, 545, 546 new semantic typology of 18 Kilivila 223 non-durative 531, 532, 539 Tamil 430 as translocation 531, 539 Tiriyó 354 types of 531, 532 Tzeltal 266 motion description 3, 4, 15, 17–19, 514, Warrwa 151, 152 527–541 YélˆıDnye176, 182, 184, 186, 187 Arrernte 39–52, 60 Yukatek Maya 302, 308 cross-linguistic 527–541 mentalese 513 different patterns 13, 17, 551 metalanguage, ‘etic’ of comparison 8 differential loci of encoding in clause 540 metaphorical motion see fictive motion Dutch 500–506 ‘middle’ (quasi-passive) construction 518 Ewe 387–398 milpa agriculture 275 form classes in 17, 527, 533, 534 mimetics 398, 450, 470 frames of reference in 13 mirror-image problem 186, 272 goal and source specification 4, 17

Subject index 615

Jaminjung 83–102, 113 nominative-accusative patterns 8, 26, 118, 401, Japanese 449–470 437 Kilivila 217–222, 228 non-concurrent event and motion 48, 50 prepositional phrases 5 noun phrase Talmy’s typology of European languages animate in Tamil 406 527, 528–529, 530 Arrernte 26, 33 Tamil 415–425, 436 Dutch 479 Tiriyó 339–350 order in Warrwa 117 Tzeltal 251–263 place in Japanese 439, 458 Warrwa 135–148, 155 rational in Tamil 406 YélˆıDnye192–204, 205 syntax in Ewe 362–364 Yukatek Maya 293–302 typical form in Warrwa 119 see also ‘journey’ motif Tzeltal 233, 235 motion events 48, 50, 392–398, 485 YélˆıDnye160, 163 core schema and co-event 392 nouns, Dutch 478 setting for 470 novel objects, and positional verbs in Yélˆı Tamil complex motion/decomposition Dnye 179, 180 422–425 whose trajectory is anchored in a mid-point object, internal axial structure of 543 462, 465 object incorporation, intransitivization by in motion in a location 164 YélˆıDnye163 motion path 29, 48–51, 61, 417 ON-scene, canonical see cup-on-table scene motion preceding the verbal action 534 Optimality Theory 515 ‘motion with purpose’ 18, 534 orientation ‘motion while doing’ 18 absolute 223, 232, 309 motion-by-instrument verbs 530 Ewe 366, 382, 386–387, 399 ‘motion-cum-inhabit’ verbs 530 Kilivila 223, 226, 229 multiverb constructions, Japanese 462–467, Pintupi 62 470 in Warrwa 129, 137, 138, 142, 155 multilingualism 25, 64, 476 see also facing relations origin, Japanese ablative postpositions for 7, narrative 458, 460, 470 Dreamtime stories 52 ‘origin’ case, Jaminjung 66 shifted deixis in 197 skills in Western children 13 Pannini, Sanskrit Grammar 400, 403 special grammatical resources in specific paralinguistic means 54 languages 538 part-whole relations 33, 34, 54, 61, 292, 497, style 537, 552 498, 519 subevents in 514, 539 ‘partial enclosure from above’ 77 ‘travelling’ 52 particles nominal clauses, expressing location in adverb-like in Dutch 482, 504 Warrwa 133 Classificatory Particles (CP) in Kilivila 208 nominal predicates 15, 16 clause-final clitic in Yukatek Maya 289 nominals illocutionary force in Ewe 361 classification in Kilivila 208 postverbal in YélˆıDnye161, 162 functional in Japanese 439 preverbal in YélˆıDnye162, 193, 195, 196, Jaminjung 65–69 205 locational in Jaminjung 66 question in Ewe 370 split case-marking pattern in Arrernte status of information units in Ewe 361 26 passive construction see also directionals absence in Arrernte 38 nominals, spatial 5, 15, 524 absence in Ewe 364, 378 in Arrernte 31, 130 path 18, 274, 527, 530 Japanese 438, 439, 446–449, 470 anchoring or properties in Jaminjung verbs ‘superadjacent’ 523 102, 113

616 Subject index

path (cont.) YélˆıDnye164, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, bounded or directional 298 180, 181, 205 coding of trajectory 535 positional-existential verbs, in Arrernte 32 coverbs in Jaminjung 92–94 positionals, as a distinct form class 280 distinguished from ground 535, 536 possession lexicalization of roles in Yukatek Maya 274, alienable in Ewe 364, 372, 374, 380 299, 309 and/or existential constructions in Yukatek or manner 102, 527 Maya 292 with milestones or subpaths 19 compounds in Tamil 408 neutrality in Yukatek Maya 283, 294, 297 inalienable 33, 208 semantics in Tzeltal motion verbs 258, 259 and location/existence in Jaminjung 77, 78 Talmy’s typology of encoding 18, 414 postpositions with in YélˆıDnye165 in verbs of motion 17 pronouns in Kilivila 208, 211, 223, 226 path verbs, Tamil 414, 435 in Warrwa NPs 119 patrilocal residence 157 possibilities 2, 18 Peki 359, 378–379, 382 postpositional enclitics see postpositions BLC 359, 366, 371, 379 postpositional phrases, in Tiriyó 315, 316 serial stative-locative construction 378, postpositions 399 ablative and perlative in Tiriyó 317, perception verbs 533 348–350 perlative notions 38, 121, 317, 348–350, 455, ‘aquatic’ of Tiriyó 337, 358, 530 465, 535 directional in Tiriyó 312, 317, 346–348 person, monofocal grouping in Papuan Dutch 482 languages 161 event locative in Japanese 449, 470 ‘personal space’ 229 Ewe 360, 368–369, 371, 380, 381, 398 perspective of an observer, in spatial coverbs experiencer in Tiriyó 314 in Jaminjung 81 Jaminjung 66 philosophy 552 Japanese 437, 438, 439, 449, 452, 456–462 phonetics 8 spatial in Tamil 408 phrase order in transitive clauses 7 spatial in Tiriyó 314, 318, 321, 323, 328, ‘piercing’ 328, 332, 443, 498 329, 333, 334 place static locative in Tiriyó 312, 317, 321, 333, Arrernte notions of 61 334, 335, 346 role in memory 1, 541 Tamil 404, 407–413, 435 sacred in Rossel culture 157 topological in YélˆıDnye166–173, 358 significance in Australian Aboriginal Warrwa 118, 121, 124–126, 155 cultures 116 YélˆıDnye159, 164, 167, 168, 171, 173, place names see toponyms 202, 205, 335, 520, 537 pointing gestures 59, 149, 229, 239, 362 posture coverbs, Jaminjung 79, 80, 82, 112 polysynthetic languages 7 posture verbs 15, 173, 366, 475, 499, 524, 530 portmanteaux morphs 61, 231 pragmatic inference see inference, pragmatic YélˆıDnye159, 161, 194, 204, 534, 539 pragmatic theory 167 positional constructions, dynamic in Ewe 376, pragmatics 6, 16, 62, 520 377, 380 in Arrernte 25, 31, 32, 38, 59, 61 Positional Picture Book 177 in YélˆıDnye167, 169, 170, 173, 183 positional predicates 15, 523 predicate-marking system, and default assignments to in YélˆıDnye178, ground-marking system 524 179 predicates positional verbs extensional range of spatial 524, 525 Dutch 475, 493–500, 511 motion + posture 531 Kilivila 214, 216, 217, 221, 228 semantic role in spatial description 523 roots in Yukatek Maya 273, 280, 289, 292, Yukatek Maya 276–283, 289 309 see also dispositional predicates; locative shift in meanings in YélˆıDnye181, 182 predicates; positional predicates Tzeltal 251, 260, 281 Preferred Ground Structure 539

Subject index 617

prefixing languages 117 reflection 544 prepositional phrases 5, 19, 129 region 73, 129, 130–133, 155, 188, 256, 285, Dutch 485, 501 374, 432 in Kilivila 212 projected 108, 113, 447, 508 in Tzeltal 235, 241, 263 relational nouns prepositions locative in Tamil 407–413 avoidance of term for Oceanic languages Tzeltal 237, 241–246 210 Yukatek Maya 284, 302, 306 Dutch 446, 480, 487–493, 502–503, 520 relative frame of reference 4, 20, 541 English 372, 520 absence in Tzeltal 264, 270–271 Ewe 360, 367–368, 373, 397, 398 ambiguity in 58, 544 Japanese 520 deictic specification 191 Kilivila 520 distribution across languages 543–544 on 9 Dutch 508 spatial in Ewe 368 in Ewe 359, 382, 385, 386, 387 Tamil 434 Jaminjung 109 Tzeltal ta 233, 241, 271, 520 Japanese 447, 471, 472 Yukatek Maya 286, 520 Japanese and Dutch 549 present tense, in Arrernte directions 59 Kilivila 223, 226, 228 preverbal constituents, Dutch 478 mapping from viewer’s axes 21, 541, 544 preverbal markers, in Ewe 361, 367 as orientation-bound 20 preverbs 18 relationship to intrinsic one 543, 550 as satellites 147 Tamil 425, 427, 429, 433–434 in Warrwa 101, 119, 120, 128, 135, 138, Tiriyó 352 140, 146, 156 YélˆıDnye183, 189, 190 projection, intrinsic system 54, 543 Yukatek Maya 306–307, 308 pronominal clitics, Ewe 361, 362 ‘relative location’ construction, in Arrernte 34, pronominal prefixes, in Jaminjung verbs 71 56, 57, 61, 108, 519 pronouns relativization 505 demonstrative in Tamil 426 resultative constructions 102, 518 Ewe logophoric 361 Japanese middle 441, 445, 457 nominative-accusative pattern in Arrernte non-positional 291 26 positional 290, 291 propinquity relations 4 stative 277, 290, 359, 372, 377, 380, 516 propositions, functional distinctions 13 rising, coverbs in Jaminjung 94 prototypical kind of scene 16 river drainage frame of reference 54, 63, 64, proximity 171, 191, 328, 336 67, 73, 103, 104, 113, 149, 352, 358, 541 ‘psychic unity’ of mankind 5 Rossel Island see YélˆıDnye psychology 62, 550, 552 rotation 20, 544 purpose, in spatial coverbs in Jaminjung 81 Route Directions task 13, 59, 227 purpose of motion verbs, Tiriyó 314, 344, 346 sand drawing 61 Sanskrit Q-principle 191 cases in Tamil 400, 402 qualitative analysis 9 Pannini’s grammar 400, 403 quantifier floating 160 satellite-framed languages 18, 101, 146, 396, quantitative analysis 9 450, 485, 511, 527 Quantity vs. verb-framed languages 17, 18, 101–102, Grice’s first maxim of 167, 170, 172 113, 146, 199, 222, 251, 360, 392, 394, Grice’s second maxim of 180 399, 527 ‘quasi-inflections’ 28 satellites 18, 146, 147, 527 see also associated motion Jaminjung coverbs as 102 preverbs as in Warrwa 147 reasoning, abstract 308, 541, 542 stacking in English 422 reduplication, in Ewe 360 scrambling, Japanese 437, 463

618 Subject index

semantic analysis 513 grammatical and semantic competing semantic content constructions 516 of spatial relations 17 language of 1–19, 24 of verbs 17 in Mayan languages 230–232, 272, 273 semantic field 514 pre-existing conceptual 513 semantic optionality 452 as relational (Leibniz) 3 semantic parameters semantic domain of 8 constraints on 5, 551 Space Games series 11, 107 incommensurable 5 spatial arrays, Arrernte 62 universal 512, 551 spatial concepts semantic specification 405 Leibniz’ relational 3 semantic types limited set of semantic types 513 limited set 513 Newton’s abstract 3 no one-to-one correspondence with with non-spatial uses in Japanese 474 syntactic types 513 underlying hierarchy of 512, 513 semantic typology 2, 5, 512–548, 552 spatial deixis 3 areal and genetic factors in 6 spatial description 2 compared with syntactic typology 513 spatial domain frames of reference 19–22, 541–550 conceptual subdivisions (Figure 1.1) 3, 6 of motion conceptualization 18, 527–541 constructional meaning in the 520, 552 topology in 15–17, 514–526 spatial language variation and its limits 512–514 and cognition 1–2, 550 semantics 62 differential coding 5, 6 and conceptual structure 1 inferences in 6 see also comparative semantics not fully mastered until late childhood 551 semiotic systems 13, 61 and spatial thinking 1 separable verbs, Dutch 480, 483, 485, spatial relations 504–506, 507 contrasting on a range of partially separation, coverbs in Jaminjung 92–94 overlapping dimensions 9 serial stative-locative construction, Ewe 371, semantic content 17, 526 378, 399 spatial relators 16 serial verb constructions 205, 222, 394 spatial thinking complex in Kilivila 208, 219, 220, 228 non-linguistic 2 in Ewe 366, 377, 378, 386, 394, 396, 399 and spatial language 1 serializing languages 360, 366, 395, 396, underlying conceptual structure 1 399 ‘spatial-part-cum-relational’ forms similarity space 334 closed lexical class 34–37 adpositional conflations in the 520–523 spatial regions in Arrernte 34, 36, 37, 53, and the BLC 514–519 57, 58, 60, 61 conflations and distinctions by locative specification, semantic 405 predicates 523–524 speech community, degree of viability 155 and contrasts within the BLC 519–520 speed of motion 44, 51, 392, 531 structured in topological sub-domain 526, split ergative type, YélˆıDnye160 551 standing relations 11, 55, 107, 186, 355, 357, simple verb constructions 121, 135, 155 471, 509, 510, 545, 547 sisterhood 147 stasis 526, 536 sociative case endings in Tamil 403 link with motion 388 source 4, 17, 83 motion vs. 19, 205, 258–263, 536 coding of 527, 535, 539 vs. kinesis 3 locative construction in Tamil 421 ‘static location’ 522 specification along with goal 19, 535, 538 Arrernte 29, 30, 60 space Dutch 485 as an abstract envelope (Newton) 3 Ewe 377, 380, 388, 398 Arrernte conception of 61 Jaminjung 71 as a fundamental intuition 1 Tiriyó 317

Subject index 619

Warrwa 125 a verb-framed language 414, 435 YélˆıDnye164 word order 401–402 stative predicates temporal schema see Aktionsarten distinguished from verbs 276 theme see figure Yukatek Maya 289 time stative static, as end result of a prior action and spatial change 17 37–38, 134 and translocation 531 stative-continuative aspect construction, Ewe Tinkertoy game 11, 227 388 Tiriyó 311–355 status, in Mayan languages 236, 277, 279 BLC in 519, 561 stereotypical/canonical relations 16, 75, 113, frames of reference 315, 350–357 164, 404, 507, 518 grammar 312–315 stimuli in controlled comparison 8–15 morphology 313, 343 story retelling 13 motion description 339–350 style, narrative 537 phonology 312 subject, orientational constraints on 16 speakers 311–312 suffixes syntax 314 ‘-wards’ in Arrernte 46–47, 55, 59 topology 315–339 in agglutinating languages 25 Tolkaappiyam grammar 400, 402 in Arrernte verbs 28, 46–47 tone languages 360 associated motion 51, 531 topological description 3 non-motion verbs in Arrernte 19 active-stative continuum 248, 250 reflexive/reciprocal verbal in Jaminjung 71 ‘Topological Relations Picture Series’ (TRPS) suffixing languages 117 9–11, 516 sun-based frame of reference 351, 358 in Arrernte 32 supine construction see purpose of motion Jaminjung 75 verbs Japanese 442 suppletion 159, 161, 174, 371, 372–373 Kilivila 214 support relations 164, 167, 282, 440, 489 Tiriyó 315, 321–339 coverbs in Jaminjung , 79 Tzeltal 241 surroundedness, Japanese 446 Warrwa 126, 152 swidden agriculture 312 YélˆıDnye165, 167, 181 switch-reference marking, in Arrernte 26 in Yukatek Maya 282, 290 syntactic typology, compared with semantic topological space, implicational hierarchy typology 513 across 519 topological sub-domain 15, 526 ‘tabletop space’ 122, 152, 304, 470–472, BLC and similarity space 514–519, 551 547 core concept 3 tables 1 core set of relations 519 Tamil 400–435 topology 15–17, 514–526 agglutinating language 401–402 Arrernte 29–39 BLC in 413 Dutch 485–500 case marking 402–403 Ewe 370–382 Classical compared with Modern 403 figure and ground 3 compared with English 417, 419, 427, and the intrinsic frame of reference 543 433–434, 435 Jaminjung 70, 72–82, 113 deixis 425–427 Japanese 446–447 diglossia 400 Kilivila 209–217, 228 frames of reference 425–434 maps for each language (App.1) grammar 401–404 prepositional phrases 5 locative case use 172 Tamil 404–415 motion events 415–425, 436 Tiriyó 315–339 speakers 400–401 Tzeltal 240–248, 369 topological relations 404–415 use of term 4 traditional analysis 402 Warrwa 117–121, 123–135, 155

620 Subject index

topology (cont.) limits to 2, 8 YélˆıDnye164–183 of spatial coding 5 Yukatek Maya 289–293 variation toponyms 56, 61, 125, 164, 190 axes of 2, 5 totemism, and place 61 and its limits in semantic typology 512–514 trajector see figure patterns of 15–22, 62 trajectory see path semantic and grammatical 5 transfer, caused 365, 465 ‘verb particles’ 102 translation 415, 544 verb phrase translocation 18, 468, 485, 500, 531, 533, 539 complexity in YélˆıDnye160, 162 Dutch 500, 502–503, 506 imperfective aspect in Japanese 444 semantics of 533, 534 verb-serializing languages 360, 366, 395, 399, verbs in Jaminjung 84, 113 539 triplication, in Ewe 360 verb-framed languages 62, 101, 146, 299, 360, Tzeltal 230–272 395–398, 414, 450, 452, 527 basic grammar 233–236 complex 360 BLC in 291, 518, 558 and ground-encoding in the verb 44, 396, both verb-framed and satellite-framed 536 aspects 251 with ideophonic adverbs 398 compared with Tzotzil 236, 251, 253, 256 vs. satellite-framed languages 17, 18, compared with YélˆıDnye164, 205 101–102, 113, 146, 199, 222, 251, 360, compared with Yukatek Maya 281, 282, 392, 394, 399, 527 291, 292, 310 verbids 367, 368 ergative/absolutive 233 verbs ethnography 233 Arrernte 28–29 frames of reference 263–271 change of state type 534 geographical setting 233, 234 coding spatial relations 5 grammatical resources for spatial Dutch 478, 482, 483 description 233–240 dynamic change over time 17 location and existence 237–238 Ewe syntax 364–367 motion 251–263, 271 inchoative in Ewe 376 spatial language 236–240 inflecting in Warrwa 119, 120, 135, 140 static location 240–248, 369 Jaminjung 63–68, 70–72, 113 word order 233, 235 in Japanese BLC 438 Kilivila 208, 216 universals positional roots 231 absence in topological domain of simple semantic content 17, 19 surface 526 status inflection in Yukatek Maya 279 cognitive 1, 513, 549 suppletive roots in YélˆıDnye160 concepts 522, 551 Tamil 402 constructional 551 Tiriyó 313 and intrinsic frame of reference 542, 550 Tzeltal 231, 235 linguistic 1 use of term 69 and particulars 512–514 Warrwa system and event categorization patterns 2 140 semantic parameters 512, 514 see also compound verb constructions; of spatial thinking 1 simple verb construction uphill–downhill axis 542 verbs of motion Ewe 360 Arrernte subclassification 39, 41, 45 in Tzeltal 232, 233, 238, 257, 263–270, 271, with attainment of goal 4 272 auxiliary verbs in Tamil 416–422 upstream/downstream orientation 104 complex encoding both path and manner 530 variability compound in Warrwa 135, 136, 138–142, cultural 1 156 of human spatial cognition 1, 550 contrastive 4

Subject index 621

controlled in Tiriyó 343, 345 use of motion expressions in 142–145 defining 217 verbs and preverbs in 101 deictic and oriented in Dutch 502 Where-questions 9, 15, 514 and deixis in YélˆıDnye193–197, 200, 203 Arrernte 27 different groupings in 5, 219, 533 Dutch 485 Ewe 387, 388, 389–392, 394 Ewe 370–372 inherently directed in Ewe 365 Jaminjung 72 Jaminjung 71, 83–91 Japanese 438, 441 Japanese 452–462, 470 Kilivila 214 Kilivila 214, 217, 220, 228 Mayan 231 manner or path 17, 102, 527 Tiriyó 315 manner and path in Japanese 466–467 Tzeltal 236 manner-encoding 251, 343, 394, 527, 530, Warrwa 121 534 wind-direction axis 183, 542 as minor form classes 17, 533, 534 Wooden Man Game 225 ‘non-agentive’ 96 word meaning, family resemblance network oriented in Arrernte 41, 42–43, 44 model 489 path-conflating 299, 343, 358, 394 word order 7 path-encoding 251, 271, 391, 527, 530 in place or locomotion 217 YélˆıDnye157–201 semantic content 17, 527, 532 BLC in 165, 173, 519, 520, 560 simple in Warrwa 135, 136–138, 156 compared with Jaminjung 107 source/goal coding in YélˆıDnye200, 201, compared with Tzeltal 164, 205 202 compared with Yukatek Maya 205 spatial distinctions in YélˆıDnye199–202 deixis 191–192, 205 Tiriyó 314, 339, 343–344 frames of reference 183–190, 202 Tzeltal 232, 237, 251–263, 271 language and culture 157–158 Yukatek Maya 295–297, 299–302 lexicalization 159, 204 see also deictic verbs of motion; morphology and syntax 159 manner-of-motion verbs motion description 192–204 vertical relations 20, 54, 60, 67, 73, 104, 108, phoneme inventory 158 113, 167, 170, 220, 257, 270, 328, 408, phonology 158 447, 493, 495, 522, 526 salient features of the grammar 158–164 vertical support topological relations 164–183 vs. proper containment 520 as verb-framed language 199 without attachment 522 word order 159 via notions see perlative notions Yukatek Maya 273–301 virilocal society 207 arguments 277 BLC in 290, 518, 557 Warrwa 115–149 compared with Jaminjung 89 basic typological features 117–121 compared with Tzeltal 281, 282, 291, 292, BLC 123, 155, 519, 553 310 compared with Jaminjung 146 compared with YélˆıDnye205 frames of reference 148–154 deictic systems 230 fundamentals of spatial reference 121–123 dialects 274 motion description 135–148, 155 frames of reference 302–309, 310 neighbouring languages 116 morphosyntax 276–289, 295–297 as neither verb- nor satellite-framed 146, motion description 293–302, 309 156 speakers 274–276 overview of grammar 117–123 topological relations 289–293 speakers 115–117 as verb-framed 299 topological relations 123–135, 155 word order 277