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WHAT IS a FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, and PRODUCING LANDSCAPES in ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA by Gary R. Schnakenberg a DISSERTATION
WHAT IS A FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, AND PRODUCING LANDSCAPES IN ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA By Gary R. Schnakenberg A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Geography – Doctor of Philosophy 2013 ABSTRACT WHAT IS A FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, AND PRODUCING LANDSCAPES IN ST. ELIZABETH, JAMAICA By Gary R. Schnakenberg This dissertation research examined the operation of discourses associated with contemporary globalization in producing the agricultural landscape of an area of rural Jamaica. Subject to European colonial domination from the time of Columbus until the 1960s and then as a small island state in an unevenly globalizing world, Jamaica has long been subject to operations of unequal power relationships. Its history as a sugar colony based upon chattel slavery shaped aspects of the society that emerged, and left imprints on the ethnic makeup of the population, orientation of its economy, and beliefs, values, and attitudes of Jamaican people. Many of these are smallholder agriculturalists, a livelihood strategy common in former colonial places. Often ideas, notions, and practices about how farms and farming ‘ought-to-be’ in such places results from the operations and workings of discourse. As advanced by Foucault, ‘discourse’ refers to meanings and knowledge circulated among people and results in practices that in turn produce and re-produce those meanings and knowledge. Discourses define what is right, correct, can be known, and produce ‘the world as it is.’ They also have material effects, in that what it means ‘to farm’ results in a landscape that emerges from those meanings. In Jamaica, meanings of ‘farms’ and ‘farming’ have been shaped by discursive elements of contemporary globalization such as modernity, competition, and individualism. -
The Failure of Early Demonstration Agriculture on 19Th Century Model/Pattern Farms: Lessons for Contemporary Demonstration
Almost final draft (September 23rd 2019): Text may not be identical to published paper The failure of early demonstration agriculture on 19th Century model/pattern farms: lessons for contemporary demonstration. Rob J.F. Burton Abstract Purpose: Demonstration farming has been an important part of agricultural extension since the first decades of the 20th Century. While Seaman Knapp is often credited with developing demonstration farming, his son acknowledged that the concept has much earlier origins in the 19th Century development of model/pattern farms. However, little is known of these early origins or why early demonstration agriculture failed. This paper addresses this gap. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology involves analysis of out of copy-right historical journal articles, letters, pamphlets, and books recently made available by online services such as Google Books. Findings: The study details how the concept of demonstration farming was developed by agricultural societies of the 18th Century but was not implemented until the early 19th Century with the advent of model/pattern farms. Demonstration activities were run by a variety of different types of private and public farm organisations who sought to improve agriculture through emulation. Enthusiasm for model farms died out by the end of the 19th Century but the failure of model farm demonstration leaves us with lessons for demonstration farming today. Theoretical implications: The study provides new knowledge on the conceptual and historical development of demonstration farming and why it failed to influence change. Practical implications: The study identifies factors that might contribute to the failure of demonstration activities. Originality/value: This is the first study to explore in detail demonstration farming on 19th Century model farms and, methodologically, outlines how free on-line digitised literature can be used to investigate early agricultural education activities. -
Farm Inspection and Regulation Review
Farm Inspection and Regulation Review December 2018 Contents Foreword i Key Facts ii Executive Summary iii Farming today iii Why we regulate iv The building blocks of effective regulation iv What we found v What should change vii Recommendations xi Introduction to the review xiii Farming today 1 Farming in England 2 Farming business organisation 5 Farming incomes 5 Behaviours and risk management 10 Plant and animal health 12 Bovine tuberculosis 14 Environment and ecosystems 15 Challenges from a regulatory perspective 17 Why we regulate 19 The economic and social impact of harm 19 Understanding hazards and harm 20 Facilitating national and international trade 22 Conclusion 23 The building blocks for effective regulation 25 Core elements of a regulatory system 25 Effective regulation 29 Regulatory strategy 29 Regulatory approaches and how they compare 31 Choosing the right approach 31 Regulating across the spectrum 34 What we found 37 The governance and delivery of regulation 37 How we regulate 41 What is achieved 45 The culture of regulation 45 What should change 48 Building confidence 48 More straightforward regulation 58 Being clear about what is expected, and why 61 Reflect mature regulatory thinking 64 A sophisticated and balanced view of regulation 71 Conclusion 81 Annexes 82 Recommended Powers 83 Design Principles 97 Current Regulatory Instruments 99 Terms of Reference 104 Who we consulted 106 Glossary 110 Foreword I am pleased to present this final report on farm inspection and regulation in England, having reported on an interim basis earlier this year. Most land in England is farmed, and UK farmers produce most of the food we eat. -
Chegginhouse-19.Pdf
CHICKENThe orThe “LEGENDARY WINGS” egg® “AWARD WINNING BREAKFAST”e “AFFORDABLE DINNERS” 24 open HOURS in season in drinks old fashioned milkshake 5.49 with whipped cream & cherry choose chocolate, vanilla, b&w, strawberry, SERVING 0reo© or ask about the shake of the day! THE MASSES make it a malted .29 root beer float 4.29 ruby red grapefruit, BREAKFAST, iced tea 2.79 apple, tomato or cranberry (unsweetened, sweet or raspberry) juices 2.29/3.29 LUNCH, Sodas, lemonade, whole or skim milk 2.29/3.29 iced tea, hot tea chocolate milk 2.49/3.49 coffee and iced coffee DINNER & 2.79 are bottomless! LATE NIGHT 100% Colombian Coffee 2.59 flavorize your soda .29 hazelnut Coffee 2.79 (chocolate, cherry, vanilla, strawberry) FARE SINCE iced coffee- tall glass of ice cold Arnold Palmer-fresh squeezed lemonade and iced tea (sweet or unsweet) 3.49 100% Columbian Coffee 2.99 1991 flavorize (caramel, hazelnut, French vanilla) .29 fresh squeezed lemonade 3.49 hot tea 2.29, green tea 2.49 fresh squeezed 0J 2.79/3.79 hot cocoa 2.29 Breakfast served any time! Add A Pancake omelets For $2.29 If you want to make an omelet you gotta break some eggs…3 of 'em grade-A extra large, served with home fries and toast new Pierogi Omelet mashed potatoes, onion, bacon, cheddar, served with a side of sour cream 9.99 Midwestern Omelet onion, green pepper, country ham new The Lumberjack Omelet fried chicken tenders, bacon and cheddar cheese 9.59 and pepper jack cheese, topped with country sausage gravy, served with a buttermilk biscuit 10.99 buffalize it! choose one of our -
USDA Sustainable Farming Programs Guide
Growing Opportunity A Guide to USDA Sustainable Farming Programs January 2017 © Edwin Remsberg Farmers’ Guide to Table of Innovative USDA Contents Programs and Resources © Edwin Remsberg Today’s farmers are changing the way we farm and eat in this country. Folks starting out in farming today are: PAGE • From both rural and urban areas, and everywhere in between • Conscious of their impact on the environment and interested in learning how to protect 4-5 Getting Started Quick Reference natural resources on their farms 6 Direct and Guaranteed Farm Operating Loans 7 Direct and Guaranteed Farm Ownership Loans • Pursuing new markets and selling both fresh and value-added products directly to consumers, wholesalers, restaurants, schools, and food hubs 8 Microloans 9 Down Payment Loan Program • More likely to be female, a person of color, and/or have served in the U.S. military 10 Land Contract Guarantee Program • More likely to consider diversification options, comprehensive conservation systems, 11 Farm Storage Facility Loans (FSFL) and organic farming practices 12 Conservation Reserve Program – Transition Incentives Program (CRP-TIP) 13 Conservation Reserve Program – Field Border Buffer Initiative USDA recognizes the needs of farmers of all kinds, and has worked hard to improve federal resources so they work for all farmers. It has also reached out to farm organizations like the National Sustainable Agriculture 14 Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) Coalition (NSAC) to help with outreach to an increasingly diverse constituency for USDA programs. NSAC 15 National Organic Certification Cost Share Program (NOCCSP) worked with USDA to produce this guide, and has also been very involved in the creation of the programs 16 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Audits included in the guide. -
March 17, 2018 Supplement to IFT Publications
MWM1 March 17, 2018 www.MidwestMarketer.com Supplement to IFT Publications Cattle gather in the mist on a Jasper County, Iowa, farm. Photo submitted by Tim Perry MWM2 2 www.MidwestMarketer.com / March 17, 2018 MIDWEST MARKET REPORT A Pox On This Column Weekly Avg. Price Comparisons Source: USDA, along with the Iowa man in Wahoo, Neb., March 10, 2018 and Missouri Departments of Agriculture said he ate all the eggs A he could. He felt it Iowa South Dakota was his contribution to beef FEEDER STEERS Med/Lg 1 March 12 FEEDER STEERS Med/Lg 1 March 12 sales; every egg he ate was one Wt Range Avg. Wt Price Range Avg. Price Wt Range Avg. Wt Price Range Avg. Price 374-398 381 204.00-215.00 210.13 408-437 423 199.00-202.00 200.55 less chicken! 411-440 424 190.00-213.00 203.64 518-524 523 180.00-195.00 190.38 569-599 583 172.00-205.50 194.17 People take chickens per- 456-499 482 193.00-213.50 200.67 608-649 631 166.00-184.50 173.39 500-548 523 183.00-209.50 193.60 651-697 680 157.50-177.50 169.09 sonally. My brother, Bob, had 555-598 578 177.50-196.00 186.75 700-749 734 152.00-162.50 155.55 633-638 637 168.00-172.00 170.00 750-797 778 139.00-156.50 148.26 a rooster named Oscar. They 668-692 678 158.00-167.25 162.14 801-845 822 135.50-153.50 146.46 hated each other! 700-740 721 148.25-164.00 155.48 852-897 871 127.00-147.25 138.96 753-798 776 137.50-157.00 149.87 901-949 926 130.25-143.00 139.15 Lots of kids like Big Bird 803-849 821 131.00-148.00 143.06 951-994 973 130.00-135.00 132.33 on Sesame Street. -
Farming Today
METHODIST CONFERENCE 2001 REPORTS Farming Today 1. CARE IN CRISIS No one can dispute that many farming families are facing a crisis. This is acute for small upland farmers, or those in the wetlands of the west of Britain. There have been four years of depressed incomes. All aspects of farming have been in recession at the same time. The pictures of the mass culling of herds and disposing of the carcasses have brought home to everyone, rural and urban alike, the pain of farming today. For generations there has been a steady decline in mixed farming and for the past 55 years there has been state support, encouraging farmers to intensify production and to drive down prices. This support comes at a price, the first being increased paper work and the second increased use of technology to replace skilled people working on the land. Demands of shoppers for healthy eating, the demise of local shops and the rise of out-of-town supermarkets have created the need for traceable stock and the attendant bureaucracy. The strength of the pound sterling has meant that British agriculture is at a disadvantage when exporting produce. The combination of BSE, swine fever, and Foot and Mouth Disease with poor weather conditions has brought many farmers and their families to abject despair. A survey by the industry magazine, "Farmer's Weekly" of 128 farmers who saw their livestock slaughtered showed that 6% planned to quit agriculture altogether and more than a third will not be restocking their farms. The average age in the industry is 58 and there is real anxiety because farmers cannot pass on a profitable business to sons or daughters. -
Specialty Foods Catalog
SPECIALTY FOODS CATALOG 1 Prices Subject to Change at Any Time Table of Contents 406 Market Place is pleased to be able to provide Specialty Food items to meet the ever-changing demands of your customers and to bring new and exciting products to your kitchen and menu. From Alligator to Zabutons we can source it for you. All Specialty items are special order, Monday – Tuesday for Delivery by Thursday – Saturday. Allow at least 4 days turn around. BISON …………………………………………………………………Page 3 ELK/VENISON……………………………………………………….Page 4 WILD BOAR…………………………………………………………..Page 5 POULTRY……………………………………………………………..Page 6 SALAMI ….……………………………………………………………Page 7 SAUSAGES …………………………………………………………..Page 8 PRODUCE……………………………………………………………..Page 9 RETAIL…………………………………………………………………Page 10 Abbreviations and Meanings: (1-2, 10#) = Product Weight Range, Case Size Red Price = Sale Item 2 Prices Subject to Change at Any Time Bison - North American Free Range, USDA Inspected and Humanely Raised. A healthy option, low-cholesterol, sweet to the taste sure to enhance any menu. Custom cuts available upon request. North American Bison – Primals (Primal Weight, Case Weight) Ribeye Boneless (8-10#, 30#) $21 0024246 Tenderloin Cow (5-6#, 16#) $25 0024269 Chuck (18-20#, 40#) $14 0024209 New York Strip Loin (5-6#, 18#) $20 0024232 Flank Steak (35#) $14 0024219 Short Ribs B/I (8pc/4pk 30#) $9 0024254 North American Bison - Portion Cuts Tomahawk Rib Chop 20-28oz/14 piece $28 0024148 Porterhouse Steak (16oz, 10#) $27 0024046 NY Strip Loin (8,10, 12oz, 10#) $26 0024030 Top Sirloin Steak (8,10, 12oz, 10#) $26 0024071 Osso Bucco 1” (20#) $14 0024032 Stew Meat Diced (2/5#) $13 0024059 3 Prices Subject to Change at Any Time Elk & Venison – Sourced from New Zealand farm raised and sustainable. -
Preserving Common Ground Page 18 Commentary
Rural COOPERATIVESCOOPERATIVESUSDA / Rural Development November/December 2012 Preserving Common Ground Page 18 Commentary ‘How Can a Bunch of Farmers Do It?’ By Dan Campbell, Editor As co-op member David Hughes said when leading a tour of his farm: “This co-op is a true, grassroots success story.” he question above is what some bankers Indeed, there is no more dramatic example of the value of T asked when approached by Virginia poultry cooperatives than in a situation such as this, involving a growers about financing their takeover of a processing plant or other critical facility which, if shuttered, major turkey processing plant in the would likely also put producers out of business and hurt the Shenandoah Valley seven years ago. After all, rural economy. one of the nation’s largest poultry corporations had not been There are many valuable lessons in this story, including: able to make a go of the operation, the bankers reasoned, so • Farmers can better control their own fate when they own how could a bunch of farmers possibly make the operation the processing and marketing infrastructure that is critical to fly? their survival. There is no guarantee of success with a co-op, Farmers may know how to grow verdant fields of grain and but at least farmers themselves will be making the key raise livestock, but when it comes decisions about whether to make to further processing and investments or changes needed to marketing, those tasks are best left keep the plant in business. to “real business people,” some • Farmers don’t run the have long reasoned. -
NATIONAL FUTURE FARMER America, Inc., at S10 Rhode Islam! Avenue, N Paii! at Washington, D
iC V.KT.OV ^ The National fntore Miner Owned and Published by the Future Farmers of America Lyle Hailer is named Star Farmer of America. Inset, the four Star Farmers. December-January, 1959-60 A Don't Miss Out! Your Chapter can still have the Official FFA Calendar hanging in your community during 1960. But You'll Have To Hurry! Find A Sponsor Today ! Be the idea man for this project in your chapter. Earn extra money for the Chapter Treasury, and help keep the FFA in the public eye all next year! Your Chapter Advisor has order forms and sample calendars to help you find I-TA ADVISORS ph )tt a sponsor. Orders sent in by December I 5 will be delivered in plenty of time for Chapter commission checks on 1960 cal- THE NEW YEAR! endar orders will be sent to you soon. Also your calendar kit for 1961 will be The National mailed to yon carl)' in January. Remember, Businessmen Usually Oedeb Theie Calendars a Yf.au ix Advance! Future Farmer So plan now to contact them early! BOX 29 ALEXANDRIA, VIRGIN] SELL 1361 CALENDARS EARLY IN 1960! <1 and Published by the Future Farmers of America The Collison brothers of Arcadia, Iowa. Left to right: Mi!ford, Vincent and Marvin. Farmers you look to as leaders look to Firestone for farm tires Carroll County's Collison brothers are among the most successful corn-and- cattlemen in the heart of Iowa's western rangelands. That's because they combine the most progressive methods of cattle feeding with veteran experience at farming. -
Output and Technical Change in Twentieth-Century British Agriculture*
Output and technical change in twentieth-century British agriculture* by Paul Brassley Abstract Previous estimates of British agricultural output in the twentieth century have covered the period before the Second World War, or after it, but not both. This paper reconciles the differences between previous estimates and goes on to calculate changes in the volume of output between 1867 and 1985. As a result, it is suggested that output grew more rapidly between 1945 and 1965 than during any period before or since. Some of the reasons for this rapid growth are then examined, and it is suggested that the rapid adoption of pre-existing technology was of greater significance than the technical innovations of the period. Many of the histories of British agriculture in the twentieth century imply, by their starting or finishing dates, that there was a discontinuity at the beginning or end of the Second World War. Thus Miss Whetham's volume in The Agrarian Histoly of England and Wales ends in 1939, Dr Perren's study of Agriculture in Depression in 194o, and Dr Brown's account in 1947.' The latter two also accept, as does Dr Thirsk-' that the years between 19oo and 1939 represent a continuation of the period beginning in the 187os, when high levels of imports produced low levels of domestic prices. This was the age of'dog and stick' (i.e. low input-low output) farming, with increased emphasis on milk production, except for a brief period during and shortly after the First World War. Holderness goes so far as to assert that 'Farming in 194o was not significantly different in structure and practice from farming in 184o'. -
NEW MASTER FACTSHEET 1-04.Qxd
Farming on Dartmoor Dartmoor Factsheet Prehistoric times to the present day For over 5,000 years farming has been the Reaves are low, stony, earth covered banks main land use on Dartmoor. Working and which were built around 1200 BC to divide re-working the land, farmers have created all but the highest parts of Dartmoor, and maintained a large part of the Dartmoor first into territories (a little like our present landscape. Today over 90% of the land day parishes), and within those into long, within the National Park boundary is used narrow, parallel fields. Their main function for farming. Much of this area is both open was probably to control the movement of and enclosed moorland where livestock is stock, but there is some evidence that grazed, and the remainder is made up of prehistoric people were also growing fringe enclosed farmland which mainly cereals here. A climatic deterioration and the comprises improved grassland. In addition, spread of peat during the first millennium woods, shelterbelts, wetlands, rough pasture, BC (1000 - 1 BC), both resulting in poorer traditional buildings and archaeological grazing vegetation, contributed to the features all contribute to the character abandonment of the higher part of of the farmed land. Dartmoor during the later prehistoric period. The well-being of the hill farming community The Medieval Period is fundamental to the future of Dartmoor as a National Park in landscape, cultural, ecological Improvement of the climate in medieval times and enjoyment terms and for the viability and allowed the re-occupation of the moorland sustainability of the local rural community.