River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

5 Mid Murray LAP area assessment

5.1 Description of the area

The Mid Murray Local Action Planning (MM LAP) area extends along from Lock 1 at to (Figure 5.1). The area is characterised by limestone cliffs and floodplain wetlands and includes the townships of Blanchetown, Swan Reach, Nildottie and Purnong. The area has a small permanent resident population (approximately 4000 people) but this can increase significantly during holiday periods, as up to 80% of all river shacks are located within this area (MM LAP 2000). Popular shack areas such as Walker Flat and Bowhill are also associated with significant recreational river craft activity. The MM LAP area encompasses approximately 1600 ha of irrigated horticultural areas (mostly vegetables, vines, citrus and stone fruit). Other land uses within the area include sheep and cattle grazing, and cropping.

The MM LAP committee has identified a number of key issues in the area that are of concern, including natural habitat degradation, unsustainable agriculture, unsustainable recreational use and declining water quality (MM LAP 2000). Current8 key implementation activities are focused around: • revegetation and biodiversity plans • improvement of wetland habitat through surveys, management plans and on-ground works • education and awareness including irrigation efficiency training workshops.

Within the MM LAP area, water quality monitoring sites are located at the raw water off-takes for the Swan Reach town supply and the Mannum– pipeline respectively. Monitoring is carried out regularly on a wide range of parameters.

Water quality within the region is fair compared to the rest of the river. Nutrient levels are generally steady, with slight increases in soluble nitrogen, phosphorus and E coli levels towards Mannum. Total heavy metals at the monitoring stations in this area were generally at a low level and pesticides were generally at or below detection levels. Turbidity levels in the river are high from where the river enters to the mouth, significantly influenced by contributions from the Darling River (which has a high clay colloid level) and flood events (MDBC 1988).

‘Run of the river’ data collected by DWLBC indicates that saline groundwater inputs entering the river in this area are lower than in the . The MM LAP committee commissioned an in-stream salinity survey of the river from Wellington to Blanchetown in 2005, which will provide additional information about salt accessions to the river.

8 See

118 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

Figure 5.1 Map of the Mid Murray LAP area

119 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

5.2 Environmental value zones

Spatial zones assigned for each environmental value allowed hazards to be identified and assessed for risk in manageable amounts.

Aquatic ecosystem zones

Risks to aquatic ecosystem health were assessed in arbitrary three kilometre zones for the length of the river, a total of 41 zones in the MM LAP area.

Raw water supply zones

Two raw water supply zones (from 500 m downstream to three kilometres upstream of each potable water off-take) were identified in the MM LAP area: MMRAW001 Swan Reach Water Treatment Plant (Swan Reach to Stockwell pipeline) MMRAW002 Swan Reach township (unfiltered).

Recreation zones

Eight recreation zones were identified in this LAP area: MMREC001 Blanchetown and surrounds (3.6 km long) MMREC002 Swan Reach to Big Bend (13.1 km long) MMREC003 Nildottie and surrounds (10.2 km long) MMREC004 Walker Flat and surrounds (10.9 km long) MMREC005 Caurnamont to Purnong Ferry (4.2 km long) MMREC006 Bowhill Wharf to Piggy Flat Landing (5.0 km long) MMREC007 Teal Flat South to Truman’s Boat Ramp (8.0 km long) MMREC008 Younghusband to Kia Marina (9.2 km long).

5.3 Hazard Identification process

A community consultation workshop was held with representatives from the Mid Murray LAP group; Loxton/Waikerie and Mid Murray councils; Boating Industry Association of South Australia; Mannum Marine; and landholders from Swan Reach, Nildottie and Purnong. The workshop identified the nature and location of potential water quality hazards and recreation zones, and provided useful information for the subsequent risk evaluation process.

5.4 Risks to water quality in the Mid Murray area

A total of 188 hazards were identified in the Mid Murray LAP area. The highest frequency hazards were toilets/septic tanks, boat ramps, wastewater/STEDS infrastructure, systems, informal camping areas (no sanitation facilities), vessel/ houseboat moorings, and wetlands/lagoons (Figure 5.2).

Frequency (occurrence) does not necessarily indicate risk—a hazard may have a high frequency but a low risk. The cumulative impacts of low-risk activities will be considered and assessed as part of mitigation strategy development.

120 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

40

35

30

25

20

15

Number of hazards 10

5

0 Ferry Marina Slipway Grazing Landfill Fuel Store Horticulture Creek/River Petrol Station Chemical Store Wetland/Lagoon Vessel Mooring(S) Informal Camping Refuelling Facilities Toilets/Septic Tanks Stormwater Infrastructure Wastewater Infrastructure Vessel Launching/Boat Ramp Vessel Waste Disposal Station

Figure 5.2 Frequency of hazards to water quality, Mid Murray LAP area

Figure 5.3 Example of hazard in the MM LAP area: diesel pump and fuel store near the river

Risks to aquatic ecosystem health Figure 5.4 is the key map for risks to the aquatic ecosystem environmental value in the MM LAP area. The attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.

121 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

Note: shaded maps only are included on the attached DVD; not all maps have hazards associated with them Figure 5.4 Key map for aquatic ecosystem zones

122 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

Table 5.1 summarises the frequencies of identified risks for the various water quality stressors. The highest frequency of risks was for nutrients and organic matter, followed by turbidity, hydrocarbons, salinity, heavy metals and pesticides. The majority of these risks (304) were rated as low level but a significant number of moderate (242) and a few (3) high-level risks were recorded.

Table 5.1 Frequency of risks to aquatic ecosystem health, MM LAP area

Stressor Risk NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total Low 52 87 56 12 15 81 1 304 Mod 99 8 95 7 1 1 31 242 High 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 V high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 152 96 152 19 16 82 32 549

NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides; HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity

Table 5.2 lists the aquatic ecosystem risks identified in this LAP area, which are discussed in more detail below for each stressor.

Nutrients The Marne River was identified as the sole high nutrient risk. This river has low flows during summer/dry conditions but large (relatively infrequent) rainfall events send a significant pulse of nutrients, sediment and other contaminants down the catchment (see EPA 1998a for a summary of water quality data and DWLBC surface water archive for river flow data). Risk assessment of the entire Marne River catchment was considered outside the scope of this phase of the study so the outlet to the river were assessed as an individual hazard (sum of all catchment hazards). Land-use in the Marne catchment is mixed but includes large areas of irrigated agriculture (mainly lucerne, vegetables, pasture, vines), piggeries and poultry farms.

The large number of toilet/septic tank risks in the MM LAP area (eg Teal Flat, Jyllunka, Younghusband Holdings shacks; Purnong, Swan Reach townships; Blanchetown Riverside and Grulunga caravan parks, commercial houseboat near Greening’s landing) were mostly classed as a moderate risk. The potential risk from septic tank systems arises through overflow of tanks and leakage of effluent from soakage systems to groundwater and the river. High-seasonal use sites may boost the likelihood of overloading and failure of systems. A number of sites within this LAP area are already on STEDS (eg Big Bend, Marks Landing, Bowhill and Greenway Landing shack sites) and schemes for Jyllunka and Younghusband Holdings shacks are in progress. It is understood a number of other areas have been identified for capital works to upgrade from septic systems to STEDS. The Mid Murray Council levies individual shack owners (typically $4000-7000) to pay for these schemes. The risk from infrastructure failure of STEDS pumps/pipes was assessed as low for several locations.

Discharges from vessel mooring sites (eg Schuetze, Hermann and Preiss landings) and marinas (eg Kia, Temptation houseboats, moorings north of Mannum, Mannum Marine) were identified as a moderate risk.

123 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

Greywater and blackwater discharges contain high levels of nutrients and some permanently moored houseboats are of particular concern. The river vessel waste disposal station at Swan Reach was identified as a moderate nutrient risk. The current Swan Reach station has experienced problems with leaching of the soakage trench, and an upgrade of this system to STEDS is planned for the very near future. The lack of a vessel pump-out station between Swan Reach and Mannum (96 km) has long been identified as an issue; the area supports moderate to high frequency boating use (BIASA 2001). Recently, a working group formed for installing a new station at Walker Flat, which would reduce the risk of illegal blackwater discharge in this area.

Discharge and event discharge from wetlands and lagoons was assessed as a moderate nutrient risk (eg Swan Reach complex, Kia and Devon Downs North wetlands, Lake Carlet, Maidment, Purnong and Caurnamont). There is some uncertainty to this ranking due to limited monitoring data on nutrients.

Given that wetlands are a natural and intrinsically important part of the river ecosystem, they are not a ‘risk’ in the conventional sense. Therefore, management should be focused on reducing inputs of contaminants from wetland catchments and ensuring that artificial flushing management strategies are properly undertaken to minimise any effects on river water quality. Recent basic monitoring at a number of wetlands in this area, as part of the River Murray Wetlands Baseline Survey, included Devon Downs south, Kroehn’s Landing, Foster’s Lagoon and North Purnong, Lake Carlet, Younghusband and Sweeney’s Lagoon (Moorundi complex). The survey collected data on site physical characteristics, water quality, groundwater inputs, vegetation, fish, birds, frogs and macro-invertebrates. The Mid Murray LAP group also coordinated wetland baseline surveys for Morgan’s Lagoon (Moorundi complex) and Sugar Shack Lagoon (Swan Reach complex) and will be coordinating further baseline surveys at Devon Downs north, Noonawirra Lagoon (Moorundi complex) and Saltbush Flat in 2006. The data will be used to identify conservation values and management objectives for each wetland (eg salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity).

Several stormwater discharges were classed as a moderate risk (eg Swan reach). The general lack of comprehensive stormwater infrastructure in smaller townships and shacks areas in the Mid Murray LAP area means stormwater eventually reaches the river as diffuse flow. Some ‘natural’ filtration of the water takes place as it passes through vegetation and wetland areas. Long Gully Road (just north of Mannum) stormwater discharge was noted to have problems with drain blockage and this area has flooded in the past. Mid Murray Council is currently addressing this issue.

Grazing of the riparian margin was identified as a moderate nutrient risk in several areas (eg north of Younghusband west wetland, Cowirra landing, upstream of Swan Reach, Blanchetown).

Horticultural areas (Swan Reach area, Greenways, Mondello’s) were identified as a moderate nutrient risk. Irrigated horticulture is the primary agricultural production activity in the MM LAP area with over 1600 ha of crops (vegetables, stone fruit, citrus, vines, lawn) located mainly on the highland areas (MM LAP 2000). There have been changes to more efficient water delivery systems and the LAP group, as part of the ‘improving irrigation efficiency project’, has run irrigation management workshops. The water allocation plan for the river has increased the awareness of all irrigators of the need to meet an 85% water use efficiency benchmark each season under the plan. Further education and awareness will continue to improve efficiency, decrease water use and minimise drainage. Other examples of MM LAP

124 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

group actions are organising plant monitoring trials to improve awareness of water use efficiency, and promoting projects and activities through the ‘working together’ newsletter.

Informal camping areas, though numerous in the region, generally present a low nutrient risk. However, the concentration of these areas, both privately run and through permit, contribute to a cumulative nutrient risk along the river.

Organic matter Event discharge from the Marne River was identified as the sole high organic matter risk (see EPA 1998a and above).

Stormwater discharges, leakage from horticultural areas, vessels/marina discharges, creek and wetland event discharges, and septic tank leakage were also assessed as moderate risks for the organic matter stressor.

Salinity Discharges from several wetlands and lagoons (eg Kia, Lake Carlet, South Portee and Devon Downs wetlands) in the LAP area contribute to moderate salinity risks in the area. These risks were attributed to discharges (permanently connected wetlands) or event discharges mobilising salt (currently trapped in floodplains and non-flowing creeks) into the river proper. Discharge from wetlands is often a natural occurrence but alterations to river and stream flows has changed the load and frequency of discharges in recent times.

Turbidity The current very high level of turbidity in the river coming into South Australia makes additional turbidity impact less on the aquatic ecosystem than in many other waterbodies. Event discharge from the Marne River was identified as the sole high turbidity risk (see EPA 1998a and above). Moderate turbidity risks were assigned for several stormwater discharges, Saunders Creek and slipways where wash off material is likely (north Mannum, houseboat concepts, Schuetze landing). A horticultural irrigation pipe back-flush discharge downstream of Hermann landing also received a moderate risk ranking.

The majority of low turbidity risks came from possible wake-induced turbidity and erosion at popular recreational river craft areas/boat ramps. Though it is difficult to determine the precise location of wake-induced erosion, it is a common community concern. The extent of bank erosion would also relate to the degree of riparian vegetation cover.

Hydrocarbons Fuel stores and diesel motors on the river’s edge or in close proximity to permanent wetlands posed the majority of low hydrocarbon risks in the region (but many diesel motors are being changed to electric). Other risks included stormwater from Swan Reach township (moderate risk), accidental spillage from vessels/marinas (low risk), and leakage from a landfill in Blanchetown. The large number of boat ramps in the MM LAP area, both public and private, were assessed as a low risk. The extent of accidental diesel and other hydrocarbon spillage on boat ramps was uncertain. Ferry operations on the river were identified as a low to moderate risk to water quality. Three ferries operate in this LAP area, at Purnong, Walker Flat and Swan Reach. Though individually assessed as low, the cumulative risk of low-level discharges within a relatively small spatial area is worth considering.

125 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

Heavy metals Event discharge from the Marne River was identified as a moderate heavy metal risk. Previous monitoring data that suggests heavy metal levels are not of major concern (see EPA 1998a).

The stormwater discharge point at Swan Reach was assessed as a moderate risk as were the various slipways (wash-off of metal-based anti-fouling paints).

Pesticides The significant amount of irrigated horticulture and dryland farming in the area suggests that pesticide use is widespread. Event discharge from the Marne River was identified as a moderate risk although there was some uncertainty due to a lack of monitoring data. Slipways and riverside horticulture areas were assessed as a low pesticide risk. The river water quality data shows generally undetectable pesticide levels at Mannum which somewhat supports this assessment. Pesticide use is regulated through the National Registration Scheme for agricultural and veterinary chemicals (EPA 2003d).

126 Table 5.2 Summary of risks to aquatic ecosystem environmental value, MM LAP area low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking River MurrayandLowerLakescatchmentriskassessmentforwaterquality:Resultsmanagementoptions

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE NU TU OR HM PE HY SA

CHEMICAL STORE MM126C Chemical Store, Trucking Company Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 1 low 1 CREEK/RIVER MM194A Marne River DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 mod mod 2 mod 2 MM194B Marne River EVENT DISCHARGE high 3 high 3 high 3 mod mod 2 mod 3 MM195A Saunders Creek DISCHARGE mod 2 low 2 mod 2 low low 2 mod 2 MM195B Saunders Creek EVENT DISCHARGE mod 3 mod 3 mod 3 low low 2 low 2 FERRY MM069B Ferry, Purnong EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 MM069C Ferry, Purnong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM086B Ferry, Walker Flat EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 MM086C Ferry, Walker Flat ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM140B Ferry, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 MM140C Ferry, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 FUEL STORE MM028C Pump fuel store, Younghusband West ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM043C Pump fuel store, Younghusband ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM095C Pump fuel store, Devon Downs North wetland ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM096C Pump fuel store, Devon Downs North ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM107C Pump fuel store, backwater adj Preiss landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM109C Pump fuel store, backwater adj Preiss landing ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM168C Pump fuel store, edge Devon Downs Nth Wetland ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM189C Petrol pump, Wongulla Lagoon ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 GRAZING MM003G Cattle grazing, Cowirra Landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 MM036G Cattle grazing, East Front Rd HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 MM124G Cattle grazing, adj Marks landing wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 MM146G Cattle/goat grazing, u/s Swan Reach HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 MM185G Sheep grazing, Blanchetown HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 MM192G Goat grazing, north of Younghusband west wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 127 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options 2 2 2 2 SA low mod mod mod 2 3 low low HY 2 2 2 2 2 PE low low low low low 2 low HM 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low OR mod mod mod mod 2 low TU 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 NU low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low mod mod mod mod HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION MARINA DISCHARGES LEAKAGE EVENT TYPE HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION LEAKAGE LEAKAGE HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION LEAKAGE HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION LEAKAGE HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION INFORMAL CAMPING LANDFILL MARINA Marina, Kia Marina Informal camping, Rocky Point Landfill, Blanchetown HAZARD HORTICULTURE Informal camping, north of Younghusband west wetland Informal camping, Jyllunka Informal camping, opp Teal Flat wetland Informal camping, Piggy Flat Landing Informal camping, Craignook Informal camping, Saltbush Flat Recreation area, Caurnamont landing Informal camping, u/s Nildottie Informal camping, bank of Devon Downs Nth Informal camping, d/s Preiss landing Informal camping, caravans, bank of backwater adj Preiss landing Informal camping, Big Bend Informal camping, u/s Swan Reach Informal camping, u/s Swan Reach Informal camping, Cooinda Informal camping, Castle landing Informal camping, Devon Downs Informal camping, occasional facilities Informal camping, Rhine Flat landing Informal camping, Forster lagoon Horticulture, Greenways Horticulture, Swan Reach Horticulture (citrus), Swan Reach Lawn growing, Walker Flat MM023G MM187L MM010Q GEOCODE MM105L MM127L MM131L MM201L MM027G MM044G MM050G MM055G MM064G MM065G MM076G MM097G MM098G MM106G MM108G MM116G MM147G MM150G MM152G MM157G MM172G MM173G MM178G MM188G

128 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options SA 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 HY low low low low low low low low low low low low mod 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 PE low low low low mod mod mod 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 HM low low low low low mod mod mod mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 OR low low low mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 TU mod mod mod low low low mod mod mod mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NU mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod EVENT TYPE WASH DOWN EVENT DISCHARGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE MARINA DISCHARGES MARINA DISCHARGES LEAKAGE MARINA DISCHARGES WASH DOWN LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE EVENT DISCHARGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE WASH DOWN EVENT DISCHARGE ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE LEAKAGE EVENT DISCHARGE HAZARD Marina, Mannum Marine Temptation Houseboats, Mannum Marina, Caurnamont landing Stormwater discharge, Salisbury Rd Stormwater discharge, Greenway landing Slipway, adj Kia Slipway, Schuetze landing Petrol station, Swan Reach Septic tanks, East Front Rd Cowirra landing Septic tanks, Kia shacks Septic tanks, Rocky Point shacks Septic tanks, Lahnes landing Septic tanks, Gowling Ct shacks Septic tanks, Grulunga Caravan Park Septic tanks, Truman shacks Septic tanks, Lake Carlet shacks Septic tanks, Jyllunka shacks Septic tanks, Younghusband Holdings shacks Septic tanks, Teal Flat shacks Septic tanks, shacks d/s Bowhill Septic tanks, adj Bowhill wetland PETROL STATION REFUELLING FACILITY SLIPWAY STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS Stormwater discharge, Long Gully Rd Septic tanks, Mannum-Purnong Rd Petrol station, Swan Reach Fuel store, Punyelroo Slipway, north of Mannum Stormwater discharge, Swan Reach GEOCODE MM020Q MM021Q MM074Q MM137L MM011H MM030H MM014B MM102B MM004L MM013L MM025L MM031L MM033L MM034L MM037L MM041L MM045L MM046L MM047L MM057L MM061L MM137C MM193C MM007H MM001B MM002L MM136B

129 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options SA 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low low low low low low HY PE HM 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low OR mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 TU low low low low low low low low 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NU low low low mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod VESSEL LAUNCHING EVENT TYPE LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP Recreation area, Kia shacks HAZARD Recreation area, Pellaring Flat Recreation area, Rocky Point Recreation area, Grulunga Caravan Park Recreation area, Truman's Recreation area, Lake Carlet shacks Recreation area, Teal Flat shacks Recreation area, Teal Flat south Effluent tanks, Swan Reach Hotel Septic tanks, Purnong township Septic tanks, Hermann landing shacks Septic tanks, Nildottie Septic tanks, shacks on Devon Downs Nth Septic tanks, Punyelroo Caravan Park Septic tanks, Langs landing shacks Public toilet, Tenbury-Hunter Reserve Septic tanks, lived on buses Septic tanks, Swan Reach town Septic tanks, shacks u/s Portee landing Septic tanks, Castle Landing shacks Septic tanks, Blanchetown Riverside Caravan Park Septic tanks, Kroehns landing shack site Public toilet holding tank, Wongulla landing Septic tanks, Wongulla Housing Estate Septic tanks, shacks & caravans u/s Bowhill Public toilet, Purnong Septic tanks, adj Devon Downs Nth wetland Septic tanks, Wongulla landing shacks Septic tanks, Sab-Aruma Septic tanks, B&B opp Riverbanks Estate Septic tanks, Temptation houseboats MM016S GEOCODE MM067L MM068L MM070L MM091L MM094L MM099L MM121L MM129L MM139C MM142L MM143L MM145L MM155L MM158L MM165L MM170L MM174L MM180L MM182D MM184L MM186L MM190L MM196L MM017S MM024S MM035S MM038S MM042S MM048S MM054S

130 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options SA 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low HY PE HM 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 OR mod mod mod mod mod mod mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low low low low low TU low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 NU mod mod mod mod mod mod mod VESSEL DISCHARGES EVENT TYPE VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL MOORING(S) Houseboats, nth Cowirra landing HAZARD Recreation area, Bowhill shacks Recreation area, Purnong landing shacks Recreation area, Walker Flat shacks Recreation area, Hermann landing Recreation area, Greenway landing Recreation area, Big Bend Recreation area, Marks landing Recreation area, River Reserve Rd shacks Boat ramp, u/s Swan Reach Boat ramp, shacks u/s Portee landing Recreation area, Blanchetown Recreation area, Blanchetown Recreation area, Kroehns landing Boat ramp, Rhine Flat landing Boat ramp, Wongulla landing ski area Recreation area, Sab-Aruma Recreation area, d/s Bowhill Recreation area, Walker Flat north shacks Recreation area, Big Bend Recreation area, Punyelroo landing Recreation area, Punyelroo Recreation area, Langs landing Recreation area, Len White Reserve Recreation area, Riverbanks Estate shacks Permanent houseboat, adj Mannum Marine Houseboats, Schuetze landing Houseboats, 'Stevens' Houseboats, u/s Younghusband Holdings shacks Houseboats, Teal Flat lagoon Sunken Houseboats, B&B MM005R GEOCODE MM058S MM063S MM072S MM083S MM085S MM092S MM101S MM114S MM115S MM118S MM120S MM130S MM133S MM134S MM138S MM149S MM156S MM160S MM162S MM166S MM176S MM179S MM181S MM191S MM006C MM019R MM029R MM040R MM049R MM052R

131 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options SA 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low low low low low low low low low HY PE 2 low HM 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low OR mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low low low low low low low low low low low TU mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NU low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE EVENT TYPE ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL VESSEL DISCHARGES INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL DISCHARGES INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL DISCHARGES INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL DISCHARGES INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE DISCHARGE VESSEL DISCHARGES INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE River vessel waste disposal station, Swan Reach Waste disposal, Punyelroo landing HAZARD Pipe back flushing, d/s Hermann landing Houseboats, Bolts landing Houseboats, adj Walker Flat Sth lagoon Permanent houseboats, Hermann Landing Permanently moored houseboat, Preiss landing Houseboats, Big Bend Mini-marina, Punyelroo Permanent riverboats, u/s Swan Reach Houseboats, 'Generator Alley' Houseboats, Scrubby Flat Permanent houseboats, Hermann landing Houseboats, backwater adj Preiss landing Houseboats, Punyelroo STEDS infrastructure, Kia shacks STEDS infrastructure, Pellaring Flat STEDS infrastructure, Seven Mile landing shacks STEDS infrastructure, 'The Rocks' shacks STEDS infrastructure, Teal Flat south shacks STEDS infrastructure, Bowhill shacks STEDS infrastructure, Purnong landing shacks STEDS infrastructure, Caurnamont shacks STEDS infrastructure, Scrubby Flat shacks STEDS infrastructure, Walker Flat shacks STEDS infrastructure, Walker Flat north shacks STEDS infrastructure, Seers landing shacks STEDS infrastructure, Greenway landing shacks STEDS infrastructure, Big Bend shacks STEDS infrastructure, South Punyelroo Estate shacks MM141C MM119D GEOCODE MM059R MM078R MM079R MM081R MM090R MM093R MM110R MM111R MM112R MM123R MM125R MM148R MM012D MM015D MM032D MM039D MM053D MM062D MM071D MM073D MM080D MM082D MM084D MM087D MM089A MM100D MM113D MM117D

132 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 SA mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod 2 2 low low HY PE 2 2 low HM mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low low low low low OR mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low TU 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NU low low low low low low low mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT TYPE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE EVENT DISCHARGE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE WETLAND/LAGOON Wetland, Mannum swamps HAZARD Wetland, Kia Wetland, Kia Wetland, Younghusband west Wetland, Younghusband west Wetland, Lake Carlet Wetland, Teal Flat lagoon Wetland, opp Maidment lagoon Wetland, Purnong lagoon Wetland, Tapoo lagoon Wetland, North Caurnamont lagoon Wetland, Marks landing Wetland, Marks landing Wetland, South Portee Wetland, Devon Downs north Wetland, Devon Downs north Wetland, Devon Downs swamp Wetland, Swan Reach ferry Wetland, Swan Reach ferry Swan Reach wetlands complex Swan Reach wetlands complex Wetland, Big Bend Wetland, Big Bend Forster lagoon STEDS infrastructure, Marks landing shacks STEDS infrastructure, River Reserve Rd shacks STEDS infrastructure, Riverbanks Estate shacks STEDS infrastructure, Blanchetown shacks STEDS treatment plant, Blanchetown STEDS infrastructure, Kroehns landing shack site STEDS infrastructure, Wongulla shacks Forster lagoon MM200B MM008B GEOCODE MM132D MM135D MM161D MM163D MM167D MM175D MM183D MM009A MM009B MM018A MM018B MM026B MM051B MM060B MM066B MM075B MM077B MM122A MM122B MM154B MM171A MM171B MM177B MM197A MM197B MM198A MM198B MM199A MM199B MM200A

133 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

Risks to raw water supplies

Figure 5.4 is the key map for risks to raw water supply environmental value in the MM LAP area. The attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.

Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risk to raw water supplies Figure 5.5 Key map for raw water supply zones, MM LAP area

134 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

The frequencies of identified risks to raw water supplies for the various water quality parameters are summarised in Table 5.3. Relatively few risks were identified to raw water supplies and most were rated as low level. No high or very high risks were identified. The highest frequency of risks was for pathogens, followed by nutrients, organic matter and hydrocarbon stressors.

Table 5.3 Frequency of risks to raw water supplies, MM LAP area

Stressor Risk PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA Total Low 5 5 3 4 1 0 8 0 26 Mod 6 5 1 6 1 0 0 1 20 High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 V.high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 11 10 4 10 2 0 8 1 46

PA—pathogens; NU—nutrients; TU—turbidity; OR—organic matter; HM—heavy metals; PE—pesticides; HY—hydrocarbons; SA—salinity

Table 5.4 lists the raw water supply risks identified in this LAP area which are discussed in more detail below for each stressor.

Pathogens Stormwater discharge in Swan Reach posed a moderate risk to the raw water supply as the off-take point is only about 25 m upstream of the stormwater discharge. There was no monitoring data to support this assessment but as Swan Reach township’s water supply is an unfiltered system, it warrants further investigation.

Septic tanks in Swan Reach township also posed an aggregated moderate pathogen risk, as did riverside public toilets (Tenbury–Hunter Reserve) opposite the off-take. There was some uncertainty as to this assessment. Blanchetown, which is also on septic tanks, was assessed as part of the RW LAP area.

Sources of moderate pathogen risk to the Swan Reach–Stockwell pipeline were popular recreation areas with no sanitation facilities adjacent to the off-take and at Cooinda, and the South Portee wetland upstream from the off-take. Swan Reach wetland complex was outside the formal raw water zone for Swan Reach township, but risks (in particular riparian grazing) warrant further examination.

Low risk hazards included the river vessel waste disposal station in Swan Reach (on opposite side of river from the off-take) and houseboat moorings about 500 m downstream of the Swan Reach–Stockwell pipeline off-take.

Nutrients Moderate nutrient hazards were similar to those described for pathogens above (septic tanks and stormwater discharge in Swan Reach, South Portee wetland, informal camping areas). There was low certainty for these assessments. Low risks included the Swan Reach river vessel wastewater disposal station.

135 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

Organic matter Organic matter risk sources and levels were similar to those described for nutrients above.

Hydrocarbons and heavy metals A stormwater discharge from the Swan Reach township presented a moderate risk for hydrocarbons and heavy metals. All other hydrocarbon and heavy metal risks were assessed as low.

The Swan Reach ferry poses a low risk because of the potential for accidental spillage and deck runoff. Accidental spillage and leakage of fuel presents a low risk at the Swan Reach petrol station due to its close proximity to the river, and fuel spillage is also a potential risk at boat ramps in the area.

Salinity A moderate salinity risk is present for the South Portee wetland during rainfall or flood events but there was a low certainty to this assessment. This wetland is located approximately 600 m upstream of the Swan Reach–Stockwell pipeline and on the same side of the bank.

Turbidity A moderate turbidity risk was also assigned for the South Portee wetland during rainfall or flood events, but as noted above there was some uncertainty associated with the assessment of risks for this wetland due to limited monitoring data.

136 Table 5.4 Summary of risks to raw water supply environmental values, MM LAP area low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk, certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking River MurrayandLowerLakescatchmentriskassessmentforwaterquality:Resultsmanagementoptions

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA NU TU OR HM PE HY SA

FERRY MM140B Ferry, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 low 2 MM140C Ferry, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 INFORMAL CAMPING MM150G Informal camping, adj Swan Reach WTP HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 MM152G Informal camping, Cooinda HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 PETROL STATION MM137C Petrol station, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM137L Petrol station, Swan Reach LEAKAGE low 2 STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE MM136B Stormwater discharge, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 low 2 mod 2 TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS MM139C Effluent tanks, Swan Reach Hotel INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE low 2 low 2 low 2 MM142L Public toilet, Tenbury-Hunter Reserve LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 MM143L Septic tanks, lived-on buses LEAKAGE low 2 low 2 low 2 MM145L Septic tanks, Swan Reach township LEAKAGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP MM138S Recreation area, Len White Reserve VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 low 2 MM149S Boat ramp, u/s Swan Reach VESSEL LAUNCHING low 2 VESSEL MOORING(S) MM148R Permanent riverboats, d/s Swan Reach WTP VESSEL DISCHARGES low 2 low 2 low 2 low 1 VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION MM141C River vessel waste disposal station, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 WETLAND/LAGOON MM154B Wetland, South Portee EVENT DISCHARGE mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 137 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

Risks to recreational use Figure 5.5 is the key map for risks to recreational environmental value in the MM LAP area. The attached DVD has individual maps numbered according to the key map.

Note: only hazards identified in the shaded areas were assessed for risks to recreation Figure 5.6 Key map for recreation zones, MM LAP area

138 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

The frequencies of identified risks to recreational values for the various water quality stressors are summarised in Table 5.5. The highest frequency of risks to recreation was for pathogens and nutrients, followed by turbidity and hydrocarbons. Most risks were assessed as low, but a large number (72) of moderate risks were identified.

Table 5.5 Frequency of risks to recreational use, MM LAP area

Stressor

Risk PA NU TU HY Total Low 45 92 57 60 254 Mod 60 9 3 0 72 High 0 0 0 0 0 V.high 0 0 0 0 0 Total 105 101 60 60 326

Recreational risks identified in this LAP area are listed in Table 5.6 and discussed in more detail below for each stressor.

Pathogens Moderate pathogen risks were identified at marinas and vessel mooring areas. Of particular concern are permanently moored vessels (Schuetze Landing, Big Bend, upstream of Younghusband Holdings shacks) as it is unclear how they discharge their wastewater. The long distance between vessel waste disposal stations (96 km between Swan Reach and Mannum) in this LAP area is concerning as it increases the likelihood of blackwater discharge. The proposed new station at Walker Flat will help reduce these risks somewhat.

Informal camping at various locations (eg Big Bend, Walker Flat, Jyllunka, upstream of Younghusband Holdings shacks, Saltbush Flat, upstream of Nildottie and north of Younghusband West wetland) was assigned a moderate risk ranking. It was difficult to precisely assess the scale of this impact on water quality although the community has noted decreases in aesthetic value, particularly during peak holiday periods. The informal camping site north of Younghusband wetland has some portable facilities but the large number of campers at this site pose a risk. The Sustainable Recreation Project (2005) is currently prioritising recreation sites along the River Murray and Lower Lakes that require rehabilitation and/or additional recreation facilities. Big Bend and Walker Flat have been highlighted as priority sites for rehabilitation, with toilet facilities, revegetation and interpretive signage all recommended.

Other moderate risk sources included several shack septic tank locations and stormwater discharges. Event discharge from the Marks landing wetland which receives the majority of Swan Reach township’s stormwater was assessed as a moderate pathogen risk. The community noted cattle grazing was an issue around some of the wetlands but it was uncertain how large the impact was on recreational values.

Low risk hazards included STEDS infrastructure.

139 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

Nutrients Moderate nutrient risks included a horticultural area and discharge from permanent wetlands in the region (eg Marks landing, Devon Downs North, Swan Reach ferry, Forster lagoon). Devon Down’s wetland was noted to have a high concentration of blue-green algae.

Low nutrient risks included sources such as the numerous informal camping areas lacking sanitation facilities, stormwater discharges, septic tanks and effluent discharge from wastewater pump failure in regional townships. The influence of high septic tank densities in some locations on potential nutrient (in particular nitrate) outflow and impact requires further research.

Hydrocarbons All hydrocarbon risks were assessed as low and included stormwater event discharges, petrol stations, vessel mooring areas and marinas (accidental spillages). The actual risk would probably be only to aesthetic values as people would tend not to swim or ski in areas, which have oil slicks.

Turbidity The highly turbid nature of the river already poses a risk to recreation, as there is generally no visibility at a depth of 1.2 m (ANZECC 2000). Event discharges from stormwater outlets posed a moderate turbidity risk to recreational values. As people are likely to avoid swimming/skiing during rainfall conditions, the risk may be mainly to aesthetic values. A horticultural irrigation pipe back-flushing discharge downstream of Hermann landing also received a moderate risk ranking.

Wake-induced erosion of riverbanks in high-use recreation areas (eg Walker Flat, Pellaring Flat, Big Bend, Marks landing) was a common community concern. This was assessed as a low risk but its actual impact on recreational values was difficult to quantify. Wash down from slipways was also assessed as a low risk but further investigation is needed to confirm this assessment.

140 Table 5.6 Summary of significant risks to recreational environmental values, MM LAP area low=low risk, mod=moderate risk, high=high risk, v high=very high risk. Risk certainty value (in italics) follows each risk ranking River MurrayandLowerLakescatchmentriskassessmentforwaterquality:Resultsmanagementoptions

GEOCODE HAZARD EVENT TYPE PA TU NU HY FERRY MM069B Ferry, Purnong EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 MM069C Ferry, Purnong ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM086B Ferry, Walker Flat EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 MM086C Ferry, Walker Flat ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 MM140B Ferry, Swan Reach EVENT DISCHARGE low 2 low 2 MM140C Ferry, Swan Reach ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE low 2 GRAZING MM124G Cattle grazing, adj Marks landing wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM185G Sheep grazing, Blanchetown HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM192G Goat grazing, north of Younghusband west wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 HORTICULTURE MM105L Horticulture, Greenways LEAKAGE mod 2 MM201L Lawn growing, Walker Flat LEAKAGE low 2 INFORMAL CAMPING MM023G Informal camping, Rocky Point HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM027G Informal camping, north of Younghusband west wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM044G Informal camping, Jyllunka HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM050G Informal camping, opp Teal Flat wetland HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM055G Informal camping, Piggy Flat landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM076G Recreation area, Caurnamont landing HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM097G Informal camping, u/s Nildottie HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM116G Informal camping, Big Bend HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM172G Informal camping, Devon Downs HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM173G Informal camping, occasional facilities HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 MM188G Informal camping, Forster lagoon HUMAN/ANIMAL EXCRETION mod 2 low 2 LANDFILL MM187L Landfill, Blanchetown LEAKAGE low 1 low 2 141 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 HY low low low low low low low low low low low low 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NU low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low 2 2 2 2 2 TU low low mod mod mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 PA mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod EVENT TYPE ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE WASH DOWN LEAKAGE EVENT DISCHARGE MARINA DISCHARGES ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE EVENT DISCHARGE MARINA DISCHARGES LEAKAGE LEAKAGE WASH DOWN LEAKAGE MARINA DISCHARGES LEAKAGE MARINA DISCHARGES LEAKAGE LEAKAGE EVENT DISCHARGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE MARINA HAZARD Marina, Kia Marina Marina, Mannum Marine Commercial houseboats, adj Greeningís landing Marina, Caurnamont landing Petrol station, Swan Reach Petrol station, Swan Reach REFUELLING FACILITY Fuel store, Punyelroo SLIPWAY Slipway, adj Kia Slipway, Schuetze landing STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE Stormwater discharge, Salisbury Rd Stormwater discharge, Greenway landing Stormwater discharge, Swan Reach Septic tanks, Kia shacks Septic tanks, Rocky Point shacks Septic tanks, Lahnes landing Septic tanks, Gowling Ct shacks Septic tanks, Grulunga Caravan Park Septic tanks, Truman shacks Septic tanks, Lake Carlet shacks Septic tanks, Jyllunka shacks Septic tanks, Younghusband Holdings shacks Septic tanks, Teal Flat shacks Septic tanks, shacks d/s Bowhill Septic tanks, Purnong township Public toilet, Purnong Septic tanks, Hermann landing shacks Septic tanks, Nildottie PETROL STATION TOILETS/SEPTIC TANKS GEOCODE MM010Q MM020Q MM021Q MM074Q MM137C MM137L MM193C MM011H MM030H MM014B MM102B MM136B MM013L MM025L MM031L MM033L MM034L MM037L MM041L MM045L MM046L MM047L MM057L MM068L MM070L MM091L MM094L

142 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 HY low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NU low low low low low low low low low low low 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 TU low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 PA low mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod EVENT TYPE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE LEAKAGE VESSEL LAUNCHING LEAKAGE LEAKAGE LEAKAGE HAZARD Septic tanks, Punyelroo Caravan Park Septic tanks, Langs landing shacks Effluent tanks, Swan Reach Hotel Public Toilet, Tenbury-Hunter Reserve Septic tanks, lived on buses Septic tanks, Swan Reach township Septic tanks, Blanchetown Riverside Caravan Park Septic tanks, Kroehns landing shack site Septic tanks, Sab-Aruma Septic tanks, B&B opp Riverbanks Estate Septic tanks—houseboats, adj Greeningís landing Recreation area, Kia shacks Recreation area, Pellaring Flat Recreation area, Rocky Point Recreation area, Grulunga Caravan Park Recreation area, Truman's Recreation area, Lake Carlet shacks Recreation area, Teal Flat shacks Recreation area, Teal Flat South Recreation area, d/s Bowhill Recreation area, Bowhill shacks Recreation area, Purnong landing shacks Recreation area, Walker Flat shacks Recreation area, Walker Flat north shacks Recreation area, Hermann landing Recreation area, Greenway landing Recreation area, Big Bend Recreation area, Big Bend Recreation area, Punyelroo landing Recreation area, Punyelroo Recreation area, Langs landing VESSEL LAUNCHING/BOAT RAMP GEOCODE MM121L MM129L MM139C MM142L MM143L MM145L MM165L MM174L MM186L MM190L MM196L MM016S MM017S MM024S MM035S MM038S MM042S MM048S MM054S MM058S MM063S MM072S MM083S MM085S MM092S MM101S MM114S MM115S MM118S MM120S MM130S

143 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 HY low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NU low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 TU low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 PA low low low low low low low mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod mod EVENT TYPE VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL DISCHARGES INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL DISCHARGES INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL DISCHARGES INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL DISCHARGES INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE VESSEL DISCHARGES ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL DISCHARGES VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL LAUNCHING VESSEL DISCHARGES HAZARD Recreation area, Marks landing Recreation area, River Reserve Rd Shacks Recreation area, Len White Reserve Recreation area, Riverbanks Estate shacks Recreation area, Blanchetown Recreation area, Blanchetown Recreation area, Kroehns landing Recreation area, Sab-Aruma Permanent houseboat, adj Mannum Marine Houseboats, Schuetze landing Houseboats, 'Stevens' Houseboats, u/s Younghusband Holdings shacks Houseboats, Teal Flat Lagoon Houseboats, 'Generator Alley' Houseboats, Scrubby Flat Houseboats, adj Walker Flat south lagoon Permanent houseboats, Hermann landing Permanent houseboats, Hermann landing Houseboats, Big Bend Mini-Marina, Punyelroo Houseboats, Punyelroo River vessel waste disposal station, Swan Reach Waste disposal storage tanks, Punyelroo landing STEDS infrastructure, Kia shacks STEDS infrastructure, Pellaring Flat STEDS infrastructure, Seven Mile landing shacks STEDS infrastructure, 'The Rocks' shacks STEDS infrastructure, Teal Flat South shacks STEDS infrastructure, Bowhill shacks VESSEL WASTE DISPOSAL STATION WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE VESSEL MOORING(S) GEOCODE MM133S MM134S MM138S MM160S MM162S MM166S MM176S MM191S MM019R MM029R MM040R MM049R MM052R MM059R MM079R MM081R MM090R MM093R MM112R MM123R MM125R MM141C MM119C MM012D MM015D MM032D MM039D MM053D MM062D

144 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options 2 HY low 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 NU low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low 2 low mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 mod 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 TU mod low low low low low low low low low low low low low low 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 PA low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low mod EVENT TYPE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE EVENT DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE EVENT DISCHARGE DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE DISCHARGE EVENT DISCHARGE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE HAZARD STEDS infrastructure, Purnong landing shacks STEDS infrastructure, Caurnamont shacks STEDS infrastructure, Scrubby Flat shacks STEDS infrastructure, Walker Flat shacks STEDS infrastructure, Walker Flat north shacks STEDS infrastructure, Seers landing shacks Pipe back flushing, Oakville potatoes STEDS infrastructure, Greenway landing shacks STEDS infrastructure, Big Bend shacks STEDS infrastructure, South Punyelroo Estate shacks STEDS infrastructure, Marks landing shacks STEDS infrastructure, River Reserve Rd shacks STEDS infrastructure, Riverbanks Estate shacks STEDS infrastructure, Blanchetown shacks STEDS treatment plant, Blanchetown STEDS infrastructure, Kroehns landing shack site Wetland, Younghusband west Wetland, Younghusband west Wetland, Lake Carlet Wetland, Teal Flat lagoon Wetland, opp Maidment lagoon Wetland, Tapoo lagoon Wetland, Marks landing Wetland, Marks landing Wetland, Devon Downs north Wetland, Devon Downs north Wetland, Swan Reach ferry Wetland, Swan Reach ferry Forster lagoon Forster lagoon WETLAND/LAGOON GEOCODE MM071D MM073D MM080D MM082D MM084D MM087D MM089A MM100D MM113D MM117D MM132D MM135D MM161D MM163D MM167D MM175D MM018A MM018B MM026B MM051B MM060B MM075B MM122A MM122B MM171A MM171B MM197A MM197B MM200A MM200B

145 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options

5.5 Options for management of risks, MM LAP area

Several current and future potential options to manage risks identified in the MM LAP area are shown in Table 5.7 in the categories of: capital and on-ground works, capacity building, monitoring, compliance, policy planning, and research and development.

The suggestions as to which stakeholders may take responsibility for undertaking management options do not imply that they should, or will, be performed by those parties. Management options and stakeholder responsibilities will be examined in much more detail in Stage III of this project, following further consultation and more in-depth examination of priority risks.

Funding would be required for some strategies and funding sources are yet to be determined. Uncertainties in risk assessment rankings may also need to be addressed before management decisions can be made.

146 Table 5.7 Current and potential future options for management of risks, MM LAP area EV= environmental value, ECO=aquatic ecosystem EV, RAW=raw water supply EV, REC=recreational EV; risk management options which are already being implemented are in italics River MurrayandLowerLakescatchmentriskassessmentforwaterquality:Resultsmanagementoptions

Current and potential future options

Hazard Stressor EV Capital on-ground Research and Lead stakeholder(s) Capacity building Monitoring Compliance Policy planning works development

HIGH RISKS Creeks/rivers NU ECO Education on Monitor discharges to Water use and Liaison with DWLBC Investigate land uses LAP groups, sustainable irrigation river; monitor efficiency auditing re: water extraction and catchment irrigators, irrigation Marne River TU * practices continued flow and and drainage drainage network in trusts, DWLBC, OR water quality of Marne more detail Councils, EPA discharge to Murray Possible catchment water quality modelling MODERATE RISKS Horticulture irrigation drainage NU ECO Possible drainage Education on Monitor irrigation Water use and Liaison with DWLBC Research whether Local irrigators, interception schemes sustainable irrigation discharge water and efficiency auditing re: water extraction drainage interception councils, LAP groups, Swan Reach SA REC practices groundwater quality and drainage schemes worthwhile SAMDB NRMB, DWLBC, * Greenways * option EPA

Houseboat/vessel moorings NU ECO Additional blackwater Education and Survey/audit of how Audit and enforce Develop affordable BIASA, EPA, Mid disposal station at awareness of river often boats move Code of Practice for and effective Schuetze landing PA REC Introduce requirement Murray council vessel users on Vessel and Facility greywater treatment * Walker Flat mooring locations for all houseboats u/s of Younghusband OR RAW blackwater disposal Management: Marine systems * (including non- Holdings shacks stations and greywater and Inland Waters Big Bend commercial) to be management Permanent vessels slipped and surveyed * 'Stevens' * (Schuetze Landing, Big * Teal Flat lagoon Bend, upstream of * 'Generator Alley' Younghusband * Scrubby Flat Holdings shacks) are a * adj Walker Flat Sth lagoon priority for audit * Punyelroo * north of Cowirra landing * Bolts landing * adj Greenings landing * Hermann landing * Punyelroo * Preiss landing * u/s of Swan Reach 147 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options Lead stakeholder(s) BIASA, marina owners/operators, EPA, Planning SA, Mid Murray council, Riverland Tourism Association, Sustainable Recreation Project, campers, Mid Murray LAP, EPA, Department of Mid Murray council, SA Water, Mid Murray council, SAMDB NRMB, EPA SAMDB NRMB, EPA DWLBC Health, SA Water development Research and Investigate treatment/reuse alternatives Investigate treatment/reuse alternatives Policy planning Marina planning guidelines for new marinas Require new developments to incorporate stormwater management systems (eg detention basins and wetlands) use water-sensitive urban design principles Designate camping sites that require permits, allowing for greater control over Limit access around off-takes site use Contingency plan for SA Water in case of a large rain event or spill in catchment Compliance Audit, license and/or enforce Code of Practice for Vessel and Facility Management: Marine and Inland Waters (marinas and vessels within them) Regular maintenance of drains Audit any industries in the catchment Audit and enforce Public and Environmental Health Quality EPP if required Auditing of any industries in the catchment Monitoring Current and potential future options Monitoring of nutrient levels Monitoring of stormwater discharges at the outlet Survey of campsites looking at the frequency of use and the density of campers Act and/or Water Monitoring of stormwater discharges at the outlet to better define risk Capacity building owners regarding Education of boat appropriate waste disposal on pollution of Community education stormwater Education on the sustainable use of campsites, including distribution of information to private campsites SA Water to examine options for reducing risk to off-take (eg can off-take be shut- off during rainfall events; turbidity sensor) works Capital on-ground detention basin sanitation facilities Clean-out of drains Installation of GPTs Alternative treatment options, eg of drains Installation of Big Bend and Walker Flat have been highlighted as priority sites in the Sustainable Recreation Project Regular maintenance Alternative treatment options, eg detention basin, diversion of stormwater to the creek adjacent to Marks landing wetland EV REC REC REC REC ECO ECO ECO ECO RAW RAW PA PA NU TU NU OR NU OR NU TU Stressor Hazard Flat) West wetland off-take) Salisbury Road (Pellaring Long gully Road (Mannum) Caurnamont landing Kia Marina Mannum Marine Big Bend Walker Flat Jyllunka Devon Downs North of Younghusband Piggy Flat landing Caurnamont landing Swan Reach (near potable * * * * * * * * * * * * * Stormwater Marina Stormwater Informal camping areas

148 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options Lead stakeholder(s) SAMDB NRMB, DWLBC, EPA, Department of Health, SAMDB NRMB, SA Water Mid Murray council development Research and Research is required to assess the potential EPA, Mid Murray LAP, of wetlands/lagoons to discharge a pulse of contaminants following significant rain events. For South Portee wetland, SA Water to examine options for reducing any risk to off-take following outcomes of above research Policy planning Consider the density of septic tank soakage trenches in any new developments in the Water Protection Area Compliance Auditing of systems Monitoring Current and potential future options Monitoring of current artificial practices, particularly given the conditions of the river current low flow Priority could be South Portee and Swan reach complex to better define risks to SA Water's off-takes Monitoring on the influence of septic tank disposal trenches on groundwater contamination Capacity building Development of wetland management plans Education on the importance of regular auditing and management practices works Capital on-ground grazing activities Fencing of riparian STEDS or similar Note 1: Jyllunka and Younghusband Holdings shacks have signed contracts to go to STEDS. Other areas are also under investigation and negotiation. Note 2: Mid Murray Council currently in negotiations at Blanchetown Riverside Caravan Park site Upgrade of systems to EV REC ECO RAW SA PA TU OR NU NU Stressor Hazard estate shacks caravan park landing Wongulla landing & housing B&B opp Riverbanks estate Greenings houseboats adj South Portee Grulunga Caravan Park Swan Reach Truman shacks shacks Lake Carlet Jyllunka shacks Sab-Aruma Kroehns landing East Front Rd Kia shacks Rocky Pt shacks Lahnes landing Gowling Ct shacks Younghusband Holdings Teal Flat shacks D/s & adj Bowhill wetland Purnong Hermann landing Nildottie Devon Downs Nth Punyelroo Langs landing U/s Portee landing Castle landing Blanchetown riverside Swan Reach ferry Forster lagoon Younghusband West Lake Carlet Teal Flat lagoon opp Maidment lagoon Tapoo lagoon Marks landing Devon Downs north * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Toilets/septic tanks Wetlands/lagoons

149 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options Lead stakeholder(s) DWLBC, SA Water, BIASA, Houseboat Hirers Association, Mid Murray council, EPA, Mid Murray EPA EPA EPA council EPA development Research and Surveys on station use to determine if the capacity is appropriate Policy planning New applications for fuel stores are required to be bunded Compliance Audit, license and/or enforce Code of Practice for Vessel and Facility Management: Marine and Inland Waters Ensure adequate containment of waste Audit and enforce Water Quality EPP if required Audit and enforce Water Quality EPP (EPA 2003c) if required Monitoring Current and potential future options Capacity building procedures in the Emergency response event of a spillage Education of vessel users on the operation of stations Emergency procedures in place the event of station failure Education of landowners Spill kits present and users educated in their operation works Capital on-ground Connect soakage trenches to STEDS at Blanchetown New station at Walker Flat (subject to confirming funding) depending on results Possible fencing of audit stores that pose a risk Bunding of all fuel to the river EV REC REC REC ECO ECO ECO ECO RAW ECO PA PA HY HY NU NU HM TU Stressor Hazard Swan Reach Blanchetown Younghusband west wetland landing Swan Reach Sheep grazing, Goat grazing, north of North of Mannum adj Kia Schuetz landing Cattle/goat grazing, u/s Wongulla lagoon Devon Downs north backwater adj Preiss edge Devon Downs north * * * * * * * * * * * LOW/CUMULATIVE RISKS Pump fuel stores landing Slipways Pipe back flushing, d/s Hermann Grazing stations River vessel waste disposal

150 River Murray and Lower Lakes catchment risk assessment for water quality: Results and management options Lead stakeholder(s) EPA, station operators, local councils DTEI, EPA Murray LAP Mid Murray council, local community, Mid development Research and Investigate the best options for treatment or containment of wash down water Research seepage of fuel from underground storage tanks Investigate the impact of boat wakes upon bank erosion Policy planning zones for recreational river craft Recommendation that new applications for boating facilities are only approved for communal facilities Designate specific Compliance Audit fuel storage tanks Monitoring Current and potential future options Capacity building Training in emergency response procedures Presence of spill kits event of a fuel spill Presence of spill kits emergency response Education on procedures in the Presence of spill kits works Capital on-ground containment of wash Treatment/ down runoff water Consultation is currently in progress for stabilising riverbanks vegetation cover on riverbanks Use of geotextile bags EV ECO REC RAW REC ECO Management of ECO RAW RAW HY HY TU Stressor Hazard Purnong Walker Flat Swan Reach * * * Petrol stations Ferries areas Vessel launching/recreational

151