DOCSLIB.ORG

Mechanical Properties of Aerospace Epoxy Composites Reinforced with 2D Nano-fillers: Current Cite This: Nanoscale Adv.,2021,3,2741 Status and Road to Industrialization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mechanical Properties of Aerospace Epoxy Composites Reinforced with 2D Nano-fillers: Current Cite This: Nanoscale Adv.,2021,3,2741 Status and Road to Industrialization Nanoscale Advances REVIEW View Article Online View Journal | View Issue Mechanical properties of aerospace epoxy composites reinforced with 2D nano-fillers: current Cite this: Nanoscale Adv.,2021,3,2741 status and road to industrialization Radhika Wazalwar, Megha Sahu and Ashok M. Raichur * High-performance epoxy composites find application in the aerospace industry. Although epoxy is a high- performance polymer, its fracture toughness is compromised due to its highly cross-linked nature. Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene derivatives, and inorganic 2-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are being explored to improve epoxy composites' mechanical properties. Graphene is one of the most popular 2D nano-reinforcing agents for epoxy composites. Following graphene discovery, the research community's attention was brought to various other few-atom thick 2D nanomaterials. Hence, apart from graphene, inorganic nanosheets such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), etc., are also being studied as modifiers for enhancing the mechanical performance of epoxy Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. composites. Graphene, TMDs and hBN are known to possess a high aspect ratio, high specificsurfacearea and inherently high mechanical strength and stiffness, contributing to a stronger and tougher composite. Despite that, the challenges associated with these nanomaterials, such as dispersion issues, lack of standardization, underlying health hazards, etc., have hampered their commercialization. It has been long past Received 20th January 2021 adecadesincethediscoveryofgraphene,yetthereareconcernsregardingthelabtoindustryscale-up,and Accepted 24th March 2021 health and environmental hazards associated with nanomaterials for the fabrication of aerospace composites. DOI: 10.1039/d1na00050k This review offers a comprehensive literature survey and a perspective into the possible ways of bridging the rsc.li/nanoscale-advances gaps between the laboratory research and industrialization of 2D nanosheet-filled epoxy composites. This article is licensed under a 1. Introduction Metal alloys, especially aluminum alloys, have been an indis- Open Access Article. Published on 29 March 2021. Downloaded 9/24/2021 9:46:36 AM. pensable part of the aerospace industry for a long time. A large Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India. portion of the product range offered by aircra manufacturers E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; Tel: +91-80-22933238 Radhika Wazalwar is currently Dr Megha Sahu is currently a Ph.D. student at the Depart- working as a Materials and ment of Materials Engineering, Process Senior Engineer at Boe- Indian Institute of Science, Ben- ing India Private Limited, Ben- galuru, India. Radhika gradu- galuru, India. She obtained her ated with a Bachelors in Ph.D. from the Department of Technology from the Depart- Materials Engineering, Indian ment of Metallurgical and Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Materials Engineering, Visves- India in 2017 and holds varaya National Institute of a Masters degree in Chemistry Technology, Nagpur, India in from Lucknow University, India. 2016. Presently she is working Dr Sahu has led more than 15 on chemical modication of 2D patents in the eld of polymers, nano-llers for enhancing the mechanical behaviour of epoxy additive manufacturing and composites. Her research work composites under the supervision of Prof. Ashok M. Raichur. includes graphene based advanced epoxy composites, nanomaterial synthesis and chemical alteration of nanomaterials for application related to improved mechanical behaviour of polymer composites. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry Nanoscale Adv.,2021,3, 2741–2776 | 2741 View Article Online Nanoscale Advances Review still comprises of metal aircra. However, since the last decade, was also mentioned. A review article by Marouf et al.11 discussed there has been a shi towards polymer composites. Modern and compared the effect of one, two and three-dimensional planes such as Boeing 787 and Airbus A380, which came into nano-llers on the fracture properties of epoxy composites. service in the last decade, utilize more than 50% by weight The underlying toughening mechanisms in binary and ternary carbon ber reinforced epoxy composites in the aircra fuse- epoxy composites reinforced with nanollers such as nano- lage, wings and empennage assemblies. In comparison to silica, nano-rubber, CNTs, nanoclay and graphene were dis- metals, polymer composites, especially epoxy composites, offer cussed in detail in this article. Szeluga et al.12 reviewed graphene several advantages. They possess higher corrosion resistance, llers' effect on the mechanical, thermal, electrical and ame better strength to weight ratio, require fewer sub-assemblies, retardant properties of epoxy composites. The effect of ller consume less fuel due to reduced weight, offer easier repair size, degree of exfoliation and functionality on the properties of and maintenance, etc. However, there are some limitations epoxy composites was summarized. The authors pointed out associated with epoxy composites. Like most other polymers, that there is insufficient literature to assess the ller-matrix epoxy is also thermally and electrically non-conducting, which interaction accurately. Atif et al.13 reviewed epoxy composites leads to its inability to deal with electromagnetic interference reinforced with graphene. They established a correlation of the and lightning strikes. Another limitation of epoxy is that it is ller size, morphology, and functionalization extent with the highly brittle due to its heavily cross-linked network. Aircra nal epoxy composites' mechanical, thermal, and electrical structures undergo extreme thermal cycles, mechanical load properties. The authors pointed out the lack of consensus and fatigue and need to have good fracture toughness so that regarding graphene's effect on the properties of epoxy catastrophic failure does not occur. Researchers are continu- nanocomposites. ously trying to improve the mechanical properties of epoxy In a review by Kulkarni et al.,14 the authors described the composites, focusing on fracture toughness. Many toughening covalent and non-covalent functionalization approaches for agents such as rubber,1,2 thermoplastic polymer particles, silica surface modication of graphene. The authors discussed the 3 4 ff Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. nanoparticles, and nanoclay have been explored to enhance e ects of processing protocols, ller dispersion, and ller epoxy's mechanical properties. Several researchers have been surface modication on graphene–epoxy composites' electrical, exploring CNTs,5,6 graphene, and more recently, inorganic 2D mechanical, and thermal properties. Singh et al.15 reviewed nanomaterials7,8 for the improved mechanical performance of graphene, CNTs, and graphene/CNT hybrid reinforced epoxy epoxy composites. Amongst these, 2D nanomaterials are composites. The inuence of the ller's type and functionality popular due to their high aspect ratio and inherently high on the mechanical, thermal, electrical and ame-retardant mechanical strength.9 properties of epoxy composites was discussed. The various Many review articles have been published on the subject of applications of such composites, especially in aircra body, nano-llers for epoxy. Domun et al.10 comprehensively reviewed electro-magnetic shielding, corrosion-resistant coatings, etc., This article is licensed under a the status of epoxy composites reinforced with single and were discussed. multiwalled CNTs, graphene, nano-silica and nano-clay. The Research groups worldwide have extensively worked on authors summarized the effect of these nano-llers on the epoxy reinforced with graphene and inorganic 2D nanollers Open Access Article. Published on 29 March 2021. Downloaded 9/24/2021 9:46:36 AM. tensile and fracture properties of epoxy composites. They and have produced promising results in terms of the mechan- pointed out the lack of uniformity in the composite fabrication ical and thermomechanical performance of these composites. methods, ller functionalization, and dispersion techniques Despite the abundant literature on 2D nanomaterial-lled used, restricting the understanding of the composites' epoxy resins, it has still not graduated from the laboratory to mechanical properties. The lack of suitable quantitative the aircra industry. Hence, a perspective is needed in terms of methods to assess ller dispersion and ller-matrix interaction the research conducted in this eld, its challenges, and the possible solutions to these challenges. The review articles on 2D nanoller reinforced epoxy Ashok M. Raichur is currently composites available so far have majorly taken into consider- a professor at the Department of ation graphene and its derivatives. To the best of our knowl- Materials Engineering, Indian edge, the status of inorganic 2D nano-llers, especially TMDs Institute of Science (IISc), Benga- and hBN and their various organic and inorganic multiscale luru, India. He received his Ph.D. hybrids, which are being extensively explored to reinforce epoxy from the Department of Metal- composites, has not been reviewed yet. Many authors have lurgical Engineering, University discussed the problems associated with the processing and of Nevada, Reno, USA in 1996 dispersion of nano-llers. However, successful commercializa- and joined IISc as a faculty in tion
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Special Material Or a New State of Matter: a Review and Reconsideration of the Aerogel
    Materials 2013, 6, 941-968; doi:10.3390/ma6030941 OPEN ACCESS materials ISSN 1996-1944 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials Review A Special Material or a New State of Matter: A Review and Reconsideration of the Aerogel Ai Du 1,2,*, Bin Zhou 1,2,*, Zhihua Zhang 1,2 and Jun Shen 1,2 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (B.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-6598-2762-4 (A.D.); Fax: +86-21-6598-6071 (A.D.). Received: 4 January 2013; in revised form: 19 February 2013 / Accepted: 4 March 2013 / Published: 8 March 2013 Abstract: The ultrahighly nanoporous aerogel is recognized as a state of matter rather than as a functional material, because of its qualitative differences in bulk properties, transitional density and enthalpy between liquid and gas, and diverse chemical compositions. In this review, the characteristics, classification, history and preparation of the aerogel were introduced. More attention was paid to the sol-gel method for preparing different kinds of aerogels, given its important role on bridging the synthetic parameters with the properties. At last, preparation of a novel single-component aerogel, design of a composite aerogel and industrial application of the aerogel were regarded as the research tendency of the aerogel state in the near future.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Number
    21st International Conference on Composite Materials Xi´an, 20-25th August 2017 Growth model of a carbon based 3D structure (Aerographite) and electrical/mechanical properties of composites J. Marx1*, S. Garlof1, J. Timmermann1, D. Smazna², R. Adelung², K. Schulte1*, B. Fiedler1 1Institute of Polymer Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickstr. 15, 21073 Hamburg 2Institute of Functional Nanomaterials, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel *[email protected], [email protected] Keywords: CFD simulation, CVD process, SEM, electrical properties, 3D reinforced composite Abstract Aerographite is a 3D interconnected carbon based tetrapod structure. The production of Aerographite can be divided in two steps. First, the production of zinc oxide (ZnO) templates in a flame transport synthesis followed by the replication into the carbon structure in a chemical vapor deposition process (rCVD). During the rCVD process carbon deposits on the surfaces of the zinc oxide template, with the simultaneous reduction of zinc oxide into gaseous zinc. This replication process starts from the tetrapod base and continues alongside the tetrapod arms towards its top. Based on interrupted synthesis processes investigated by intense scanning electron microscopy (SEM) we present a simple model of the growth mechanisms of Aerographite. In a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation we could demonstrate that the initial flow of the cold Ar and H2 gas, when entering the reactor, sinks to the bottom, heats up to at the center of the reactor (where we have the maximum temperature) and advances to the top of the reactor. Vortexes are induced, leading to a partly backstream of the gas. The gas flow hits the samples from the back, so the conversion process of the zinc oxide templates starts from here towards the front of the samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomimetic Carbon Fiber Systems Engineering: a Modular
    This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Research Article Cite This: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 5325−5335 www.acsami.org Biomimetic Carbon Fiber Systems Engineering: A Modular Design Strategy To Generate Biofunctional Composites from Graphene and Carbon Nanofibers † ‡ § ∥ ‡ Mohammadreza Taale, Fabian Schütt, Tian Carey, Janik Marx, Yogendra Kumar Mishra, ⊥ ∥ § ‡ † Norbert Stock, Bodo Fiedler, Felice Torrisi, Rainer Adelung, and Christine Selhuber-Unkel*, † ‡ Biocompatible Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science and Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany § Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K. ∥ Institute of Polymer and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany ⊥ Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Carbon-based fibrous scaffolds are highly attractive for all biomaterial applications that require electrical conductivity. It is additionally advantageous if such materials resembled the structural and biochemical features of the natural extracellular environment. Here, we show a novel modular design strategy to engineer biomimetic carbon fiber- based scaffolds. Highly porous ceramic zinc oxide (ZnO) microstructures serve as three-dimensional (3D) sacrificial templates and are infiltrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene dispersions. Once the CNTs and graphene coat the ZnO template, the ZnO is either removed by hydrolysis or converted into carbon by chemical vapor deposition. The resulting 3D carbon scaffolds are both hierarchically ordered and free-standing.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Improvement of a Bio-Inspired 3D Globular
    Advanced Materials Science Research Article Structural improvement of a bio-inspired 3D globular carbon foam by a continuously thermal treatment: A comprehensive study J Marx*, H Beisch, S Garlof and B Fiedler Institute of Polymer Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickstr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany Abstract The manufacturing of a 3D interconnected globular carbon foam, called Globugraphite, is based on the replication of the zinc oxide (ZnO) template morphology by carbon with simultaneous removing of the template material in the chemical vapour deposition (CVD - replica CVD (rCVD)) process. The growth mechanism of the presented carbon foam affected the formation of defects at the atomic level which leads in the following to graphitic pieces instead of layers. This substructure influences properties, such as electrical conductivity of the carbon foam negatively. By undergoing a temperature treatment at 1600°C, 1800°C, 2000°C and 2200°C in a protective gas atmosphere the carbon structure heals at the atomic level. The connection of the sp2/sp3 graphitic pieces to graphitic sp2 layers due to the thermal annealing is analysed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and Raman spectroscopy. Based on these analysis methods a model of the graphitization progress is created which explains the clearly increase of the electrical conductivity and the oxidation temperature. Introduction and morphology change in carbon foams with regard to the healing process is expected to lead to other mechanisms that need to be clarified. Since the discovery of carbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [1] and graphene [2] the interest increases to use In the present work, we show for the first time the effect of high such materials for several applications, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetting Properties of Graphene Aerogels
    Wetting Properties of Graphene Aerogels Francesco De Nicola,1, ∗ Ilenia Viola,2 Lorenzo Donato Tenuzzo,3 Florian Rasch,4 Martin R. Lohe,5 Ali Shaygan Nia,5 Fabian Sch¨utt,4 Xinliang Feng,5 Rainer Adelung,4 and Stefano Lupi1, 3 1Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy 2CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.Li.M. Lab, Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy 3Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy 4Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany 5Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universit¨atDresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany (Dated: February 7, 2020) Graphene hydrophobic coatings paved the way chemical9, mechanical10, and thermal stability11 have towards a new generation of optoelectronic and been addressed. Among the numerous materials having fluidic devices. Nevertheless, such hydrophobic the two aforementioned features, graphene offers versatil- thin films rely only on graphene non-polar sur- ity, stability, and multi-functionality owing to its unique face, rather than taking advantage of its surface optical12 and electronic13 properties, making its usage roughness. Furthermore, graphene is typically widespread in hydrophobic surface realizations14{16. not self-standing. Differently, carbon aerogels have high porosity, large effective surface area due to their surface roughness, and very low mass INTRODUCTION density, which make them a promising candidate as a super-hydrophobic material for novel tech- 2 nological applications. However, despite a few Graphene is constituted by a sp lattice of graphitic works reporting the general super-hydrophobic carbon, thus it has a slightly hydrophilic (graphite con- ◦17 and lipophilic behavior of the carbon aerogels, a tact angle ≈ 86 ) but non-polar surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrochemical Study of 3D Graphene Composites and the Creation
    Electrochemical study of 3D graphene composites and the creation of ultralight 3D SiC Submitted by Sakineh Chabi, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering August, 2015 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. S. Chabi 1 Abstract This research fabricated and tested various graphene-related 1D, 2D and 3D materials. We described how using specifically designed graphene foam (GF) as templates can transform its unique structures and excellent properties to new materials. Graphene, GF, Polypyrrole (PPY), Polyaniline (PANI), PPY-GF, PANI-GF, SiC foam, SiC nanowires and SiC nanoflakes will be described in this thesis. The chemical vapour deposition method was used to produce graphene and GFs. PPY-GF, PPY, PANI and PANI-GF were prepared by both chemical and electrochemical (Chronopotentiometry) methods. SiC foams were produced by a low- cost carbothermal reduction of SiO with GF, and then the SiC nanoflakes were separated from SiC nanowires and purified via a multistep sonication process. The synthesised materials were characterised by a variety of techniques such as SEM, EDX, XRD, TEM, Raman, AFM and TGA. The electrochemical properties of the materials were measured in a three electrode cell using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge and A.C impedance spectroscopy techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanomechanics of Individual Aerographite Tetrapods
    ARTICLE Received 13 Sep 2016 | Accepted 19 Feb 2017 | Published 12 Apr 2017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14982 OPEN Nanomechanics of individual aerographite tetrapods Raimonds Meija1,*, Stefano Signetti2,*, Arnim Schuchardt3, Kerstin Meurisch3, Daria Smazna3, Matthias Mecklenburg4, Karl Schulte4, Donats Erts1, Oleg Lupan3, Bodo Fiedler4, Yogendra Kumar Mishra3, Rainer Adelung3 & Nicola M. Pugno2,5,6 Carbon-based three-dimensional aerographite networks, built from interconnected hollow tubular tetrapods of multilayer graphene, are ultra-lightweight materials recently discovered and ideal for advanced multifunctional applications. In order to predict the bulk mechanical behaviour of networks it is very important to understand the mechanics of their individual building blocks. Here we characterize the mechanical response of single aerographite tetra- pods via in situ scanning electron and atomic force microscopy measurements. To understand the acquired results, which show that the overall behaviour of the tetrapod is governed by the buckling of the central joint, a mechanical nonlinear model was developed, introducing the concept of the buckling hinge. Finite element method simulations elucidate the governing buckling phenomena. The results are then generalized for tetrapods of different size-scales and shapes. These basic findings will permit better understanding of the mechanical response of the related networks and the design of similar aerogels based on graphene and other two- dimensional materials. 1 Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, Raina bulva%ris 19, LV-1586 Rı%ga, Latvia. 2 Laboratory of Bio-Inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy. 3 Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstrae 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Surfactant from Nanocomposites Films Based on Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide and Natural Rubber
    Article Removal of Surfactant from Nanocomposites Films Based on Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide and Natural Rubber Hector Aguilar-Bolados 1,*, Ahirton Contreras-Cid 2, Andronico Neira-Carrillo 3, Miguel Lopez-Manchado 4 and Mehrdad Yazdani-Pedram 2 1 Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 850, Santiago, Chile 2 Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, S. Livingstone 1007, Santiago, Chile; [email protected] (A.C.-C.); [email protected] (M.Y.-P.) 3 Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, Santiago, Chile; [email protected] 4 Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: + 56-2-2978-2855 Received: 28 February 2019; Accepted: 25 March 2019; Published: 28 March 2019 Abstract: Electrically conducting elastomer composites based on natural rubber and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is reported. These composites were prepared by a latex method and an easy washing process. The latex method consists of the mixing of an aqueous suspension of rGO, stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate and pre-vulcanized natural rubber, followed by solvent casting. The percolation threshold of composites was estimated at 1.54 wt.% of rGO. The washing process allowed elimination of the surfactant completely from nanocomposites. The absence of surfactant in nanocomposites was demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy and dynamo-mechanical analysis. The surfactant-free nanocomposites showed improved mechanical and electrical properties. Keywords: thermally reduced graphene oxide; natural rubber latex; electrical properties; mechanical properties 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Based Electrochemical Sensors with Nafion Coating for Selective Detection of Drug Molecules E
    [P13.01] Carbon based electrochemical sensors with nafion coating for selective detection of drug molecules E. Mynttinen* 1, N. Wester 1, J. Etula 1, E. Kauppinen 1, E. Kalso 2,3 , T. Lilius 2, J. Koskinen 1, T. Laurila 1 1Aalto University, Finland, 2University of Helsinki, Finland, 3Helsinki University Hospital, Finland Novel carbon materials, such as tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) and various carbon nanostructures, have shown great promise in sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of biological molecules [1,2]. The selectivity of such sensors can be further improved with cation exchange polymers, such as Nafion, exhibiting permselective properties [3]. In hospital environments, accurate determination of drug molecule concentrations is essential in pain management for efficient and safe dosing. However, the current analysis methods are both time consuming and laborious, and are thus not sufficient for adaptive pain treatment. For this purpose, carbon based electrochemical sensors coated with permselective Nafion films can enable fast and effortless detection without compromising sensitivity and selectivity. The permselective properties of Nafion appear to be affected by differences in the surface roughness of the electrode, and thus the selectivity of the sensor could be tailored by modifying its topography. We have generated two types of carbon based thin film electrodes coated with Nafion for the detection of biological molecules: a smooth ta-C surface and a carbon nanotube (CNT) thin film with larger surface roughness. In this work, we will evaluate the effect of surface roughness of the underlying carbon material on the permselective properties with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The physical, chemical and electrochemical properties of ta-C electrodes have been characterized in detail in previous work [1,4,5].
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication and Characterization of Macroscopic Graphene Layers on Metallic Substrates
    Fabrication and Characterization of Macroscopic Graphene Layers on Metallic Substrates Víctor Manuel Freire Soler Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0. Spain License. Departament de Física Aplicada i Òptica Universitat de Barcelona Fabrication and Characterization of Macroscopic Graphene Layers on Metallic Substrates Víctor Manuel Freire Soler Directores: Dr. Carles Corbella Roca (RUB) Prof. Enric Bertran Serra (UB) Programa de doctorado: Nanociencias, bienio 2010/2012 Memoria presentada para optar al grado de Doctor Barcelona, Julio de 2014 “Research is what I’m doing when I don’t know what I’m doing” Wernher von Braun Contents CONTENTS Agradecimientos v Resumen en castellano vii Preface xxi List of figures and tables xxv I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Carbon materials retrospective 3 1.1. Graphite ................................................................................. 6 1.2. Diamond ................................................................................. 6 1.3. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) and amorphous carbon ............... 7 1.4. Fullerenes and nanotubes ...................................................... 8 1.5. References ............................................................................ 10 2. Graphene and 2D crystals 11 2.1. General ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems
    ADOPTING MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIAL SYSTEMS by ANDRÉ DUARTE B. L. FERREIRA A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Oporto In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OPORTO, JULY 2015 Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems ii Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: ANDRÉ, FERREIRA Signature_______________________________________ iii Adopting Multifunctional Material Systems ABSTRACT ADOPTING MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIAL SYSTEMS Ferreira, André Duarte M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. A.T. Marques July 2015, 174 pages An increase in system-level efficiency and polyvalence of products and components is one of the main advantages of the use of some novel polyvalent materials and structures. This polyvalence or multifunctionality is currently a hot topic in science and engineering circles and is gathering increasingly more attention. Presently this multifunctionality can be achieved by stimuli responsive materials such as temperature, stress and light, by using shape memory materials, by using surface structures with anti-biofouling and drag reduction capabilities, among many others. In this dissertation, an overview is pre- sented of the topic, including state-of-the-art review, challenges, suggestions and pro- posed methods to overcome them and to increase innovation in developing both these materials and structures and the products that contain them.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress in Supercapacitors: Roles of Two Dimensional Nanotubular
    Nanoscale Advances View Article Online REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Progress in supercapacitors: roles of two dimensional nanotubular materials Cite this: Nanoscale Adv., 2020, 2,70 Pritam Kumar Panda, a Anton Grigoriev, a Yogendra Kumar Mishra b and Rajeev Ahuja *c Overcoming the global energy crisis due to vast economic expansion with the advent of human reliance on energy-consuming labor-saving devices necessitates the demand for next-generation technologies in the form of cleaner energy storage devices. The technology accelerates with the pace of developing energy storage devices to meet the requirements wherever an unanticipated burst of power is indeed needed in a very short time. Supercapacitors are predicted to be future power vehicles because they promise faster Received 16th May 2019 charging times and do not rely on rare elements such as lithium. At the same time, they are key Accepted 28th October 2019 nanoscale device elements for high-frequency noise filtering with the capability of storing and releasing DOI: 10.1039/c9na00307j energy by electrostatic interactions between the ions in the electrolyte and the charge accumulated at the active electrode during the charge/discharge process. There have been several developments to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. rsc.li/nanoscale-advances aDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120, cDepartment of Materials and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE- Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] 10044, Stockholm, Sweden bMads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, DK- 6400, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] Pritam Kumar Panda is Dr Anton Grigoriev is This article is licensed under a pursuing a Ph.D.
    [Show full text]