DOCSLIB.ORG

PCA3-Based Mole- Indications for PROGENSA™ Cular Urine Analysis for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PCA3-Based Mole- Indications for PROGENSA™ Cular Urine Analysis for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer 4. Hessels D, Gunnewiek J, van Oort I, et al. DD3PCA3-based mole- Indications for PROGENSA™ cular urine analysis for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Eur Urol. PCA3 Test 2003;44:8–16. 5. Groskopf J, Aubin SM, Deras IL, et al. APTIMA PCA3 molecular Focus on... urine test: development of a method to aid in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin Chem. 2006;52:1089-95. PSA 6. Marks LS, Fradet Y, Deras IL, et al. PCA3 molecular urine assay for prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat biopsy. Urology. 2007;69:532-5. Biopsy Positive Negative biopsy biopsy Contact Cancer PCA3 test Biomnis Ireland diagnosis Three Rock Road Sandyford Industrial Estate PCA3 Ratio < 35 PCA3 Ratio > 35 Sandyford Dublin 18 Low probability High probability Tel.: (01) 295 8545 to detect cancer to detect Fax: (01) 295 5399 via biopsy cancer via E-mail: [email protected] biopsy Web: www.biomnis.ie Pre-analytical conditions: after DRE, collect 20 to 30 ml of first catch urine. Transfer 2 x 2,5 ml into 2 tubes of transport medium. Sample stability: samples are stable for 7 days TM between 8°C and 30°C, or for 14 days between 2°C and 8°C. Test Progensa Price: Please contact Biomnis Ireland for pricing details. PCA3 for better evaluation of References prostate cancer cancer risk 1. Bussemakers M, van Bokhoven A, Verhaegh G, Smit F, Karthaus H, Schalken J. DD3: a new prostate-specific gene, highly over expressed in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1999;59:5975–5979. 2. Eggener S, Roehl K, Catalona W. Predictors of subsequent prostate cancer in men with a prostate specific-antigen of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/mL and an initially negative biopsy. J Urol. 2005;174:500–504. 3. Fradet Y, Saad F, Aprikian A, et al. uPM3, a new molecular urine test for thedetection of prostate cancer. Urology. 2004;64:311–316. Prostate cancer detection PSA test has low sensitivity and specificity (resulting Performing PROGENSA™ PCA3 in numerous false negatives, false positives triggering unnecessary biopsies). test Prostate cancer is the most commonly found There is no PSA threshold allowing both sensitivity cancer in men above 50 years old. It represents and specificity to 100%. the second highest cause of cancer related 1 - Perform DRE: apply enough pressure on prostate mortality. Each positive PSA test triggers one or several so as to release maximum prostate cells into urine. biopsies which in turn: For an early diagnosis, it is recommended that men between 50 and 75 years old are subjected to a Can cause elevated costs for healthcare digital rectal examination (DRE) and have Prostatic providers. Specific Antigen (PSA) level evaluated. For men with Are uncomfortable for patients and a source a family history or with risk factors such as West-Indian of anxiety and apprehension. origins,screeningis recommended as early as 45 years Represent a risk of infection and a risk of old. haemorrhage. Should DRE and/or PSA levels be abnormal, it is necessary to perform a trans-rectal ultrasound 2 - Collect and transfer urine into transport medium guided prostate biopsy in order to assess the PROGENSA™ PCA3 test: Benefits at room temperature, and send to the laboratory. presence of prostate cancer. In the case of a positive biopsy, diagnosis is assessed and treatment started according to PROGENSA™ PCA3 test is used as: Interpretation: PCA3/PSA ratio age, life expectancy and cancer aggression An improved method of prostate cancer diagno- (surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy or sis. surveillance). PCA3/PSA ratio < 35 Low probability of cancer A prognostic tool for patients with abnormal PSA diagnosed with 2nd biopsy. In the case of a negative biopsy, surveillance levels and normal biopsy. PCA3/PSA ratio > 35 High probability of cancer. via PSA levels and repeated biopsies, A tool for clinicians in deciding whether or not PCA3 ratio is independent from prostate volume. according to age and/or PSA level evolution biopsies should be repeated. (increasing PSA kinetics or PSA velocity). Probability ratio of 125 65 120 60 115 Limits of PSA testing: DD3... DD3PCA3… PCA3 gene 55 positive biopsy 105 50 95 45 sensitivity & specificity 85 85 40 75 35 In 1999, a pseudo gene called DD3 was discovered, 65 55 30 later called PCA3 (prostate cancer gene 3). 45 25 PSA levels are prostate specific but not cancer PCA3 results 35 35 20 PCA3 expression is restricted to prostate cells. 34 10 Limit = 35 specific. Other pathologies may cause elevated PSA 30 25 18 level, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), PCA3 has a very low expression in healthy prostate 20 20 15 22 infections or inflammations. cells. 10 24 10 9 About 15 % of cancers are observed in patients Probability ratio of 8 26 7 28 6 PCA3 is overly expressed in prostate cancer cells negative biopsy 5 30 with a normal PSA level, that is < 4.0 ng/mL. 4 4 40 (~60 to 100 times increase)..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Potential High-Impact Interventions Report Priority Area 02: Cancer
    AHRQ Healthcare Horizon Scanning System – Potential High-Impact Interventions Report Priority Area 02: Cancer Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 540 Gaither Road Rockville, MD 20850 www.ahrq.gov Contract No. HHSA290201000006C Prepared by: ECRI Institute 5200 Butler Pike Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 December 2012 Statement of Funding and Purpose This report incorporates data collected during implementation of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Healthcare Horizon Scanning System by ECRI Institute under contract to AHRQ, Rockville, MD (Contract No. HHSA290201000006C). The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, who are responsible for its content, and do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. No statement in this report should be construed as an official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This report’s content should not be construed as either endorsements or rejections of specific interventions. As topics are entered into the System, individual topic profiles are developed for technologies and programs that appear to be close to diffusion into practice in the United States. Those reports are sent to various experts with clinical, health systems, health administration, and/or research backgrounds for comment and opinions about potential for impact. The comments and opinions received are then considered and synthesized by ECRI Institute to identify interventions that experts deemed, through the comment process, to have potential for high impact. Please see the methods section for more details about this process. This report is produced twice annually and topics included may change depending on expert comments received on interventions issued for comment during the preceding 6 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycosylation: Rising Potential for Prostate Cancer Evaluation
    cancers Review Glycosylation: Rising Potential for Prostate Cancer Evaluation Anna Kałuza˙ * , Justyna Szczykutowicz and Mirosława Ferens-Sieczkowska Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Sklodowskiej-Curie 48/50, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (M.F.-S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-71-770-30-66 Simple Summary: Aberrant protein glycosylation is a well-known hallmark of cancer and is as- sociated with differential expression of enzymes such as glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. The altered expression of the enzymes triggers cancer cells to produce glycoproteins with specific cancer-related aberrations in glycan structures. Increasing number of data indicate that glycosylation patterns of PSA and other prostate-originated proteins exert a potential to distinguish between benign prostate disease and cancer as well as among different stages of prostate cancer development and aggressiveness. This review summarizes the alterations in glycan sialylation, fucosylation, truncated O-glycans, and LacdiNAc groups outlining their potential applications in non-invasive diagnostic procedures of prostate diseases. Further research is desired to develop more general algorithms exploiting glycobiology data for the improvement of prostate diseases evaluation. Abstract: Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. Alterations in protein glycosylation are confirmed to be a reliable hallmark of cancer. Prostate-specific antigen is the biomarker that is used most frequently for prostate cancer detection, although its lack of sensitivity and specificity results in many unnecessary biopsies. A wide range of glycosylation alterations in Citation: Kałuza,˙ A.; Szczykutowicz, prostate cancer cells, including increased sialylation and fucosylation, can modify protein function J.; Ferens-Sieczkowska, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Genitourinary Pathology (Including Renal Tumors)
    LABORATORY INVESTIGATION THE BASIC AND TRANSLATIONAL PATHOLOGY RESEARCH JOURNAL LI VOLUME 99 | SUPPLEMENT 1 | MARCH 2019 2019 ABSTRACTS GENITOURINARY PATHOLOGY (INCLUDING RENAL TUMORS) (776-992) MARCH 16-21, 2019 PLATF OR M & 2 01 9 ABSTRACTS P OSTER PRESENTATI ONS EDUCATI ON C O M MITTEE Jason L. Hornick , C h air Ja mes R. Cook R h o n d a K. Y a nti s s, Chair, Abstract Revie w Board S ar a h M. Dr y and Assign ment Co m mittee Willi a m C. F a q ui n Laura W. La mps , Chair, C ME Subco m mittee C ar ol F. F ar v er St e v e n D. Billi n g s , Interactive Microscopy Subco m mittee Y uri F e d ori w Shree G. Shar ma , Infor matics Subco m mittee Meera R. Ha meed R aj a R. S e et h al a , Short Course Coordinator Mi c h ell e S. Hir s c h Il a n W ei nr e b , Subco m mittee for Unique Live Course Offerings Laksh mi Priya Kunju D a vi d B. K a mi n s k y ( Ex- Of ici o) A n n a M ari e M ulli g a n Aleodor ( Doru) Andea Ri s h P ai Zubair Baloch Vi nita Parkas h Olca Bast urk A nil P ar w a ni Gregory R. Bean , Pat h ol o gist-i n- Trai ni n g D e e p a P atil D a ni el J.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Clinical Testing of Individual Immunoassays for the Quantification of Serum Glycoproteins to Diagnose Prostate Cancer
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Development and clinical testing of individual immunoassays for the quantification of serum glycoproteins to diagnose prostate cancer Kathrin Endt1, Jens Goepfert2, Aurelius Omlin3, Alcibiade Athanasiou1, Pierre Tennstedt4, Anna Guenther2, Maurizio Rainisio5, Daniel S. Engeler3, Thomas Steuber4, Silke Gillessen3, Thomas Joos2, Ralph Schiess1* a1111111111 a1111111111 1 ProteoMediX Inc., Schlieren, Switzerland, 2 NMI TuÈbingen, Reutlingen, Germany, 3 Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland, 4 Martini-Klinik, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany, 5 Abanovus LLC, a1111111111 Sanremo, Italy a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Prostate Cancer (PCa) diagnosis is currently hampered by the high false-positive rate of Citation: Endt K, Goepfert J, Omlin A, Athanasiou PSA evaluations, which consequently may lead to overtreatment. Non-invasive methods A, Tennstedt P, Guenther A, et al. (2017) with increased specificity and sensitivity are needed to improve diagnosis of significant Development and clinical testing of individual immunoassays for the quantification of serum PCa. We developed and technically validated four individual immunoassays for cathepsin glycoproteins to diagnose prostate cancer. PLoS D (CTSD), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), and throm- ONE 12(8): e0181557. https://doi.org/10.1371/ bospondin 1 (THBS1). These glycoproteins, previously identified by mass spectrometry journal.pone.0181557 using a Pten mouse model, were measured in clinical serum samples for testing the capabil- Editor: Salvatore V Pizzo, Duke University School ity of discriminating PCa positive and negative samples. The development yielded 4 individ- of Medicine, UNITED STATES ual immunoassays with inter and intra-variability (CV) <15% and linearity on dilution of the Received: March 8, 2017 analytes. In serum, ex vivo protein stability (<15% loss of analyte) was achieved for a dura- Accepted: July 3, 2017 tion of at least 24 hours at room temperature and 2 days at 4ÊC.
    [Show full text]
  • Prostate Prostate Cancer Overview and Recent Advances: Overview
    Prostate Cancer Overview and Recent Advances: How Can a Common Disease Be So Controversial? Howard I. Scher, M.D. D. Wayne Calloway Chair in Urologic Oncology Chie f, Gen itouri nary Oncol ogy Servi ce Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center March 27, 2010 Prostate Cancer Overview and Recent Advances: How Can a Common Disease Be So Controversial? 1. The statistics : The pendulum is swinging. 2. A framework: 3. Risk adapted diagnostics: 4. Risk adapted prognostics to guide treatment: Page 1 2009 Cancer Statistics Estimated New Cases Estimated Deaths Jemal A, et al. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59:225-249. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates age adjusted, standardized over time Thun MJ et al. Cancer Statistics 2009. CA Cancer J Clin2009;59;225. Page 2 In an Aging Population, the Implications of “Detecting” And “Diagnosing” All Prostate Cancers Is Clear From Scardino and Kelman. Dr. Peter Scardino’s Prostate Book. Avery Press, 2005 (www.theprostatebook.com) The prostate produces seminal fluid that protects sperm. External Urinary Sphincter From Scardino and Kelman. Avery Press, 2005 (www.theprostatebook.com) Page 3 The Disease Usually Starts in the Peripheral Zone and is Often Multifocal, That May Limit the Role for Therapies That Do Not Treat the Whole Gland From Scardino and Kelman. Dr. Peter Scardino’s Prostate Book. Avery Press, 2005 (www.theprostatebook.com) Screening, Early Detection and Diagnosis: The Harder You Look, the More You Will Find From Scardino and Kelman. The Prostate Book. Avery Press, 2005 (www.theprostatebook.com) Page 4 TNM Staging 1. Characterizes disease at the time of diagnosis: Localized disease: TNM (+PSA) 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Predicting Prostate Biopsy Outcome Using a PCA3-Based Nomogram in a Polish Cohort
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 33: 553-558 (2013) Predicting Prostate Biopsy Outcome Using a PCA3-based Nomogram in a Polish Cohort MACIEJ SALAGIERSKI1, PETER MULDERS2 and JACK A. SCHALKEN2 1Urology Department, Medical University of Łódź, Poland; 2Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands Abstract. Background: Prostate Cancer Gene-3 (PCA3) is prostate tissues (1). As a consequence, the PCA3 gene, being highly prostate cancer (PCa)-specific and its application highly overexpressed in specific PCa cell lines and prostatic holds promise in identifying men with PCa. Aim: To tumors, constitutes today the most PCa-specific marker (2). determine whether the PCA3 score can be used relative to The urine Progensa PCA3 test (Gen-Probe, San Diego, PCa clinical variables to predict biopsy outcome. Patients CA, USA) has been clinically available since 2006. The and Methods: PCA3 scores were assessed in a group of 80 Progensa PCA3 assay is a non-invasive and highly specific patients using the Progensa assay (Gen-Probe, San Diego, test, which measures the expression of the PCA3 gene and CA, USA). The logistic regression algorithm was used to PSA mRNA concentrations in post-DRE urine. In many combine PCA3 results with the established biopsy risk factors studies, the PCA3 test was superior to PSA for the early including: age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal detection of PCa. The assay has been shown to be examination (DRE) and prostate volume (Pvol). Results: In particularly useful in patients with a previous negative univariate analyses, the Progensa PCA3 score outperformed biopsies and persistently elevated PSA levels (3, 4).
    [Show full text]
  • Cancer Genetics-Guided Discovery of Serum Biomarker Signatures for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Prostate Cancer
    Cancer genetics-guided discovery of serum biomarker signatures for diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer Igor Cimaa,1, Ralph Schiessb,1, Peter Wildc, Martin Kaelind, Peter Schüfflere, Vinzenz Langeb, Paola Picottib, Reto Ossolab, Arnoud Templetond, Olga Schuberta, Thomas Fuchse, Thomas Leippoldf, Stephen Wylerf, Jens Zehetnera, Wolfram Jochumg, Joachim Buhmanne, Thomas Cernyd, Holger Mochc,2, Silke Gillessend,2, Ruedi Aebersoldb,h,2, and Wilhelm Kreka,2 aInstitute of Cell Biology and bInstitute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; cInstitute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; dDepartment of Medical Oncology, fDepartment of Urology, and gInstitute of Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland; eDepartment of Computer Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and hFaculty of Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Edited by Owen N. Witte, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, and approved January 12, 2011 (received for review September 25, 2010) A key barrier to the realization of personalized medicine for cancer breast cancer, and prostate cancer (5). An established conse- is the identification of biomarkers. Here we describe a two-stage quence of PTEN inactivation is the constitutive aberrant activa- strategy for the discovery of serum biomarker signatures corre- tion of the PI3K-signaling pathway that drives uncontrolled cell sponding to specific cancer-causing mutations and its application growth, proliferation, and survival (6, 7). It is expected that specific to prostate cancer (PCa) in the context of the commonly occurring signaling pathway-activating mutations such as PTEN loss will PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog ( ) tumor-suppressor gene produce changes in the surface and secreted proteomes of the fi fi inactivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Markers for Detection of Prostate Cancer
    Cancers 2010, 2, 1125-1154; doi:10.3390/cancers2021125 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers Review Markers for Detection of Prostate Cancer Raymond A. Clarke 1, Horst J. Schirra 2, James W. Catto 3, Martin F. Lavin 4,5 and Robert A. Gardiner 5,* 1 Prostate Cancer Institute, Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital Clinical School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, 4072, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Academic Urology Unit and Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]. Received: 22 March 2010; in revised form: 2 June 2010 / Accepted: 3 June 2010 / Published: 4 June 2010 Abstract: Early detection of prostate cancer is problematic, not just because of uncertainly whether a diagnosis will benefit an individual patient, but also as a result of the imprecise and invasive nature of establishing a diagnosis by biopsy. Despite its low sensitivity and specificity for identifying patients harbouring prostate cancer, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) has become established as the most reliable and widely-used diagnostic marker for this condition. In its wake, many other markers have been described and evaluated.
    [Show full text]
  • Labinvest201321.Pdf
    190A ANNUAL MEETING ABSTRACTS Sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive value, and the odds ratio of the SCC (0/33) by FISH. No difference of overall survival time was observed between 2 markers were summarized in Table 1. There was no difference in p16 expression amplified and non-amplified groups in EAC patients. between the DG and control group. Conclusions: ALK amplification was present in 7% of EAC cases, but ALK Table 1. Summary of sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and OR. rearrangement and expression was not present. No ALK amplification, rearrangement Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) PPV (%) NPV (%) OR and expression were detected in SCC. ALK amplification is not associated with EAC beta-catenin 92.3 76.9 80.0 90.9 40.0 patients’ overall survival. c-met 69.2 61.5 64.3 66.7 3.6 Either 100.0 53.8 68.4 100.0 13.9* Both 61.5 92.3 88.9 70.6 19.2 785 Mitosis-Specific Marker PHH3 Immunostain Is a More Sensitive NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value; OR, odds ratio. *, estimated OR. and Efficient Method To Evaluate the Mitotic Activity in Gastrointestinal Conclusions: The combination of c-met and beta-catenin provides a relatively specific Stromal Tumor (GIST) panel to identify patients with BE who are at increased risk for future development S Zhu, F Lin, ZE Chen. Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA. of dysplasia. Background: Mitotic activity is an important prognostic factor in GIST. The accurate identification of mitotic figures on the H&E stained slides could be challenging due to 783 Microfibrillar Associated Protein 5 (MFAP 5): A Marker for processing artifact, degeneration, apoptosis, or lymphocytic infiltration.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Chikezie O
    Journal of Cancer 2010, 1 150 Journal of Cancer 2010; 1:150-177 © Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved Review Novel diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer Chikezie O. Madu and Yi Lu Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA Corresponding author: Yi Lu, Ph.D., Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 South Manassas Street, Room 218, Memphis, TN 38163, USA, Tel: (901) 448-5436; Fax: (901) 448-5496; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 2010.09.14; Accepted: 2010.10.04; Published: 2010.10.06 Abstract Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in American men, and a more aggressive form of the disease is particularly prevalent among African Americans. The the- rapeutic success rate for prostate cancer can be tremendously improved if the disease is diagnosed early. Thus, a successful therapy for this disease depends heavily on the clinic al indicators (biomarkers) for early detection of the presence and progression of the disease, as well as the prediction after the clinical intervention. However, the current clinical biomarkers for prostate cancer are not ideal as there remains a lack of reliable biomarkers that can specifically distinguish between those patients who should be treated adequately to stop the aggressive form of the disease and those who should avoid overtreatment of the indolent form. A biomarker is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a thera- peutic intervention. A biomarker reveals further information to presently existing clinical and pathological analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Urinary Extracellular Vesicles As Potential Biomarkers for Urologic Cancers: an Overview of Current Methods and Advances
    cancers Review Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Biomarkers for Urologic Cancers: An Overview of Current Methods and Advances Catarina Lourenço 1,2,3,4 , Vera Constâncio 3,4 , Rui Henrique 3,4,5,6 , Ângela Carvalho 1,2,4,† and Carmen Jerónimo 3,4,6,*,† 1 i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (Â.C.) 2 INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal 3 IPO Porto Research Center (CBEG CI-IPOP), Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (V.C.); [email protected] (R.H.) 4 Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal 5 Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal 6 Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Citation: Lourenço, C.; Constâncio, Tel.: +351-22-5084000; Fax: +351-22-5084199 V.; Henrique, R.; Carvalho, Â.; † These authors contributed equally to this paper. Jerónimo, C. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Biomarkers for Simple Summary: The diagnostic and monitoring techniques used for urologic cancers comprise a Urologic Cancers: An Overview of group of invasive methodologies that still lack sensitivity and specificity.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Plasticity and Prostate Cancer: the Role of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression, Invasion, Metastasis and Cancer Therapy Resistance
    cancers Review Cell Plasticity and Prostate Cancer: The Role of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression, Invasion, Metastasis and Cancer Therapy Resistance Sofia Papanikolaou, Aikaterini Vourda, Spyros Syggelos and Kostis Gyftopoulos * Department of Anatomy, University of Patras School of Medicine, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (S.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Although epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-known cellular process involved during normal embryogenesis and wound healing, it also has a dark side; it is a complex process that provides tumor cells with a more aggressive phenotype, facilitating tumor metastasis and even resistance to therapy. This review focuses on the key pathways of EMT in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the development of metastases and evasion of currently available treatments. Abstract: Prostate cancer, the second most common malignancy in men, is characterized by high heterogeneity that poses several therapeutic challenges. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic, reversible cellular process which is essential in normal embryonic morphogenesis and Citation: Papanikolaou, S.; Vourda, wound healing. However, the cellular changes that are induced by EMT suggest that it may also A.; Syggelos, S.; Gyftopoulos, K. Cell play a central role in tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to current therapeutic Plasticity and Prostate Cancer: The options. These changes include enhanced motility and loss of cell–cell adhesion that form a more Role of Epithelial–Mesenchymal aggressive cellular phenotype. Moreover, the reverse process (MET) is a necessary element of the Transition in Tumor Progression, Invasion, Metastasis and Cancer metastatic tumor process.
    [Show full text]