ORANGI PILOT PROJECT
December 2011
Arif Hasan
email: [email protected] THE KARACHI CONTEXT
Political Structure Literacy: 68.44%
- Karachi is a city district divided into 18 -Literacy age group 15-24 years: 84% towns and 178 union councils (No difference between male and female - The district, each town and each literacy) union council has an elected mayor and considerable powers - Major source of information: Television - There is a very strong federal 77% of households presence in Karachi because of the port, airport, railways and military Economy Population - 435,887 (in 1941) -Karachi’s Pakistan’s only port
16,000,000 (in 2006) -It contributes 20% of the country’s GDP - Karachi contains: and 62% of income tax 10% of Pakistan’s total population 25% of Pakistan’s urban population -40% of employment in large scale manufacturing is located in Karachi’s 4,500 formal sector industrial units
-75% of the working population is employed in the informal sector in garment, leather, textile, carpet and light engineering works HOUSING
• Annual housing demand : 80,000 units
• Formal sector supply : 26,700 units (1999 data)
• Demand-supply gap accommodated in katchi abadis (informal settlements)
• Densification of existing settlements
• Estimated katchi abadi population: 9,000,000 (More than 50% of the total population)
• Evictions 1992 – 2007 : 48,975 units
• Reasons for evictions: - Mega projects - Politician-bureaucrat-developer nexus - Incomplete laws and procedures - Absence of information/consultation GOVERNMENT’S KATCHI ABADI (INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS) IMPROVEMENT AND REGULARISATION PROJECT
• Operating since 1973 in Karachi with loans from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank
• Improvement and regularisation at 1% per year due to - No community involvement - Poor recovery - Lack of capacity in government institutions - Complicated procedures for regularisation - De-facto tenure security
• Repercussions: Increasing foreign debt
• Research showed that IFI funded programs are not sustainable.
POPULATION OF KATCHI ABADIS
‘70s ’80 (1998) ‘2006 (1978) (1985) Population 2,000,000 2,600,000 4,901,067 9,000,000 Number of households 227,000 356,000 700,152 1,280,000 Percentage of 55 % 43 % 50 % 60 % population
Worked out by the author from: 1. Dowall, D. Dr., 1989, Karachi Land and Housing Study, KDA-Master Plan Department (MPD) 2. World Bank, October 1990, Shelter for Low Income Communities: Inception Report on Sindh. 3. Karachi Strategic Development Plan 2020, CDGK, 2007 POVERTY IN KARACHI (HEAD COUNT)
Status Overall Karachi Katchi Abadi Households Below poverty line 50.5 % 89 % Chronic poor 9.5 % 54 % Transitory 14 % 35 % Vulnerable to shock but above 8.5 % NA poverty
Source: Worked out from the Karachi Strategic Development Plan 2020, CDGK 2007 and the Aide Memoire of the ADB Fact Finding Mission for the Mega-city Development Project, September 2005.
INCREASE IN HOUSING COSTS 1991 – 2007
Cost per Square Yard
1991 2007 Land in new peri-urban katchi abadis Rs 176 (US$ 2.35) or Rs 2,500 (US$ 33.33) or 1.7 times daily wage for 10 times daily wage for unskilled labour unskilled labour
Construction cost of semi-permanent house Rs 660 (US$ 8.8) Rs 5,000 (US$ 66.66) in katchi abadis
Rent for semi-permanent house in katchi Rs 350 (US$ 4.66) or Rs 2,500 (US$ 33.33) or abadis 2.5 times the daily wage 10 times the daily wage for for unskilled labour unskilled labour KARACHI: PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
1981 1998 No. of Housing Units 858,000 1,457,000 Rental Housing 26.40 % 32.48 % One room houses 44.94 % 30.09 % Three room houses 13.96 % 21.12 % Average persons per room 3.1 % 2.89 % Electric Connections 65.78 % 93.79 % Water Connections in house 44.45 % 74.38 % Water Connections outside house 45.39 % 7.41 % RCC roofs 42.54 % 56.04 % Houses with separate latrines 74 % 47 % Houses with separate kitchen 65 % 48 % Houses with separate bathrooms 69 % 34 % 8 persons or more per room 35 % 34 %
Source: Housing Census Reports, Government of Pakistan
TV Ownership : 86% HH Computers : 17.22% population
EVICTIONS AND BURNING OF SETTLEMENTS
List of Recorded Evictions:
• Houses demolished July 1992-June 2007 48,975 • Population displaced 538,725 • Estimated Loss to the urban poor Rs 7.38 billion (US$28.4 million)
Note: These are only reported cases and do not include shops, businesses, schools and dispensaries which were also demolished.
Huts Gutted in Karachi
• Total number since 1995 3,088 • Five minor children and a 45 year old man were burnt alive in these incidents Source: Worked out from URC data REASONS AND REPERCUSSIONS OF EVICTIONS
Reason for Evictions:
• Development projects 52% • Developer-politician-bureaucrat nexus 31% • Badly planned urban renewal 17% Selective application of incomplete decrees Unclear land title
Repercussions of Evictions and Relocation:
• Reduction in income as women have difficulty in getting work • 30 to 200 per cent increase in transport costs and travel time • Loss of investment in the building of a home and acquiring utilities • Disruption of children’s education • Adverse effects on family life and social relations • Distance from better health, education, entertainment and recreational facilities Source: Worked out from URC data
Hawks Bay Relocation Scheme after 3 Years
PREVIOUS LOCATION PRESENT LOCATION Transport Available 24 hours Not available after 10 from Transport cost per day Rs. 10-30 Rs. 20-100 Travel Time 10-60 minutes 30 minutes to 3 hours Water by tanker 43% 39% Electricity 95.5% 29.5% Income decreased HH __ 86.6% Children Education __ 42.3% adverse effected Health adverse effected __ 61.4% Credit available home 88.6% 16% shopkeepers Decline in working men 50% Decline in working women 20% Savings group of labor at 0 66.7% commercial units Money owed to others 0 67% MOTHER TONGUE
1981 1998
Urdu (percentage) 54.34 48.52
Punjabi (percentage) 13.64 13.94
Sindhi (percentage) 6.29 7.22
Pushto (percentage) 8.71 11.42 Baluchi (percentage) 4.39 4.34
Seraiki (percentage) 0.35 2.11 Others (percentage) 12.27 12.44
Note: 1981 figures are in percentage households 1998 figures are in percentage population ORANGI PILOT PROJECT (OPP)
• Orangi is a Karachi town consisting of an agglomeration of katchi abadis and has a population of 1.2 million
• The OPP was established in 1980 to overcome the constraints faced by the government in regularising and improving katchi abadis
• This objective of the Project was to: - Understand the problems of Orangi and their causes - Through action research develop solutions that people can manage finance and build - Provide people with technical guidance and managerial support to implement the solutions - In the process overcome constraints that governments face in upgrading katchi abadis
• Participatory research identified four major problems: - Sanitation - Employment - Health - Education
• Programmes have been developed around these four issues
• In 1988 the OPP was upgraded into three autonomous institutions: - OPP-Research and Training Institute (RTI) (Sanitation, Housing, Education, Research, Training) - The Orangi Charitable Trust (OCT) (Micro credit programme) - Karachi Health and Social Development Association (KHASDA) OVERVIEW OF ORANGI SANITATION: THE MAJOR ISSUE OPP METHODOLOGY FOR A SELF-HELP LOW COST SANITATION PROGRAM
- Social and technical research to lower costs
- Meetings with community to inform them that OPP can help in providing technical assistance in overcoming the problem On the request from a lane surveys were carried out by the OPP and maps and estimates were prepared and handed over to a community elected, selected or nominated lane manager
The Lane Manager Collected Money From The People And Organized Work Before
After
The Lane Was Transformed Before
After
The Lane Was Transformed
SANITATION STATISTICS
• In Orangi 105,103 houses have built their neighbourhood sanitation systems by investing US$ 2 million)
• Local government for the same work would have invested US$ 10.25 million
• All sewage discharges into the natural drainage system
• Infant mortality in areas that built their sanitation systems in 1983 has fallen from 128 to 37 in 1993
• OPP-RTI investment versus people’s investment is 1:28
The people’s sewage system drained into the natural drainage system as forthe rest of Karachi.
The OPP and the communities armed with OPP designs and estimates lobbied with the government to convert the natural drains into box trunks with treatment plants at their ends.
The government has been carrying this out not only in Orangi but in other areas as well. Before
After
HARYANA COLONY NALA Before
After Before
After Before
After Before After
MANZOOR COLONY NALA Natural Drainage Channels Developed Into Sewage/Rain Disposal
Section Illustrating The Above ORANGI MAP Construction of underground sewerage lines (Financed, managed and maintained by the residents) THE OPP-RTI LOW COST SANITATION PROGRAMME CONCEPT • The OPP-RTI divides sanitation into “internal” and “external” development
• Internal development consists of: – Sanitary latrine in the house – Underground sewer in the lane – Collector sewers
• External development consists of: – Trunk sewers – Treatment plants
• Results in Orangi and in 414 other locations consisting of 65,503 households in Pakistan have demonstrated that – communities can finance, manage and build internal development provided they are organised and are provided with technical support and managerial guidance
• Local governments can support the process by building external development provided they accept the concept and train their staff in OPP-RTI methodology and in working with communities . So far, local government have invested US$ 4.06 million in external developments for these projects. SCALING-UP OF THE OPP-RTI SANITATION PROGRAMME
• The OPP-RTI sanitation programme has been scaled up by
– Local government building external sanitation in Orangi
– Government agencies and departments adopting the OPP-RTI concept and methodology with the OPP-RTI as consultant and trainer
– OPP-RTI supported NGOs-CBOs leading to partnerships with local governments
– Involvement of academic institutions
– Spin-offs
COLLABORATION WITH SINDH KATCHI ABADI AUTHORITY IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
External development Nallah developed by – natural nallah that SKAA as a covered passed through the concrete drain for settlement served as combined sewage and the main disposal. rain water disposal is SKAA as part of its functioning effectively. policy has developed The disposal serves not the nallah. only Welfare Colony but a large adjoining area. SCALING-UP THROUGH NGOS AND CBOS
• The OPP-RTI strategy for supporting NGOs and CBOs wishing to replicate its programme evolved overtime and after many failures
• The strategy consists of: – CBO/NGO or community activists contact the OPP-RTI for support
– OPP-RTI invites them for orientation to the OPP-RTI office in Karachi or directs them to one of its partners
– After orientation CBO/activists convince their community to adopt the programme
– They create a team of a social organiser and a technical person who are trained at the OPP-RTI and/or on-site in their settlements through visits by the OPP-RTI staff
– The training is in surveying, mapping, estimating, construction supervision, documentation, accounts
– Training does not have a specific period. It continues throughout the life of the project
– OPP-RTI arranges financial support for the team and related expenses through Water Aid. Initially, it is about Rs 200,000 (US$ 2,500) per year
• Invariably the CBO-NGO comes into contact with local government departments as its work expands
• When that happens local government representatives are invited to the OPP-RTI for orientation
• If they are convinced they send their staff for training
• Neighbourhood settlements contact the CBO-NGO for replicating the programme
• A new strategy through mapping has now been developed
ANJUMAN SAMAJI BEHBOOD FAISLABAD Before After
ANJUMAN SAMAJI BEHBOOD FAISLABAD • Watto, through own initiative and partners reaches out to 5,000 households
• Main focus now is lobbying, training, advising communities, government organisations and NGOs/CBOs
• Promoting projects on the basis of the new sanitation policy
LODHRAN: LOCAL GOVERNMENT- COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP AND ITS REPURCUSSIONS (ADB Southern Punjab Project) - LPP worked with World Bank on the internal-external concept for 100 villages in southern Punjab
- Khalid formed HAMET :
• Training of Town Municipal Administration (TMA) officials, activists, CBOs and NGOs in the OPP-RTI model
• Training is on organisational set-up, financial systems, social mobilisation and technical skills
• Six partner organisations AKHTAR HAMEED KHAN MEMORIAL TRUST RAWALPINDI AKHTAR HAMEED KHAN MEMORIAL TRUST RAWALPINDI - Lobbying with Union Councils and Town Municipal Administrations on the basis of infrastructure documentation and identification of external infrastructure. (25 UCs documented, 160 lanes and their external developed).
- Initiated a community managed and financed Solid Waste Management Programme serving 1,000 houses
- Advisor and trainer to UN-Habitat for replicating the solid waste management programme in eight towns
- Sumaira elected councillor. Author of a book “We Poor Communities” in Urdu UCH SHARIF - Sanitation Master Plan for UCH (population 25,000) - Government providing external incrementally - Internal sanitation (community financed) for 2,356 houses - Programme extended to neighbouring towns - Role in conservation CBO MAP MAKING CBO EXTENSION LITERATURE Community Development Network (CBO Meeting)
Youth Training YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMME (YTP)
• It consists of training young persons from communities in surveying, documentation, designing, estimation, on-site supervision and community mobilisation
• So far 42 persons have been trained and 18 are under training
• As a result of the programme – 337 Karachi katchi abadis (out of 539) have been surveyed and mapped along with their physical and social infrastructure – 52 of 63 natural drains carrying 80 per cent of Karachi’s sewage have been documented along with their catchment areas
• The YTP spin-offs – Alternative sewage plan for Karachi which needs no foreign loans except for treatment plants – Change in the ADB sewage plan for Orangi – Cancellation of ADB loan for Korangi Waste Water Management Programme – Preparation of union council plan books for mayors and community backed sanitation proposals for Karachi towns – Formation of the technical training resource centre – Good relations with KWSB and city government. – Mapping of settlements in Sindh and its repercussions – Advisory support to city government and provincial Planning and Development Department SINDH MAPPING INITIATIVE
- Providing young people training in documentation of sewage disposal, water supply, land title, health, education
- This helps CBOs/activists in identifying and implementing development works and lobbying for external development
- It provides local organisations with surveying and technical skills
- 27 youth trained so far
SEWAGE
– Generated 350 MGD – Treatment capacity 151.5 MGD – Treated 40 MGD – Rest goes into the sea along with industrial effluent
REPERCUSSIONS – Health hazards – Effect of fisheries – Toxic traces in fish life and poultry (IUCN research studies)
NALAS OF KARACHI
The main sewage and rainwater disposal needs to be developed. In many cases the level of nalas is now higher than the sewerage system, since the nalas have not been desilted and garbage has been dumped in them.
ADB-FUNDED (PAK-794) KW&SB SEWERAGE PLAN FOR BALDIA AND ORANGI – 1990
In Baldia Lane and collector sewers were built to connect to the Lyari Trunk Sewer. They served only 5,000 houses out of 25,000
In Orangi the same system was to be built. However due to OPP-RTI lobbing the OPP-RTI concept of component sharing between communities and government was adopted with the OPP-RTI as advisor and trainer of government engineers, consultants and communities. The system was made to drain into the natural nalas.
The Baldia system cost Rs.400 million (US$ 7 million at that time) and did not pick up previous work done by the government agencies, communities and councillors.
If the nala have been developed as a box culvert or trunk, all houses would have been served with an investment of Rs 120 million (US$ 2.06 million) (KMC contractor’s rates)
BALDIA-ORANGI COMPARISON
ITEM BALDIA ORANGI
Involvement ADB consultants, Government, NGO, government Community agencies partnership
Government 400,000,000 256,200,000 investment in US$ 7 million US$ 4.5 million Rupees
Houses served 5,000 100,000 (plus)
Government 80,000 2,562 investment for US$ 1,380 US$ 4 household in Rupees
Market value of Nil 700,000,000 people’s investment US$ 12 million utilized by the Plan in Rupees
In its report, the ADB has mentioned that the Baldia project has failed and the Orangi project has succeeded KWSB KORANGI PROJECT
• Original project cost : US$ 100 million – ADB Loan : US$ 73 million – Government of Pakistan funding : US$ 27 million
• Revised cost as per OPP-RTI model : US$ 20 million
• On the basis of an OPP-RTI presentation of the alternative plan the Governor Sindh cancelled the ADB loan and opted for the OPP-RTI proposal
TECHNICAL TRAINING RESOURCE CENTRE (TTRC) setup by graduates of the YPT. Trains young persons and supports UCs and communities and is self supporting
TECHNICAL TRAINING RESOURCE CENTRE
- Set-up in 1998 by OPP-RTI trained youth
- Now works beyond Orangi as well
- Conducts training of young community persons (in support of OPP-RTI work and independently), surveys and documents settlements for CBOs/NGOs and activists
- On OPP-RTI request trains youth in mapping settlements and designing and providing top supervision to sanitation and construction projects in Orangi and in other areas of Pakistan
- Development of the Tameer Technical Centre
REPERCUSSIONS OF THE OPP-RTI SANITATION MODEL
• SKAA has become financially solvent. Previously it functioned entirely on IFI provided loans
• Following the example of SKAA the Punjab Katchi Abadi Directorate (PKAD) adopted the OPP-RTI model in 2002 with the OPP-RTI and SKAA as its consultants and trainers
• The UNDP PLUS initiative in 2001 in three Punjab cities also adopted the OPP-RTI model with the OPP-RTI as consultant and trainer for its staff, community leaders and activists and local government representatives and technical persons
• CBOs developed through the PLUS initiative are now OPP-RTI partners and the laid off PLUS staff has now become an NGO supporting PKAD on the model of OPP-RTI support to SKAA
• In 2006, the government of Pakistan asked the OPP-RTI chairperson to prepare the National Sanitation Policy, which was subsequently approved by the cabinet.
• The OPP-RTI’s low cost, low tech sewage plan for Karachi has been accepted by the city government.
• The earthquake and flood relief and rehab initiative
• The 50-TMA proposal
• Water study THE WATER AND SANITATION NETWORK IN KARACHI
OPP-RTI and partners advocate use of local resources rather the foreign loans
IFI projects are reviewed and alternatives promoted with govt.
Together with the need for consultation with citizens and public hearings to understand city plans
SCHON CIRCLE NEHRE-E-KHAYYAM BRANCH DRAIN. ENCROACHMENTS OVER IT, DEMOLITIONS BY KWSB
Pitchered Nala
Masjid over the Nala Kikri Ground Over The Pitcher Nala At Sayed Muhammad Shah Road
Al- Syed Muhammed Ghowchat Market Shan Road. CREATION OF THE URBAN RESOURCE CENTRE
• The Urban Resource Centre (URC) was set up in 1989 by teachers of architecture and planning, NGO activists and community leaders. It has a five member full-time staff supported by six to seven interns at any given time. The community organisations and networks developed by the OPP have become an integral part of it. The objectives of the URC are
• to collect information regarding the city and its plans and to disseminate it to the media, NGOs, CBOs, concerned citizens and formal and informal interest groups;
• to analyse local and federal government plans for the city from the point of view of communities (especially poor ones), interest groups, academia and NGOs;
• on the basis of these analyses to hold forums in which all interest groups are present so that a broad consensus may be arrived at;
• to identify and promote research and documentation on major issues in Karachi and to monitor developments and processes related to them;
• to create professionals and activists in the NGO/CBO and government sector who understand planning issues from the point of view of local communities, especially poor ones. THREE MAIN PLAYER URC STAFF URC INTERNS
HOUSING PROGRAMME HOUSING PROGRAMME HOUSING PROGRAMME HOUSING PROGRAMME LOW COST HOUSING PROGRAMME:
- Thalla (building component manufacturing yard) upgrading – 103 thallas mechanised - Concrete block making and roofing elements mechanised - Technical guidance and credit to thallas and communities - 215 (138 by TTRC) masons trained to use new technologies - 91 schools ventilation improved - 6 para architects trained - Approximately 2,500 units per year benefit from technical research and its extension EDUCATION PROJECT • There are 682 private schools and 76 government schools in Orangi - Support to private schools has been provided by putting them in touch with resource institutions and providing 399 loans of Rs 2.5 million for upgrading 150 schools.
• Education project started in 1995 - Identifying young people who wish to open a school - Providing a start up grant of Rs 3,000 to 12,000 (US$50 to 160) - When school stabilises, providing credit (Rs. 50,000) for its expansion and construction - 379 teachers of 138 schools trained. Trained teachers mobilised to form teacher’s training unit - Lectures and education entrepreneur’s coordination - Position at present
No. of Teachers Students Fees Schools
Total Male Female Total Male Female
526 4056 1058 2998 70640 37430 33210 Rs.40-400
- Teachers savings groups - Lecture series
ORANGI CHARITABLE TRUSTMICRO CREDIT PROGRAMME
LOANS IN ORANGI: • To small businesses to enhance production, sales and to generate jobs • November 1987 – December 2010: • Loan disbursed Rs 671.7 million (US$ 7.9 million) to 48,308 units • Rate of interest 18 per cent per year • Recovery rate 98 per cent
LOANS OUTSIDE ORANGI: • To partner NGOs and CBOs • Loan includes support to the NGOs and CBOs: • Training and guidance (orientation, concept, methodology, implementation on site) • Core funding for operational expenses • Line of credit (at reduced interest rates) • Till November 2006: • Loan disbursed Rs 2.2 billion (US$ 26 million) to 83 NGOs and CBOs reaching 117,269 units /cooperatives in rural and urban areas in 961 villages/settlements • Rate of interest 18 per cent • Recovery rate 98.4 per cent
BASIC PRINCIPLES:
• Credit without collateral
• OPP-OCT would borrow only from Pakistani banks and government schemes instead of depending on foreign funds
• OPP-OCT is an organisation which identifies, trains and supports NGOs and community organisations and/or helps form them through the provision of micro credit
• The purpose of the Programme primarily is not to provide micro-credit but to create autonomous local organisations with technical, managerial and finance related skills who can positively influence the social and physical developments in the settlements where they operate MICRO ENTERPRISE CREDIT PROGRAM
Examples of micro enterprise in Orangi and other settlements
RESEARCH, TRAINING AND DOCUMENTATION
Organisation June 2010 – August 2010 Cumulative – Aug. 2010 Groups Members Groups Members UN+Aid agencies - - 87 247 IFIs - - 89 231 Other donors 1 1 183 401 Government/elected 8 17 394 1215 members Academic institutions 1 6 224 1243 Media/journalist (Foreign) 4 6 59 96 Media/journalist 1 2 101 182 (National) NGOs/CBOs 10 46 513 1744 Others 2 7 52 209 Total 27 85 1,702 5,568 Research and Documentation:
• Land • Water • Flooding • Mapping/conversions • Technology • Social relations/model of participation • Documentation (case studies, maps, analysis)
NEW DIRECTIONS:
• Sanitation policy implementation
• Karachi land research
• Secure housing initiative
• Support to Karachi goths
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
• Survey and document what exists and build on it • Role of a support organisation - Technicians and social organisers from within the community - The importance of culture and language • Supporting local activists • Development of a conceptual plan - Division of work into internal and external - No cost sharing - Decentralisation and miniaturisation of functions and technology - Optimum relationship between needs, resources and standards and understanding that all are dynamic • Manageable local social organisation • Local communities are repositories of knowledge • Documentation and dissemination of experiences and programme - Work speaks for itself - Avoid aggressive marketing and public relationing • Monitoring of communication, constant feedback and transparency - The role of minutes and weekly meetings - All accounts should be public • Relate local issues to wider urban realities • Avoid aiming for quick results ADVOCACY STRATEGY • Identification of issue
• Field experience and its appropriate documentation
• Linkages and partnership with government - The importance of mid-level officials as opposed to senior officials - Linkages with government training institutions for bureaucrats - The problems of being paid consultants
• Research and extension - The nature of research - The nature of extension packages
• Ownership of the process and outcome - There are multiple partners, the OPP is just one of them - Concern people should be saying what the organisation would like them to
• Media for information, not publicity
• Documentation and training - Documentation for whom? - The nature of training