DOCSLIB.ORG

Kreuzungstypgene Und Sexualzyklus Bei Dem Penicillin-Produzenten

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kreuzungstypgene Und Sexualzyklus Bei Dem Penicillin-Produzenten Kreuzungstypgene und Sexualzyklus bei dem Penicillin- Produzenten Penicillium chrysogenum Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie an der Internationalen Graduiertenschule Biowissenschaften der Ruhr-Universität Bochum angefertigt am Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik vorgelegt von Julia Böhm aus Recklinghausen Bochum April, 2014 Referent: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kück Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Dominik Begerow Mating-type genes and the sexual cycle of the penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum Dissertation to obtain the degree Doctor Rerum Naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) Submitted to the International Graduate School of Biosciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology at the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Thesis performed at the Department of General and Molecular Botany submitted by Julia Böhm from Recklinghausen, Germany Bochum April, 2014 1st Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kück 2nd Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Dominik Begerow Danksagung Zu Beginn bedanke ich mich herzlich bei meinem Doktorvater Herrn Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kück für das äußerst interessante Thema, die zahlreichen wissenschaftlichen Anregungen und Diskussionen, die sehr guten Arbeitsbedingungen und das rege Interesse am Fortschreiten dieser Arbeit. Herrn Prof. Dr. Dominik Begerow danke ich für die freundliche Übernahme des Korreferates. Allen Mitarbeitern des Lehrstuhls für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik danke ich für die gute Zusammenarbeit und das tolle Arbeitsklima. Insbesondere bedanke ich mich bei Stefanie Mertens, die mir immer mit guten Ratschlägen zur Seite stand und stets ein offenes Ohr für Sorgen oder Probleme hatte. Des Weiteren danke ich herzlich Ingeborg Godehardt, Katerina Koutsantas und Susanne Schlewinski für die Unterstützung bei einigen Experimenten. Zudem danke ich Elke Adolph und Stephanie Lorenz für die Autoklavierarbeiten, besonders wenn ich wieder mal eben 100 Kolben brauchte. Ich danke Gabi Frenßen-Schenkel für die Hilfe bei der Erstellung von Abbildungen. Meinen Doktorbrüdern und Doktorschwestern danke ich für die schöne Zeit und die vielen hilfreichen Diskussionen. Insbesondere danke ich Steffen Nordzieke und Anna Beier für die Unterstützung, das Zuhören und vor allem das gemeinsame Lachen. Ich danke Tim Dahlmann für die gute und auch nervenaufreibende Zusammenarbeit, gerade bei unserem gemeinsamen Projekt. Dr. Sandra Bloemendal und Dr. Ines Teichert danke ich für das intensive und kritische Lesen dieser Arbeit und die hilfreichen Anmerkungen und Korrekturvorschläge. Der Firma Sandoz GmbH (Kundl, Österreich) sowie der Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft (Wien, Österreich) danke ich für die Bereitstellung finanzieller Mittel und ihrem steten Interesse am Fortgang des gesamten Forschungsprojektes. Insbesondere danke ich Herrn Dr. H. Kürnsteiner, Herrn Dr. I. Zadra und Herrn T. Specht für die interessanten Diskussionen und ihre Unterstützung. Ein herzlicher Dank gilt auch Herrn Prof. Dr. Thomas Stützel und Frau Sabine Adler des Lehrstuhls für Evolution und Biodiversität der Pflanzen für die Nutzung des Rasterelektronenmikroskops. Zudem danke ich Herrn Paul Dyer und Frau Céline O´Gorman für die gute Zusammenarbeit. Weiterhin danke ich ganz besonders meiner Familie, im Besonderen meinen Eltern und meinem Freund Nils, für die Unterstützung, Liebe, Geduld und das Vertrauen in mich. Zudem möchte ich mich bei meinen Mädels für die jahrelange Freundschaft und Unterstützung bedanken. Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ I Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................... III I. EINFÜHRUNG ................................................................................................................. 1 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................................. 1 2. Anamorph versus Teleomorph .............................................................................................. 2 2.1 Die Gattung Penicillium (Anamorph) ............................................................................. 3 2.2 Die Gattung Eupenicillium (Teleomorph) ....................................................................... 4 3. Fortpflanzungssysteme in Ascomyceten ............................................................................... 6 4. Kreuzungstyp-Loci ................................................................................................................ 8 4.1 Kreuzungstyp-Loci der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae .............................................. 10 4.2 Kreuzungstyp-Loci in Ascomyceten ............................................................................. 11 4.3 Kreuzungstyp-Loci in Basidiomyceten ......................................................................... 12 4.4 Funktion der Kreuzungstyp-Loci .................................................................................. 13 5. Potential für sexuelle Reproduktion in als asexuell geltenden Ascomyceten ..................... 14 6. Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................... 17 II. PROBLEMSTELLUNG .................................................................................................. 19 III. BÖHM J, , HOFF B, O´GORMAN CM, WOLFERS S, KLIX V, BINGER D, ZADRA I, KÜRNSTEINER H, PÖGGELER S, DYER PS, KÜCK U (2013) Sexual reproduction and mating-type-mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum 23 IV. BÖHM J, DAHLMANN TA, GÜMÜSER H, KÜCK U (2014) A MAT1-2 wild-type strain from Penicillium chrysogenum: Functional mating- type locus characterization, genome sequencing, and mating with an industrial penicillin-producing strain 24 Inhaltsverzeichnis II V. GESAMTDISKUSSION .................................................................................................. 25 1. Die MAT-Transkriptionsfaktoren kontrollieren asexuelle Entwicklungsprozesse ............. 25 2. Hyphenmorphologie und Pelletbildung sind Kreuzungstyp-abhängig reguliert ................. 32 3. MAT1-1-1 reguliert die Penicillin-Biosynthese .................................................................. 35 4. Der sexuelle Zyklus kann in Penicillium chrysogenum induziert werden .......................... 38 VI. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................................ 46 VII. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 47 VIII. LITERATUR ........................................................................................................... 48 IX. EIGENANTEIL AN PUBLIKATIONEN ......................................................................... 68 X. LEBENSLAUF .............................................................................................................. 69 Abkürzungsverzeichnis III Abkürzungsverzeichnis Allgemein gebräuchliche Abkürzungen sowie Einheiten, die dem internationalen Einheitensystem (SI-Einheiten) zuzuordnen sind, sowie Präfixe für dezimale Teile und Vielfache sind nicht gesondert aufgeführt. Aminosäuren sind entweder im Ein- bzw. Drei-Buchstaben-Code aufgeführt. Des Weiteren gelten folgende Abkürzungen: Δ Deletion Abb. Abbildung AS Aminosäure(n) α α-Box-Domäne bp Basenpaare DIC Differentielle Interferenz-Kontrast-Mikroskopie DNA Desoxyribonukleinsäure H Stunde HMG High mobility group IST Internal transcribed spacer ORF Open reading frame PCR Polymerase-Kettenreaktion qRT-PCR quantitative real-time-PCR rDNA ribosomale DNA RFLP Restriktionsfragmentlängenpolymorphismus RIP Repeat-induced point mutation RNA Ribonukleinsäure SNP Single nucleotide polymorphism UV Ultraviolett I EINFÜHRUNG 1 I. EINFÜHRUNG 1. Einleitung Die Vermehrung von Pilzen kann auf zwei Arten erfolgen, nämlich asexuell über die Bildung von mitotischen Sporen oder sexuell durch die Produktion von meiotischen Sporen. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die asexuellen Sporen genetisch identisch zu ihren Eltern sind, wohingegen die sexuellen Sporen durch Rekombination während der Meiose genetisch verschieden zu ihren Eltern sind (Milgroom 1996). Bereits seit 1904 ist die Sexualität von Pilzen Thema der Forschung (Blakeslee 1904). Der sexuelle Zyklus ist charakterisiert durch die koordinierte Fusion von sexuell kompatiblen Zellen. Es werden dabei haploide und diploide Phasen durchlaufen, welche die Prozesse der Karyogamie, also die Fusion von haploiden Kernen und meiotische Teilungen von diploiden Kernen beinhalten (Nelson 1996, Shiu und Glass 2000). Die Produkte der Meiose sind wiederum haploide Zellen, die sexuellen Sporen (Nelson 1996, Coppin et al. 1997, Bistis 1998). Die meisten sexuellen Arten sind daneben auch in der Lage, sich asexuell zu vermehren. Der Wechsel zwischen beiden Reproduktionsmechanismen ist dabei anhängig von verschiedensten Umweltfaktoren. In Aspergillus nidulans wird beispielsweise der sexuelle Zyklus durch Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffmangel induziert (Paoletti et al. 2007). Im Reich der Pilze sind etwa 98 % aller bekannten Arten den Dikarya zuzuordnen. Dieses Unterreich unterteilt sich in die Abteilungen Ascomyceten und Basidiomyceten, die sich vermutlich vor etwa 500 Millionen Jahren in ihrer Entwicklung getrennt haben (Berbee und Taylor 1993, James et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Penicillium
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium Visagie, C.M.; Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, Jens Christian; Hong, S. B.; Klaassen, C.H.W.; Perrone, G.; Seifert, K.A.; Varga, J.; Yaguchi, T.; Samson, R.A. Published in: Studies in Mycology Link to article, DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.001 Publication date: 2014 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Visagie, C. M., Houbraken, J., Frisvad, J. C., Hong, S. B., Klaassen, C. H. W., Perrone, G., ... Samson, R. A. (2014). Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. Studies in Mycology, 78, 343-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.001 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 78: 343–371. Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium C.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulmonary Infection Caused by Talaromyces Purpurogenus in a Patient with Multiple Myeloma
    Le Infezioni in Medicina, n. 2, 153-157, 2016 CASE REPORT 153 Pulmonary infection caused by Talaromyces purpurogenus in a patient with multiple myeloma Altay Atalay1, Ayse Nedret Koc1, Gulsah Akyol2, Nuri Cakır1, Leylagul Kaynar2, Aysegul Ulu-Kilic3 1Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey; 2Department of Haematology, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey; 3Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey SUMMARY A 66-year-old female patient with multiple myelo- based on the CT images. The sputum sample was sent ma (MM) was admitted to the emergency service on to the mycology laboratory and direct microscopic ex- 29.09.2014 with an inability to walk, and urinary and amination performed with Gram and Giemsa’s stain- faecal incontinence. She had previously undergone au- ing showed the presence of septate hyphae; there- tologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) twice. fore voriconazole was added to the treatment. Slow The patient was hospitalized at the Department of growing (at day 10), grey-greenish colonies and red Haematology. Further investigations showed findings pigment formation were observed in all culture media suggestive of a spinal mass at the T5-T6-T7 level, and except cycloheximide-containing Sabouraud dextrose a mass lesion in the iliac fossa. The mass lesion was agar (SDA) medium. The isolate was initially consid- resected and needle biopsy was performed during a ered to be Talaromyces marneffei. However, it was sub- colonoscopy. Examination of the specimens revealed sequently identified by DNA sequencing analysis as plasmacytoma. The patient also had chronic obstruc- Talaromyces purpurogenus. The patient was discharged tive pulmonary disease (COPD) and was suffering at her own wish, as she was willing to continue treat- from respiratory distress.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Nomenclature of the Genus Penicillium
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 78: 343–371. Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium C.M. Visagie1, J. Houbraken1*, J.C. Frisvad2*, S.-B. Hong3, C.H.W. Klaassen4, G. Perrone5, K.A. Seifert6, J. Varga7, T. Yaguchi8, and R.A. Samson1 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Department of Systems Biology, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; 3Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, Korea; 4Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, C70 Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 5Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; 6Biodiversity (Mycology), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0C6, Canada; 7Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közep fasor 52, Hungary; 8Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan *Correspondence: J. Houbraken, [email protected]; J.C. Frisvad, [email protected] Abstract: Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide and its species play important roles as decomposers of organic materials and cause destructive rots in the food industry where they produce a wide range of mycotoxins. Other species are considered enzyme factories or are common indoor air allergens. Although DNA sequences are essential for robust identification of Penicillium species, there is currently no comprehensive, verified reference database for the genus. To coincide with the move to one fungus one name in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, the generic concept of Penicillium was re-defined to accommodate species from other genera, such as Chromocleista, Eladia, Eupenicillium, Torulomyces and Thysanophora, which together comprise a large monophyletic clade.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Check-List of Ascomycota Reported from Soil and Other Terricolous Substrates in Egypt A
    Journal of Basic & Applied Mycology 2 (2011): 1-27 1 © 2010 by The Society of Basic & Applied Mycology (EGYPT) An annotated check-list of Ascomycota reported from soil and other terricolous substrates in Egypt A. F. Moustafa* & A. M. Abdel – Azeem Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Suez *Corresponding author: e-mail: Canal, Ismailia 41522, Egypt [email protected] Received 26/6/2010, Accepted 6/4 /2011 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: By screening of available sources of information, it was possible to figure out a range of 310 taxa that could be representing Egyptian Ascomycota up to the present time. In this treatment, concern was given to ascomycetous fungi of almost all terricolous substrates while phytopathogenic and aquatic forms are not included. According to the scheme proposed by Kirk et al. (2008), reported taxa in Egypt belonged to 88 genera in 31 families, and 11 orders. In view of this scheme, very few numbers of taxa remained without certain taxonomic position (incertae sedis). It is also worthy to be mentioned that among species included in the list, twenty-eight are introduced to the ascosporic mycobiota as novel taxa based on type materials collected from Egyptian habitats. The list includes also 19 species which are considered new records to the general mycobiota of Egypt. When species richness and substrate preference, as important ecological parameters, are considered, it has been noticed that Egyptian Ascomycota shows some interesting features noteworthy to be mentioned. At the substrate level, clay soils, came first by hosting a range of 108 taxa followed by desert soils (60 taxa).
    [Show full text]
  • Sequencing Abstracts Msa Annual Meeting Berkeley, California 7-11 August 2016
    M S A 2 0 1 6 SEQUENCING ABSTRACTS MSA ANNUAL MEETING BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 7-11 AUGUST 2016 MSA Special Addresses Presidential Address Kerry O’Donnell MSA President 2015–2016 Who do you love? Karling Lecture Arturo Casadevall Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Thoughts on virulence, melanin and the rise of mammals Workshops Nomenclature UNITE Student Workshop on Professional Development Abstracts for Symposia, Contributed formats for downloading and using locally or in a Talks, and Poster Sessions arranged by range of applications (e.g. QIIME, Mothur, SCATA). 4. Analysis tools - UNITE provides variety of analysis last name of primary author. Presenting tools including, for example, massBLASTer for author in *bold. blasting hundreds of sequences in one batch, ITSx for detecting and extracting ITS1 and ITS2 regions of ITS 1. UNITE - Unified system for the DNA based sequences from environmental communities, or fungal species linked to the classification ATOSH for assigning your unknown sequences to *Abarenkov, Kessy (1), Kõljalg, Urmas (1,2), SHs. 5. Custom search functions and unique views to Nilsson, R. Henrik (3), Taylor, Andy F. S. (4), fungal barcode sequences - these include extended Larsson, Karl-Hnerik (5), UNITE Community (6) search filters (e.g. source, locality, habitat, traits) for 1.Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, sequences and SHs, interactive maps and graphs, and Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51014; 2.Institute of Ecology views to the largest unidentified sequence clusters and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu formed by sequences from multiple independent 51005, Estonia; 3.Department of Biological and ecological studies, and for which no metadata Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, currently exists.
    [Show full text]
  • Species-Specific PCR to Describe Local-Scale Distributions of Four
    fungal ecology 6 (2013) 419e429 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Species-specific PCR to describe local-scale distributions of four cryptic species in the Penicillium 5 chrysogenum complex Alexander G.P. BROWNE*, Matthew C. FISHER, Daniel A. HENK* Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: Penicillium chrysogenum is a ubiquitous airborne fungus detected in every sampled region of Received 2 October 2012 the Earth. Owing to its role in Alexander Fleming’s serendipitous discovery of Penicillin in Revision received 8 March 2013 1928, the fungus has generated widespread scientific interest; however its natural history is Accepted 13 March 2013 not well understood. Research has demonstrated speciation within P. chrysogenum, Available online 15 June 2013 describing the existence of four cryptic species. To discriminate the four species, we Corresponding editor: developed protocols for species-specific diagnostic PCR directly from fungal conidia. 430 Gareth W. Griffith Penicillium isolates were collected to apply our rapid diagnostic tool and explore the dis- tribution of these fungi across the London Underground rail transport system revealing Keywords: significant differences between Underground lines. Phylogenetic analysis of multiple type Alexander Fleming isolates confirms that the ‘Fleming species’ should be named Penicillium rubens and that London Underground divergence of the four ‘Chrysogenum complex’ fungi occurred about 0.75 million yr ago. Mycology Finally, the formal naming of two new species, Penicillium floreyi and Penicillium chainii,is Penicillium chrysogenum performed. Phylogeny ª 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Taxonomy Introduction In Sep.
    [Show full text]
  • Penicillium Chrysogenum Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis
    Jameel and Yassein Iraqi Journal of Science, 2021, Vol. 62, No. 7, pp: 2131-2142 DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2021.62.7.2 ISSN: 0067-2904 Virulence Potential of Penicillium Chrysogenum Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis Shaimaa Nabhan Yassein ,٭Fadwa Abdul Razaq Jameel Department of Microbiology, college of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq Received: 28/7/2020 Accepted: 9/10/2020 Abstract The present study aimed to the isolation and identification of Penicillium chrysogenum from subclinical bovine mastitis as well as the evaluation of their potential to produce the main virulence factors by assessing proteinase production, urease production, growth rate at 3 C, and hemolytic activity on Blood agar. One hundred milk samples were assembled from the White Gold village and surrounded outlying farms of Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad province, during the period from November 2018 to March 2019. Each milk sample was tested for California Mastitis (CMT). The results indicated that 85% of the samples gave positive (+ve) results for CMT. Sixty six mycotic isolates were detected, including 31 isolates of Penicillium spp. (46.9%) and 23 isolates of P. chrysogenum (34.8%). All of P. chrysogenum isolates were identified by culturing on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Czapek Doxes Agar at 25 ºC for 5-7 days. P. chrysogenum was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of fungal ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The results of genetic identities showed that this fungus had 94% matching with the reference strain. Also, this study indicated that P. chrysogenum has several virulence factors with the ability of this fungus to degrade both proteins (albumin and casein), hydrolyse urea, and grow ate C, but not to confer hemolytic activity on Blood Agar.
    [Show full text]
  • Penicillium Chrysogenum Thom 1910
    -- CALIFORNIA D EPAUMENT OF cdfa FOOD & AGRICULTURE ~ California Pest Rating Proposal for Penicillium chrysogenum Thom 1910 Current Pest Rating: none Proposed Pest Rating: C Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina, Class: Eurotiomycetes SubclassEurotiomycetidae, Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Comment Period: 9/18/2020 through 11/2/2020 Initiating Event: On August 9, 2019, USDA-APHIS published a list of “Native and Naturalized Plant Pests Permitted by Regulation”. Interstate movement of these plant pests is no longer federally regulated within the 48 contiguous United States. There are 49 plant pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes) on this list. California may choose to continue to regulate movement of some or all these pathogens into and within the state. In order to assess the needs and potential requirements to issue a state permit, a formal risk analysis for Penicillium chrysogenum is given herein and a permanent pest rating is proposed. History & Status: Background: Postharvest diseases are caused mainly by ascomycete fungi, plus a few species of oomycetes, zygomycetes, basidiomycetes, and bacteria. Ascomycetes and imperfect mitosporic fungi are by far the most common and most important causes of postharvest decay. Diseases develop on fruit, seeds, or other plant products during harvesting, grading, packing, and transportation to market and up until the moment of actual consumption. All types of plant parts are susceptible to postharvest diseases. In general, the more tender or succulent the exterior of the product and the greater the water content of the entire product, the more susceptible it is to injury and infection and post-harvest -- CALIFORNIA D EPAUMENT OF cdfa FOOD & AGRICULTURE ~ decay.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Antibiotic Penicillin-G Enzymatically by Penicillium Chrysogenum
    Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 31, No. 10 (2019), 2367-2369 AJSIAN OURNAL OF C HEMISTRY https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.21766 Synthesis of Antibiotic Penicillin-G Enzymatically by Penicillium chrysogenum *, *, REFDINAL NAWFA , ADI SETYO PURNOMO and HERDAYANTO SULISTYO PUTRO Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia *Corresponding authors: E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received: 20 October 2018; Accepted: 2 July 2019; Published online: 30 August 2019; AJC-19553 Penicillin-G antibiotic was used as the basic ingredient of making antibiotic type β-lactam such as tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin and other antibiotics. Penicillin-G was splited into 6-amino penicillanic acid as the source of β-lactam. The biosynthetic pathway for the formation of penicillin-G in Penicillium chrysogenum cell through the formation of intermediates was carried out in the form of amino acids such as α-aminoadipate, L-cysteine, L-valine which are formed from glucose (food ingredients).The formation of 6-amino penicillanic acid is an amino acid combination of L-cysteine and L-valine, a step part of the formation of antibiotic penicillin-G in P. chrysogenum cells, thus, it is obvious that there are enzymes involved in its formation. The objective of this study was to examine the use of enzymes present in P. chrysogenum cells to produce penicillin-G and 6-amino penicillanic acid using the intermediate compounds α-aminoadipate, L-cysteine, L-valine and phenylacetic acid assisted by NAFA® coenzymes in P. chrysogenum cells which is more permeable.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Penicillin G Produced by Penicillium Chrysogenum KF 425 In
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.10.984930; this version posted March 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Detection of Penicillin G Produced by Penicillium chrysogenum KF 425 in Vivo with Raman Microspectroscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares Methods Shumpei Horii†,‡, Masahiro Ando§,⊥, Ashok Z. Samuel§, Akira Take║, §,, Takuji Nakashima║, Atsuko Matsumoto║, Yōko Takahashi║, and Haruko Takeyama‡ §,∇,O,* †Department of Advanced Science Engineering , and OConsolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169- 8555, Japan ‡Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan §Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation,Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki- cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan ⊥PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332- 0012, Japan ║ Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.10.984930; this version posted March 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 108-8641, Japan ∇Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.10.984930; this version posted March 11, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Deconstructing the Fable of the Discovery of Penicillin By
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Loughborough University Institutional Repository La Moisissure et la Bactérie: Deconstructing the Fable of the Discovery of Penicillin by Ernest Duchesne Gilbert Shama Department of Chemical Engineering. Loughborough University Loughborough Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK. +44 1509 222514 [email protected] Abstract: Ernest Duchesne (1874–1912) completed his thesis on microbial antagonism in 1897 in Lyon. His work lay unknown for fifty years, but on being brought to light led to his being credited with having discovered penicillin prior to Alexander Fleming. The claims surrounding Duchesne are examined here both from the strictly microbiological perspective, and also for what they reveal about how the process of discovery is frequently misconstrued. The combined weight of evidence presented here militates strongly against the possibility that the species of Penicillium that Duchesne worked with produced penicillin. Keywords: Ernest Duchesne, Penicillin, Alexander Fleming, Penicillium 1 Introduction Following the appearance of an article on penicillin in The Times of London in the summer of 1942,1 Almroth Wright, head of the inoculation department at St Mary’s Hospital in Paddington, wrote to the editor concerning a colleague of his—a certain Alexander Fleming. In his letter, Wright pointed out that the newspaper had “refrained from putting the laurel wreath around anybody’s brow for [penicillin’s] discovery” and that “on the principle of palmam qui meruit ferat (let him bear the palm who has earned it) it should be decreed to Professor Fleming.”2 A number of commentators over the seventy years or so that have elapsed since the publication of this letter have sought to remove—snatch even—the wreath from Alexander Fleming’s brow and award it elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • AR TICLE a New Species of Gymnoascus with Verruculose
    IMA FUNGUS · VOLUME 4 · no 2: 177–186 doi:10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.02.03 A new species of Gymnoascus with verruculose ascospores ARTICLE Rahul Sharma, and Sanjay Kumar Singh National Facility for Culture Collection of Fungi, MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune - 411 004, India; corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: A new species, Gymnoascus verrucosus sp. nov., isolated from soil from Kalyan railway station, Key words: Maharashtra, India, is described and illustrated. The distinctive morphological features of this taxon are its 28S verruculose ascospores (ornamentation visible only under SEM) and its deer antler-shaped short peridial 18S appendages. The small peridial appendages originate from open mesh-like gymnothecial ascomata made up echinulate ascospores of thick-walled, smooth peridial hyphae. The characteristic morphology of the fungus is not formed in culture Gymnoascaceae where it has very restricted growth and forms arthroconidia. Phylogenetic analysis of different rDNA gene ITS sequences (ITS, LSU, and SSU) demonstrates its placement in Gymnoascaceae and reveal its phylogenetic Onygenales relatedness to other species of Gymnoascus, especially G. petalosporus and G. boliviensis. The generic concept phylogeny of Gymnoascus is consequently now broadened to include species with verruculose ascospores. A key to the accepted 19 species is also provided. Article info: Submitted: 22 August 2012; Accepted: 15 October 2013; Published: 25 October 2013. INTRODUCTION when collected and was stored at room temperature until processed. Hair baiting (Vanbreuseghem 1952) was The genus Gymnoascus (Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales) was performed using defatted horse and human hairs as baits; established by Baranetzky 1872 with G. reessii as the type after 1–2 month incubation in the dark at room temperature species.
    [Show full text]