Notes
Introduction
1. As is standard practice, IR refers to the discipline whereas the non-capitalized form indicates a statement about international relations ‘out there’. Or as Ole Wæver has it, ‘ir’ refers to observations of international politics, whereas capitalized ‘IR’ refers to observations of such observations of international relations. 2. Barry Buzan, for example, warns against ‘the severe loss of analytical leverage that results from bundling huge complexities into a single concept, whether it be globalization or god’ (2004: 229) and recommends maintaining the state as the theoretical anchor, albeit in a comprehensive theory of world politics. However, his is surely more a warning against having no distinctions than an argument in favour of specifically the inside–outside distinction of the state system model. 3. The British broadsheet The Daily Telegraph speculated that ‘Tony Blair, the new Middle East envoy, will be hard put to reconcile an Israeli government that continues to limp along and a dramatically split Palestinian polity’ (Daily Tele- graph, 5 July 2007). On the same day another newspaper referred to Belgium as ‘an already much devolved polity’ (The Guardian, 5 July 2007). The New York Times reported that the commentator David Ignatius thinks the attraction of the World Economic Forum summit in Davos ‘ultimately boils down to Davos’ consecration to the modern reality of an international, interconnected polity and business network’ (Defining the Alure of Davos, New York Times,26January 2010). 4. Although at times they also treat polities as a form of agency, for example defining a global polity as ‘a structure (defined by relations of power) that generates different and changing practices of political rule (defined as govern- mental rationality) and agencies (for example, polities)’ (Neumann & Sending 2007: 677, emphasis added). 5. ‘If we can follow Foucault in suggesting that liberal Western European states were constituted as liberal through the replacement of a mentality of sovereignty with a mentality of government, or “the art of govern- ment”, we may also be able to follow the argument that the international system is constituted by an international-system govern-mentality’ (Corry 2006a: 267).
1 Post-Internationalism and the Global Polity
1. Global polity writers are not alone in trying to move beyond the state sys- tem model but their idea is explored here as the most theoretically conscious attempt to go beyond the post-international perspective.
208 Notes 209
2. This criterion is absent from a working paper by Ougaard in 1999, but is added in the reworking of this text in Higgott & Ougaard (2002). 3. There are of course exceptions. For example, Claire Cutler analyses the role of international law as ‘a force in the constitution and reconstitution of social, political and economic practices’ (Cutler 2003: 3). Thus, non-state actors making and upholding law are conceived as part constitutive of the global political economy, rather than simply derived from the baseline of the state system. 4. We could further add to the confusion by mentioning similar broadly inter- pretative claims such as (d) the development of a world culture (Meyer 2001) or (e) the emergence of ‘global ethics’ (Küng 1997, Singer 2002). 5. Although these authors use the polity concept, for conceptual clarity I will refer to these as examples of global state theory, and reserve polity for the notion advanced later. 6. It has the theoretical weakness that a notion of the sum of the political rela- tions going on planet Earth would logically have existed at all times and therefore does not provide additional analytical leverage on what the lim- its of a global polity thus conceived were, or when one could be said to have emerged: one would always have been able to speak of a sum of political relations on Earth and analysed their relative integration or fragmentation. 7. This is inspired with Barnett and Duvall’s similar move in relation to the ques- tion of power in global governance where they revise the conventional ‘three faces of power’ debate in which positions also developed sequentially rather than analytically (2005: 8). 8. For example, one reviewer of Shaw’s Theory of a Global State – despite the ideational emphasis in the original – concludes that for Shaw ‘ “Globality” is the transformation of the economy, society and culture as relations that operate on world scale’ (Hirst 2001). 9. Perhaps the best examples of empirical studies of discourse-as-regulative come from agenda-setting and problem-definition literature that focus on how actors compete to put their pet issues of the agenda (Kingdon 1995, Cobb & Ross 1997, Jones & Baumgartner 2005). Issue-research looks into how prob- lems are framed and issues move up and down the agenda (Downs 1972, Vasquez & Mansbach 1983). But such research tends to take the basic frame- work for agenda-setting – namely the political actors and the basic framework of discourse and institutions determining what can and cannot legitimately be an issue – for granted.
2 Global Governmentality and the Domestic Analogy
1. Even (or especially) traditional ‘high politics’ issue areas such as security and war are being analysed in terms of their governmentalization (Tennberg 2000, Bigo 2002, Aradau 2004, Aradau & van Munster 2004, Amoore 2007, Dillon & Neal 2008, Heng & McDonagh 2008, Pouliot 2008). 2. Even Martin Shaw’s theory of the Global State (2000) only postulates a Western power-complex rather than a global sovereign. Alexander Wendt’s prediction of the inevitability of a global state (2003) is only that – a prediction. 210 Notes
3. I use the hyphenated form for the generic ‘any mentality of governing’– meaning and the non-hyphenated to refer to the neoliberal governmental form of power Foucault identified. 4. Hurd is referring to the power of norms, which Barnett and Duvall would include under the category of institutional power, but the point is nonetheless valid from a productive power point of view. 5. This idea of a single global (neo)liberal regime can also be found in another form in the Foucault-inspired neo-Marxist ‘manifesto’ Empire by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri where they suggest ‘the construction of a new order that envelops the entire space of what it considers civilization, a boundless universal space’ (Hardt & Negri 2000: 11) which they think has created ‘a new logic of structure and rule – in short a new form of sovereignty’ (ibid.: xi) which ‘progressively incorporates the entire global realm’ (ibid.: xii). 6. This resembles Roland Robertson’s idea of globalization as not only shrink- age of distance but also a growing consciousness of the world as one place (Robertson 1992: 8) as mentioned, Martin Shaw echoes this: beyond world- wide interconnectedness, ‘to be Global now refers, maximally, to the self- consciously common framework of human society worldwide’ (Shaw 1999: 60).
4 What Is a (Global) Polity?
1. This is similar to the Copenhagen School securitization theory that theorizes securitized objects as socially constructed rather than objectively threatened or subjectively invented (see Buzan et al. 1998). 2. For example Alexander Wendt includes both (pre-social) corporate and (rela- tionally acquired) social identity (Wendt 1999: 182). 3. This is a hierarchy, that is, a state or in Rosenau’s wider terms a ‘Sphere of Authority’. 4. Although there are constructivist definitions of ‘institution’ circulating in IR that encompass the actors’ entire view of how the world works, including their own identities, Stephen Krasner’s narrower definition makes more sense in this context. Polity itself would be ‘an institution’ of the constitutive or foundational kind (see Onuf 2002). 5. To be sure, Robertson and Inglis argue that even the secular and empirical notion of global interconnectedness can be found in abundance in Greco- roman writing and this is therefore not a particularly modern invention. (Roland Robertson & David Inglis ‘The Global Animus. In the Tracks of World Consciousness’ pp. 33–47 in Barry Gills & William R. Thompson (eds) Global- ization and Global History. London: Routledge, 2006). It is unlikely, however, that this was an everyday perspective on the world. 6. See Göran Therborn (2000) for a survey of the rise of the term ‘global’ or Sabine Selchow (2008).
5 Governing Globality for Local Autonomy
1. Subcommandante Marcos says the same repeatedly, for instance in an inter- view with Gabriel Garcia Marquez: ‘We do not believe that the end justifies Notes 211
the means. Ultimately, we believe that the means are the end. We define our goal by the way we choose the means of struggling for it’ (Marcos 2001: 76).
6 Governing Globality for Market Freedom
1. This securitization of trade and the inclusion of religious and militant extrem- ism as a part of ‘anti-globalization’ is not reserved for the ideologues of libertarian think tanks. Robert Zoellick, then US trade representative, after 9/11 called for a project to ‘counter terror with trade’ (Washington Post, 20 September): ‘The terrorists deliberately chose the World Trade towers as their target. While their blow toppled the towers, it cannot and will not shake the foundation of world trade and freedom’ (WP 20 September 2001). President Bush chimed in that ‘we will defeat [the terrorists] by expanding and encouraging world trade’ (Christian Science Monitor, 6 November 2001). On the day of the 9/11 attacks, a US congressman Don Young of Alaska sug- gested that the attacks were perpetrated by antiglobalization protesters and Silvio Berlusconi, having just presided over the Genoa G8 summit, asserted that while Islam was attacking the West from the outside, anti-globalization protesters were attacking it from within (Woodin & Lucas 2004: 4). 2. Bhagwati is an exception, citing the ‘Wall-Street-Treasury Complex’ in terms of a Millsian ‘power elite’: ‘They wear similar suits, not just similar ties; they interact on boards and in clubs; they wind up sharing the same sentiments, reinforced by one another’s wisdom’ (2004: 206).
7 Governing Globality for Human Welfare
1. The central example of change in policy in this paradigm shift is usually said to be the move away from the policy of ‘structural adjustment’ to the host-country initiated Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) that require borrowing countries to initiate their own adjustment plans through a process of negotiation between domestic government and ‘civil society’ groups, albeit within constraints posed by the lending institutions. 2. Soros prefers to stick to a narrower definition of ‘the development of global financial markets, the growth of transnational corporations, and their increas- ing domination over national economies’ (p. 1), reserving the term ‘global open society’ (Soros 2002: 7) for a broader vision of globalization with more social and political content or a moral dimension. Despite this, Soros’ text falls into this global governance category because it accepts the governability of globalization and the desirability of a broad globalization of governance (or politics) to include a larger social and political dimension. Also, he accepts the dispersion of subject-positions of market fundamentalism, anti- globalization, global terrorism against which it positions itself as a pragmatic and non-ideological discourse for the morally aware, yet realistically minded. Bibliography
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Note: The letter ‘n’ followed by the locators refers to notes in the text.
Aaronson, Susan Ariel, 136 authoritarianism: global-liberal Abizadeh, Arash, 96 discourse, 146, 148 Abrahamsen, Rita, 42 Axelrod, Robert, 6 Abromeit, Heidrun, 7 accountability, see democracy Baker, Andrew, 191 Agnew, Jon, 40 Barkawi, Tarak, 73–4, 75–6 Albert, Mathias, 30, 73, 79, 80 Barkin, J. Samuel, 36 Albrow, Martin, 33, 38, 57, 107, 108 Barnett, Michael, 5, 41, 42, 44, 48, 56, Almeida, Paul, 108, 111, 136–7 192, 209n1(7), 210n3(4) Amoore, Louise, 209n2(1) Bartelson, Jens, 2, 3, 5, 11, 31, 33, analytics, global, 59–63 36, 37, 38, 57, 101, 148, anarchy, 69–71, 93–4, 97, 98–9, 185, 195 187–8, 206 Bates, Clifford Angel, 7, 83 Baumgartner, Frank R., 209n1(9) empire and hegemony theories, Baylis, John, 108 74–5 Bealey, Frank, 82–3 global state theory, 28–9 Beckfield, Jason, 77, 78 hierarchy and,seehierarchy; ‘Beijing Consensus’, 58, 201 anarchy Bell,Duncan,6,72 re-theorized, 4–5, 64, 67–8, 69 Bello, Walden, 114 system of, membership, 95–6 Benessaieh, Afef, 108 Andersen, Niels Åkerstrøm, 32, 33, 35 Bergsten, Fred C., 137 Anderson, Benedict, 89 Berman, Harold J., 83–4 Annan, Kofi, 142 Bhagwati, Jagdish, 136, 137, 138, 139, Ansell, Chris, 7 146, 149–50, 151, 152, 155, 156, anti-globalization, 13, 108, 194–5, 211n6(2) 199–201, 211n6(1) Biersteker, Thomas J., 36 global-domestic discourse, 161, 167, Bigo, Didier, 209n2(1) 173–4, 177, 199 biopolitics, 52, 54, 161–2, 182 global-liberal discourse, 136–40, Bircham, Emma, 136 144–5, 146–7, 149–52, 153, 155, body politic, 86 197, 198 Boli, John, 7, 77, 83–4 global-radical discourse, 111–35, Brassett, James, 21, 23, 25 198 Brown, Gordon, 205–6 Appadurai, Arjun, 38 Brown, Michael, 86 Aradau, Claudia, 209n2(1) Brown, Seyom, 7, 8, 22, 30, 57, 84 Aristotle, 7, 82–3 Brunkhorst, Hauke, 7 ‘assemblages’, 76–7 Bull, Headley, 69–70, 80, 83, 192 authoritarian governmentality, 54 Burbach, Roger, 74 China, 58 Burchell, Graham, 42
235 236 Index
Burchill, Scott, 2 corporations Buzan, Barry, 64, 69, 76, 80, 91, 93, global-domestic discourse, 211n7(2) 98, 200, 208nI(2), 210n4(1) global-liberal discourse, 140, 141, Byrne, David, 6 148 global-radical discourse, 112, 115, Cabrera, Luis, 73 120, 122, 123, 125, 131–2, 133 Callinicos, Alex, 73–4, 161 Corry, Olaf, 5, 7, 8, 9–10, 11, 42, 43, Campbell, David, 41 61, 86, 88, 91, 109, 198, 201, 203, capital deregulation, 121–2 208nI(5) Castells, Manuel, 77, 78 Coward, Martin, 21–2, 206 Cavanagh, Allison, 78 Cox, Robert, 10, 190 Chan, Lai-Ha, 58 Crossley, Nick, 111, 136 Crumley, Carole L., 79 Chandler, David, 14–15, 19, 43, Crutzen, Paul J., 102 55, 185 Cutler, Claire, 209n1(3) change, theory and, 2, 4, 121 Czempiel, Ernst-Otto, 72 Charlton, John, 136 Chase-Dunn, Christopher, 76 Dale, Gareth, 42, 55, 111 China, 58, 113, 139, 143, 163, 201 de Wilde, Jaap, 91 city, global, 79 Dean, Mitchell, 13, 44, 48, 50, 53, 60, civil society, 31, 51, 55, 89 61, 72, 88, 107 global-domestic discourse, 166, 167, democracy 171, 173, 175–7, 179, 180, global-domestic discourse, 162, 211n7(1) 165–6 168, 170–7, 179–80, global-liberal discourse, 148, 155 180–1, 182, 199 global-radical discourse, 118 global-liberal discourse, 145, 149, Clarke, Harold D., 7 156, 180, 198 climate, the: object of governance, 9, global-radical discourse, 115–16, 56, 86, 88, 89, 202, 203, 204–5 118–21, 122–3, 124, 134 Cobb, Roger W., 209n1(9) see also participatory democracy Cockburn, Alexander, 107, 108 democratic engagement: state v Cohen, Michael D., 6 global, 23 Colas, Alejandro, 73–4 Demos, 160, 165, 171 collectivism: global-liberal discourse, density: polities, 97 146, 147, 153, 155, 156 Desai, Meghnad, 111, 136 community Deschouwer, Kris, 85 global-domestic discourse, 167 Devji, Faisal, 102, 201 global-liberal discourse, 148 Dicken, Peter, 34, 37 ‘complex multilateralism’, 3, 10, 69 difference complexity, 4, 6, 64, 65–6, 184, 185 in global-radical movement, 128–30 conflict, level of: polities, 97–8 political identities, 96–7 conspiracy theories, 143, 157, 174 Dillon, Michael, 50, 161–2, 182, constitutive discourse, see discourse, 209n2(1) constitutive direct action, 129 constructivism, 35–6, 71, 87, 187–8 disciplinary power, 48–9, 53, 72, 84–5 consumer sovereignty, 50–1, 148, 149 discourse, constitutive cooperation, level of: polities, 97–8 nature of, 39–41, 47, 186, 188, 195, Copenhagen Consensus, 202 206 core-periphery world-systems, 76 ’structure’ as, 94–5 Index 237 discourse Escobar, Arturo, 161 global-domestic, 160–83 ethics, global, 25, 38, 186, 209n1(4) globalist, 57–8, 114 ethnomethodology, 13 global-liberal, 136–59 Etzioni, Amitai, 29 global polity, 11–13, 107–9, 186–7, European Union: polity, 7, 85, 90 188–9, 193, 201–2 exceptionalism, 53 global polity theories, 23, 24–5, 39–41, 186 Fabian Society, 160, 162–3, 167, 169, global-radical, 111, 112–35 171, 176, 177 global state theory, 30 Ferguson, Yale H., 2, 67, 82, 98 diversity: global-radical movement, financial interests, market 128–9 fundamentalism and, 175 divide and rule, 74–5 Fine, Ben, 161 Dollar, David, 114 Fischer, Joschka, 7 domestic-international distinction, 3, Fisher, William F., 111, 115–16, 27 118–19, 119–20, 122, 123, 128, domestic roots of governmentality, 129, 130–1, 132, 133–4 44–9, 51, 52, 53, 56, 59, 73 food sovereignty, 119–20 Downs, Anthony, 209n1(9) force, use of Drainville, André C., 107–8 global state theory, 29, 31 Duffy, Rosaleen, 3–4 model of anarchy, 70 Duvall, Raymond, 5, 41, 42, 44, 48, model of hierarchy, 71–2 56, 192, 209n1(7), 210n3(4) Foucault, Michel, 5, 9–10, 13, 16, 39, 42, 43–50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, Easton,David,83 61–2, 88, 89, 95, 203, 206, Economist, The, 139–40, 144–5, 153 208nI(5), 210n3(3), 210n3(5) economy, global Fougner, Tore, 42 object of governance, 89–90, 193, Fraser, Nancy, 39, 49, 50, 59 195, 197: global-domestic freedom, governmentality and, 50, 53 discourse, 170; global-liberal 137 discourse, 154, 155, 156, 158; freedom global-radical discourse, 123, global-liberal discourse, 137–8, 141, 132 148 world financial crisis, 203–4, 205–6 global-radical discourse, 115–16, economy, political, 45, 46, 49, 88–9 133 Edquist, Kristin, 51 Friedman, Thomas L., 136, 138–9, Edwards, P.N., 9, 88, 202 141–2, 143, 150, 152 Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette, 78 fundamentalism, anti-globalization as, elite, global, 131–2, 134 150–1 Elman, Colin, 2 empire, model of, 56–7, 73–6, 191, G20, 90, 202, 204, 206 194 Galtung, Johan, 73–4 environment Garfinkel, Harold, 13 global-domestic discourse, 164 Genoa: protests, 108, 126, 130, 198, global-radical discourse, 116–17, 211n6(1) 121 George, Susan, 111, 112, 114, 116, environmental politics, 201, 203–4 122, 131 Epstein, Barbara, 111, 136 Giddens, Anthony, viii, 34, 35, 102, Erikson, Emily, 72 107, 108, 151, 161 238 Index
Giere, Ronald N., 66, 67 Globalization Debate, Second Great, Gill, Stephen, 107, 108 viii, 12, 102, 108, 196, 199, 200, Gills, Barry K., 101–2, 210n4(5) 202 global consciousness, 2, 8, 23, 37–8, Goddard, Stacey E., 77 40, 41, 101 Goldman, Michael, 42 global-liberal discourse, 157 Gordon, Colin, 42 global-radical discourse, 124 Gore, Charles, 161 global-domestic discourse, 160–83, Gottweis, Herbert, 13 197, 199 Goverde, Henri, 22 global economy, see economy, global governability, see governance-objects global ethics, 25, 38, 186, 209n1(4) governance, global global governance, see governance, definitions, 3–4, 72, 192 global global-domestic discourse, 160–83, global justice, 57, 90–1, 94, 196, 197, 211n7(2) 198–9, 206 global-liberal discourse, 158–9 global-liberal discourse, 136–59, 196–7 polity and, 7, 202, 206 global objects: process, 38 productive power and, 44, 48 global polity, emergence of, 100–5, world state and, 72, 73 201–2 see also governance-objects, global; global polity discourse, see discourse, governance-subjects, global global polity ‘governance, multilevel’, 3, 10, 85 global polity theories and governance-objects, 54, 58, 59, 60, post-internationalism, 22, 23, 24, 90–5, 194 189 disputed existence, 90, 91 global public goods, 29, 103, 146, 172, 181, 199 global, 11, 61, 89, 108, 109, 132, global-radical discourse, 111–35, 196, 187, 202–6: nature of, 9, 39, 198–9 49–50, 62–3, 100–5, 134, 188–9 global society, see society, global global-domestic, 167–9, 178–9, 182 global state, 26–31, 73, 104, 185, 191, global-liberal, 140–5, 154–7, 157–9, 192, 197, 209n2(2) 197 globalism, 31–41, 57–8, 62, 136, 153, global-radical, 121–5, 134, 196, 200, 201–2, 206–7 198–9 globalization orientation, 92–5 definition, 191–2 nature of, 9–10, 45–6, 49–50, 61, global-domestic discourse, 160–83, 62–3, 87–90, 91 197, 199, 202, 211n7(2) polity defined by, 14, 85–7, 92, global-liberal discourse, 137–59, 94–5, 99, 104–5, 190–4 196–7, 198: inexorability, governance-subject-to-object 141–3, 144–5 relations: polity, 97–105 global-radical discourse, 111–35, governance-subjects, 17, 46, 54, 61, 196, 198–9 95, 188 governance-object, 12, 62, 102, 103, global, 109, 187 196, 199–200, 205–6 global-domestic, 172–8, 178, 179, governance-objects revealed, 89, 182 194 global-liberal, 148–52, 157 terms of debate, 32–41, 102, 195 global-radical, 125–31, 132, 133 see also governance-objects, global polities, 8, 85, 86–7, 90–2, 93, 94, 96 Index 239 governing, mentalities of, 186, 188, Havel, Vaclav, 163 208nI(5) Havercroft, Jonathan, 47 alternative, 201 hegemony and empire, 74, 75 exposure of, 13 Held, David, 4, 32, 34, 35, 37, 108, global-radical discourse, 124, 136–7, 199 133–5 Heng, Yee-Kuang, 44, 209n2(1) study of, 43, 44, 46–9, 53–4, 57–9, heterarchy, 79 60, 61, 62–3 heteronomy, 79 governing, technologies of hierarchy, 71–3, 93, 98–9, 190 global-domestic discourse, 162 anarchy and, vii, 1–2, 19, 72, 81, 96: global-radical discourse, 124 empire theories, 75, 76; global governance-objects, 88, 95, 102, state theory, 26, 27, 28, 31, 73; 124, 186, 188–9, 202, 203 lack of alternatives, 14–15, 16, government 68, 80; network theories, 77, 78, global-domestic discourse, 162, 171, 79; polity, 10, 15, 82, 85–6, 92, 178, 179, 180, 181–3 188, 192–4; polity theories, 7, 8, global-liberal discourse, 143–4, 147, 9; global polity theories, 23, 148, 155–6, 158 84, 85 polity as, 83 global state theory, 26, 27–8, 29, 30, governmentality, 42, 44, 46, 55, 206 31, 73, 191 domestic roots, 44–9, 51, 52, 53, 56, lack of: networks, 78 59, 73 membership of, 95 Foucault’s historical account, 45–9, polities and, 82, 84, 87, 90, 97–100, 53 187, 193 global: sovereignty and, 49–54; theories of, 5, 8, 42–63, 84–5, Higgott, Richard, 7, 8, 21, 22–3, 25, 196 29, 35, 38, 84, 161 regional, 58 Hironaka, Ann, 84 governments and globalization, 131–2 Hirst, Paul Q., 28, 32, 34, 37, Graeber, David, 111 209n1(8) Gray, John, 151 historical materialism, 44, 53 Griffin, Keith, 22 Hobbes, Thomas, 86 growth, economic: environmental Hobbs, Heidi H., 3 impact, 117 Hoepfl, Harro, 8–9 Hooghe, Liesbet, 3, 7, 10, 85 Haahr, Jens Henrik, 42 ‘hoop test’, 12, 189 Hables-Gray, Chris, 86 Horowitz, Dan, 7 Hacking, Ian, 35 human security discourse, 205 Hajer, Maarten, 201 Humphreys, Adam R. C., 2 Hale, Sarah, 161 Hurd, Ian, 48, 210n3(4) Hall, Martin, 76 Hutton, Will, 34 Hall, Thomas D., 76 Halliday, Fred, 107, 108 Halper, Stefan, 58, 201 identities Hansen, James, 206 multiple, 2 Hanson, Norwood R., 11, 191 relational, 74 Hardt, Michael, 56–7, 73–4, 76, 77, 78, identity, personal 210n3(5) global-liberal discourse, 148 Haubrich, Dirk, 205, 206 global governance-objects, 102 240 Index identity, political international model, 201 global state theory, 28–9 lack of alternatives, vii-viii, 4–6, 41, governance-objects, 88 185–6 governance-subjects, 90, 91, rejection as basis of theory, 21, 64, 92, 93 184–5 ‘nations’, 9 International Monetary Fund (IMF), subject-object relationships, 96 53, 206 identity-formation, 41 global-domestic discourse, 165, identity salience, 91, 92 168–9, 172, 175, 181 IFG (International Forum on global-liberal discourse, 144 Globalization), 111, 113, global-radical discourse, 112, 113, 115, 116–17, 118, 119–20, 115, 118–19, 123, 132 122, 125 international organizations, see Ignatius, David, 208nI(3) international institutions Ilcan, Susan, 55 international relations and global Imig, Douglass, 7 polity theory, 14–15 international society, 80, 98, 192 imperialism v regionalism, 54 Islamism, 62, 90, 101, 102, 151, 201 India, 113, 126, 138–9, 163 issues v governance-objects, 92 inequality global-domestic discourse, 163–5, Jackson, Robert H., 1 178 Jacobs, Michael, 160, 163, 167, 171, globalization and, 112–14, 138–40, 173–4, 176, 177 156–7 Jaeger, Hans-Martin, 52, 54, 55, 57 Inglis, David, 100–1, 210n4(5) Johnston, Josée, 111, 136 instability, political: global-domestic Jones, Bryan D., 209n1(9) discourse, 164–5 Jørgensen, Knud Erik, 7 institutionalization: polities, 98 Joseph, Jonathan, 43, 46–7, 51–2, 53, institutions, international, see 54, 55–6, 61 international institutions Josselin, Daphne, 22, 24 institutions, system of: world polity justice, 39 research, 83–4 global, 57, 90–1, 94, 196, 198–9, 206 International Development Targets, 175, 178–9 Kadushin, Charles, 78 international-domestic distinction, 3 Kahler, Miles, 77, 78 international institutions Kaldor, Mary, 107, 108, 205 global-domestic discourse, 162–3, Katsiaficas, George, 126, 127 165–6, 168–9, 171–2, 174–5, Kaul, Inge, 29, 103 176–8, 179–80, 181 Kauppi, Mark V., 67 global-liberal discourse, 149, 156, Kavalski, Emilian, 6 158 Keck, Margaret E., 32, 34, 77, 78 global polity theories, 22, 23–4, Keohane, Robert O., 23, 67 25–6, 35, 55–6, 59–60, 61–2, Keynes, John Maynard, 119, 120 187 Kingdon, J. W., 209n1(9) global-radical discourse, 112, Kingsnorth, Paul, 111, 112–13, 116, 117, 118–19, 127–8, 132, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 129, 133 130, 131, 132 global state theory, 27, 30, 31 Klein, Melanie, 96–7 policy change, 161 Klein, Naomi, 126, 141 Index 241
Klink, Frank, 79 ‘market fundamentalism’, 164, 167, Kornprobst, Markus, 37–8 174–5, 177, 180, 211n7(2) Krasner, Stephen D., 23, 98, 210n4(4) market governmentality, 50–1, 90 Kray, Aart, 114 Marks, Gary, 3, 7, 10, 85 Kuhn, Thomas, viii, 67–8 Martell, Luke, 32 Kureshi, Saleem, 85 Marxist ontology, 46–7 McDonagh, Ken, 44, 209n2(1) Laffey, Mark, 73–4, 75 McGrew, Anthony, 4, 32, 34, 136–7, Lake, David, 31 199 Lakey, George, 128–9 McMichael, Philip, 111 language change, 12–13 Mearsheimer, John, 70, 93 Larner, Wendy, 5, 43, 54, 57, 72 Meir, Golda, 182 Larsson, Tomas, 136, 138, 145 Mendoza, Ronald U., 29, 103 Laskey, Mark, 125, 127 Mercantilism, 46, 47 Merlingen, Michael, 42, 55 Latif, Iabal, 85 Meyer, John W., 7, 25, 82, 84, laws, nature of, 66 209n1(4) Laxer, Gordon, 111, 136 Micklethwait, John, 136, 138, 140, Lebow, Richard Ned, 5, 40, 47, 65, 68 141, 147, 148, 150–1, 153 Lechner, Frank J., 83–4 Miller, Peter, 47 Legrain, Philippe, 136, 144–5, 155 Ministry of Defence (Great Britain), Legro, Jeffrey W., 72 204–5 Lemke, Thomas, 42, 43, 55 models: theory, 65, 66–7, 69, 191, 194 liberal governmentality, 5, 8–10, 43–4, Mol, Arthur J., 32 46–7, 48–9, 50–63 Monbiot, George, 111, 113, 114, 115, Lichbach, Mark Irving, 108, 111, 117, 119, 122, 124 136–7 Moore, Mike, 142–3, 150, 160, 163, Lindsey, Brink, 12, 136, 141, 143–4, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 174, 147–8, 151, 156, 157 175–6, 176–7, 178, 179, 182 Lipschutz, Ronnie D., 44, 50–1, 53, 55 Moravcsik, Andrew, 72 Lissak, Moshe, 7 Mosley, Paul, 161 Lloyd, John, 160, 165, 167, 169, 171, Mouffe, Chantal, 96 172, 173, 176, 179 movement, global-radicalism as, localization, economic, 119–21, 125, 126–31, 198 133–4, 169, 196 ‘multilateralism, complex’, 3, 10, 69 Lomborg, Bjørn, 202 ‘multilevel governance’, 3, 10, 85 London School of Economics, 151 ‘Multitude, the’, 77, 78 Lövbrand, Eva, 203 Munkler, Herfried, 73–4 Luard, Evan, 72 Murphy, Gillian Hughes, 108 Lucas, Caroline, 111, 113–16, 118, 119–21, 122–3, 131–2, 133, 134, Naim, Moses, 161 211n6(1) Narlikar, Amrita, 58 ‘national interest’, the, 41 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 45 national liberation, 133 Malmvig, Helle, 36 nations: cultural artefacts, 89 Manners, Ian, 7 Neal, Andrew, 209n2(1) Mansbach, Richard, 2, 34, 67, 82, 98, nébuleuse, 10, 190, 191 209n1(9) Negri, Antonio, 56–7, 73–4, 76, 77, 78, Marcos, Subcommandante, 210n5(1) 210n3(5) 242 Index neoliberalism, 23, 53, 54, 56, 61, 102 participatory democracy, 118, 121, global-liberal discourse, 154, 157 134, 165–6, 170, 171, 172 globalization, 102, 111, 112–35 parties, political, 104, 177 model of anarchy, 2–3, 16, 71 paternalistic governmentality, 54 neorealism and, 2–3 People’s Global Action (PGA), 126 neorealism, 2–3, 69, 84, 93 Pettman, Ralph, 205 networks, 77–9 Phillips, Lynne, 55 Neumann, Iver, 5, 7, 8, 9–10, 11, 41, Phillips, Nicola, 161 42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 84, pictures, theories as, 65, 66, 69 96, 208nI(4) Pleyers, Geoffrey, 137 New Economics Foundation, 204 pluralism: world polity research, 84 New Labour, 160 Pogge, Thomas, 114 Newman, Robert, 149 political economy, 45, 46, 49 Nexon, Daniel H., 73–4, 75 political space, vii-viii, 9, 55, 69, 77, Neyer, Jurgen, 79 99, 107–8, 150 NGOs political structure global-domestic discourse, 166, 175, modelling, viii-ix 176–7 polity as, 82–3 global-liberal discourse, 149–50, 155 polity state order and, 51, 55 differentiated from empire, 76 Niebuhr, Reinholdt, 29 governance-objects in common, non-state actors in global polity 85–7 theories, 22, 23, 24, 25–6 membership of, 96 Norberg, Johan, 136 nature of, 6–11, 81–105, 187–94 Nye, J. S., 67 Ponniah, Thomas, 111, 115–16, 118–19, 119–20, 122, 123, 128, 129, 130–1, 132, 133–4 Oakes, Penelope, 91 population: governance-object, 45, 48, objects of governance, see 52, 54, 57, 88 governance-objects post-internationalism, 3, 5–6, 10, 14, O’Brien, Robert, 3, 10, 111 64, 65–6, 67, 68–9 Ohmae, Kenichi, 35 global polity theories and, 22–4, 32, Okereke, Chukwumerije, 56 34, 41, 57, 184–7, 191, 192, 193 Öni¸s, Ziya, 161 post-modernism: global-radical ontology, historical, 35 movement, 130 Onuf, Nicholas, 40, 79, 210n4(4) post-structuralism, 35–6, 71, 185 organizations, international, see Post-Washington Consensus’ (PWC), international institutions 161, 168 Osiander, Andreas, 2, 11, 36, 89 poverty: global-domestic discourse, othering, 96, 153 163–4, 165, 168, 170, 175, 177–8, anarchy, 93–4, 95, 188 178–9 global state theory, 28–9, 31 poverty, global polity model, 188 globalization and, 113, 114, 119–20, Ougaard, Morten, 7, 8, 21, 22–3, 25, 138–40 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 37–8, 72, 84 meaning of, 38, 57, 103 power Parent, Joseph M., 72 discourse and, 39 parsimony, 10, 64, 68–9, 185, 190; polities and, 82, 84–5 see also simplification: theory Prakash, Aseem, 111 Index 243
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 45 Rosenberg, Justin, 34 prismatic state, 72–3 Rosenow, Doerthe, 56, 57 problematizations, 11–12, 13, 59–63, Ross, Marc H., 209n1(9) 88, 107–9, 180, 200, 202 Rotberg, Robert I., 7 global-domestic, 162–6, 169–70 Rowe, James K., 51 global-liberal, 137–40, 180 Roy, Olivier, 62, 101, 102, 201 global-radical, 112–17 Ruggie, John Gerrard, 7, 8, 40, 79, 84, shaping of ‘being’, 95 195 productive power, 44, 48, 59–60, 61, Rumelili, Bahar, 96 62, 63, 210n3(4) IR research, 5, 41,42, 43, 56 Said, Yahia, 111, 136 protestors: global-domestic view of, St Clair, Jeffrey, 107, 108 173–4, 175–6, 178 Sala-i-Martin, Xavier, 164 public goods, global, 29, 103, 146, Sassen, Saskia, 76–7, 79 172, 181, 199 Scheuerman, William E., 29, 72 Schofer, Evan, 84 Raghavan, Chakravarthi, 111 Scholte, Jan Aart, 57, 107, 108 Ramo, Joshua Cooper, 58, 201 Seattle, Battle of, 12, 13, 107–8, 194–5, Rasmussen, Claire, 86 198, 201–2 Realism global-domestic discourse, 160–1, coercive power, 48 173 global federation, 29, 72 global-liberal discourse, 136, 144, international institutions, 23 149 model of anarchy, vii, 1, 2–3, 27–8, global-radical discourse, 111, 124, 36, 67, 70–1, 93 125, 126–8, 129, 130–1 ‘polity’, 191 security: governance object, 91 Reddy, Sanjay, 114 global, 204–5 regional governmentality, 58 Selby, Jan, 43, 46, 51–2, 56 regionalism v imperialism, 54 Selchow, Sabine, 100, 210n4(6) Reid, Julian, 50, 161–2, 182 Sending, Ole Jacob, 5, 7, 8, 9–10, 11, Reinicke, Wolfgang H., 22 42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 84, Reus-Smit, Christian, 36 208nI(4) Ricardo, David, 121–2, 153 Senghaas, Dieter, 72 Riggs, Fred W., 72–3 Senses, Fikret, 161 Risse, Thomas, 38 separatist movements, 90, 104 Rittberger, Volker, 32 Shapiro, Michael J., 7, 36 Roberts, Hugh, 7 Shaw, Martin, 22, 26–7, 29, 30, 37–8, Robertson, Roland, 37, 100, 210n3(6), 73, 80, 209n1(8), 209n2(2), 210n4(5) 210n3(6) Robinson, William I., 26 Shepherd, John G., 203 Rochester, J. Martin, 73 Sikkink, Kathryn, 32, 34, 77, 78 Rodrik, Dani, 115, 160, 163, 169, simplification: theory, 65–6, 68, 184, 174 185; Rorty, Richard, 12–13 see also parsimony Rosamond, Ben, 7 Singer, Peter, 25, 38, 206, Rose, Gideon, 67 209n1(4) Rose, Nikolas, 42, 47, 60, 95 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 77, 78 Rosenau, James N., 2, 3, 4, 10, 34, 58, Smith, Adam, 121–2, 153 85, 199, 210n4(3) Smith, Steve, 108 244 Index
Snyder, Jack, 74 global-radical discourse, 112, 117, social categories, global, 37 129, 133, 196 social democracy, 171–2, 179, 197, global state theory, 26, 27, 28, 29, 202 30, 31 see also discourse, global-domestic international system, challenged, 2 social identity theory, 91 weakening of, 22–3, 24, 28, 35 social network theory, 77 statism, 21–2, 32, 34, 36–7, 55, 63, 191 society dominant, vii-viii, 41, 184, 185 global, viii, 5, 29, 49, 57–8, 79–80, global-domestic discourse, 162 108: global-domestic discourse, Steenbergen, Marco, 7 167–9, 175, 179, 196; Steger, Manfred B., 37, 39 global-liberal discourse, 156–7, Steiner, Hillel, 206 158; global-radical discourse, Stiglitz, Joseph, 12, 102, 160, 161, 162, 122, 124, 134 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168–9, governance-object, 9–10, 45–6, 49, 170, 171–2, 173, 174–5, 177, 181, 88 182 polities, 98 Strauss, Julia C., 7 state and, 29, 193 structure: polities, 81, 82, 84, 85–7, 93, Sørensen, Georg, 1 95–100, 187–8, 192 Study Group on Europe’s Security Soros, George, 151, 160, 164, 169, Capabilities, 205 171, 174, 177, 180–1, 211n7(2) subjects of governance, see sovereign and governmental power governance-subjects linked, 48–9 subsidiarity, 120, 121 sovereignty, 46, 47, 48, 49–54, 96, 180 Sullivan, Sian, 111 state, 35–7, 42–3, 89, 181 superstructure: global state theory, 27, space, political, vii-viii, 9, 55, 69, 77, 28, 30 99, 107–8 ‘system’, political, 83–4, 85, 87, 192, Späth, Philippe, 90, 102 193 stability: polities, 97 Stalker, Peter, 32 Tarbell, Jim, 74 Starr, Martha A., 137 Tarrow, Sydney, 7 state, taxation without representation, 165, global, 26–31, 73, 105, 185, 191, 172, 181 192, 197, 209n2(2) taxes, global, 206 quasi-global: international technologies of governing, see institutions, 55 governing, technologies of state sovereignty, 35–7, 42–3, 89, 181 Tennberg, Monica, 209n2(1) states territoriality continuing pre-eminence, 19, 34, empire model, 76 201 global governmentality, 56, 57, 63 global-domestic discourse, 162, 170, global state theory, 30–1 175, 179, 180–3, 197, 199 polities and, 82, 96 global governance, 9, 73 terrorism, 22, 88, 96, 205, 211n6(1) global-liberal discourse, 141, 147–8, global-domestic discourse, 164–5, 149, 152, 155, 156, 157–9, 173, 175, 199, 211n7(2) 196–7 global-liberal discourse, 151, 155 global polity theories, 32, 35, 73, Thakur, Ramesh, 192 207 theory, nature of, 14–15, 65–9 Index 245
Theory of International Politics (Waltz), Wæver, Ole, 3, 11, 14, 65, 66, 67, 68, 65, 66, 67, 70 71, 91, 185, 200, 208nI(1) Therborn, Göran, 210n4(6) Walker, Rob B. J., 2, 11, 36–7, 42 Thibault, Jean-François, 102 Wallace, William, 22, 24 ‘Third Way,’ 32, 151, 155, 161, 177 Walters, William, 5, 43, 54, 57, 72 Thomas, George M., 7, 77, 83, 84 Waltz, Kenneth, viii, 1–2, 3, 8, 10, Thomas, Janet, 107, 108 11, 14, 15, 16, 34, 64, 65–6, 67, Thompson, Grahame, 7, 10, 32, 34, 68–9, 70–1, 72, 76, 81, 82, 37, 77 85, 87, 93, 99, 185, 187, Thompson, William R., 101, 210n4(5) 193, 194 Thrift, Nigel, 77 Wang, Hongying, 58, 201 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 192 Washington Consensus, 113, 117, trade 123, 161, 165, 168–9 liberalization of, 138–9, 144, 163, Watson, Adam, 10, 76 169 wealth-creation: global-liberal localization of, 120–1, 133 discourse, 146 poverty and, 114 Weber, Cynthia, 36 transformationism, 32, 33 Weiss, Thomas G., 72, 83–4, 192 Traub-Werner, Marion, 42 Weldes, Jutta, 41 welfare state, 44, 46, 50, 162, 171, UNCTAD, 113–14 172, 179, 197 United Nations, 55, 57, 102–3, Wendt, Alexander, 4–5, 11, 14, 15, 29, 204 41, 69, 71, 73, 93, 188, 209n2(2), United States 210n4(2) anti-globalist views on Western-global state, 26–7, 28–9, 30 characterised, 151 Westphalian Moment, 2, 9, 31, 34, 39, global economy analogy, 158 75, 89 unity: global-radical movement, Wight, Martin, 96 128–9 Wilkin, Peter, 136 Urry, John, 6 Wilson, Garret, 6 utopia Wivel, Anders, 76 global-domestic, 169–72, 197 Wolf, Martin, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143, global-liberal, 145–9, 158 144, 145, 149, 152–3, 153–4, 157, global-radical, 117–21, 125, 133 158 government and, 60, 94–5 Woodin, Michael, 111, 113–15, 116, 118, 119–21, 122–3, 131–2, 133, values, shared 134, 211n6(1) global state theory, 29–31 Wooldridge, Adrian, 136, 138, 140, world polity research, 83, 84 141, 147, 148, 150–1, 153 van Evera, Stephen, 12, 189 World Bank van Munster, Rens, 209n2(1) global-domestic discourse, 166, 168, Van Parijs, Philippe, 85 169 Vasquez, John A., 2, 209n1(9) global-liberal discourse, 144 violence: global state theory, global-radical discourse, 112, 114, 26, 27 115, 118–19, 123, 132 Viotti, Paul, 67 World Commission on the Social Volkan, Vamik D., 97 Dimension of Globalization, 163–4, 170, 173 Wade, Robert Hunter, 161 world culture, 25, 209n1(4) 246 Index
World Economic Forum, 202, 208nI(3) global-liberal discourse, 144 world government, 72 global-radical discourse, 112, 114, world order, global governance as, 115, 116, 118–19, 120, 123 56–7 see also Seattle, Battle of World Social Forum (WSF), 118–19, Wright, Thomas, 73–4, 75 123, 128, 130, 131 world society, 29, 72, 73, 79–80, 82, Young, Oran R., 23 98, 105, 192 Yuen, Eddie, 111 World Trade Organization (WTO), 12, 13, 22, 34, 53 Zanotti, Laura, 55 global-domestic discourse, 163, 169, Zapatistas, 126, 130, 131, 133, 151 173, 174 Zoellick, Robert, 211n6(1)