Assessment of the Fuel Cycle Impact of Liquefied Natural Gas As Used in International Shipping

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Assessment of the Fuel Cycle Impact of Liquefied Natural Gas As Used in International Shipping WHITE PAPER MAY 2013 ASSESSMENT OF THE FUEL CYCLE IMPACT OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS AS USED IN INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING Dana Lowell, MJ Bradley and Associates Haifeng Wang, Nic Lutsey, International Council on Clean Transportation www.theicct.org [email protected] BEIJING | BERLIN | BRUSSELS | SaN FRANCISCO | WASHINGTON ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The International Council on Clean Transportation receives generous funding from the ClimateWorks and Hewlett Foundations. The authors are grateful for the research contributions of Thomas Balon and Thomas Curry and for reviews by Fanta Kamakaté, Rachel Muncrief, and Nigel Clark. MARINE FUEL CYCLE TaBLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. ii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................4 Context ........................................................................................................................................................4 Report overview ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Analysis of LNG Pathways ................................................................................... 11 Overview of pathways ...........................................................................................................................11 Emissions throughout the fuel supply chain ................................................................................13 Management of boil-off gas ..............................................................................................................14 Major data sources and assumptions .............................................................................................17 Chapter 3: Findings .................................................................................................................22 Emissions from existing practices ...................................................................................................22 Emissions from best practices ..........................................................................................................26 Chapter 4: Implications and recommendations .................................................................29 References ................................................................................................................................32 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................35 Data documentation for LNG fuel pathways ..............................................................................36 Sensitivity analysis................................................................................................................................ 44 i ICCT WHITE PAPER LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Average price of liquefied natural gas and petroleum-based fuel oil types in the United States, 2010–12 ....................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2: Required NOX, SOx, PM, and CO2 emission reductions to meet new shipping vessel engine and fuel requirements in the 2015–25 time frame ............................. 9 Figure 3: Analyzed LNG marine vessel bunkering pathways .....................................................12 Figure 4: Illustration of LNG marine vessel bunkering pathways .............................................12 Figure 5: Fuel cycle GHG emissions for eight LNG marine vessel bunkering pathways ........ 24 Figure 6: Fuel cycle GHG emissions for eight LNG marine vessel bunkering pathways, compared with conventional distillate and residual fuels. .....................................26 Figure 7: Fuel cycle GHG emissions for eight LNG marine vessel bunkering pathways, with adoption of best practices to reduce methane leakage ..............................27 Figure 8: Fuel cycle natural gas emissions and GHG intensity for eight LNG marine bunkering pathways, existing and best practices. .........................................................................28 Figure A1. GHG intensity of fuel pathways for base case, sensitivity cases, and best practices case ........................................................................................................................... 46 LIST OF TaBLES Table 1: Examples of maritime industry LNG technology installations .................................... 8 Table 2: Processes for each LNG marine vessel bunkering pathway.......................................15 Table 3: Summary of well-to-water GHG emissions from eight liquefied natural gas marine fuel bunkering pathways under existing practices ..................................23 Table 4: Summary of well-to-water GHG emissions from eight liquefied natural gas marine fuel bunkering pathways under best practices .........................................27 Table A1. Process data for Pathway 1 ..................................................................................................36 Table A2. Process data for Pathway 2 ................................................................................................37 Table A3. Process data for Pathway 3 ................................................................................................38 Table A4. Process data for Pathway 4 ...............................................................................................39 Table A5. Process data for Pathway 5 ............................................................................................... 40 Table A6. Process data for Pathway 6 .................................................................................................41 Table A7. Process data for Pathway 7 ................................................................................................42 Table A8. Process data for Pathway 8 ................................................................................................43 Table A9. Summary of GHG intensity findings with varying assumptions on engine efficiency, exhaust emission, upstream gas leakage, and liquefaction efficiency .....................45 ii MARINE FUEL CYCLE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Natural gas is receiving considerable attention as a plausible alternative to conventional transport fuels. Natural gas offers the inherent advantage of releasing less carbon per unit of energy than petroleum-based fuels. The fuel’s recent supply boom, resulting from the development of new extraction techniques in the United States and elsewhere, has decoupled its price from that of petroleum and spurred major investments in the infrastructure for its production, storage, and distribution. As natural gas becomes more desirable for transportation, technology providers have eased its adoption by devising new engines and retrofits for cars, trucks, and ships. Although natural gas is being used more widely for road transport, it shows particular promise for the marine transport sector. From 2015 onward, the maritime sector faces pressure from more stringent engine and fuel quality standards that will demand major emission reductions to improve air quality and mitigate climate change impacts. The use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) instead of conventional residual and distillate fuels will substantially reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and par- ticulate matter (PM)—thus obviating the need to pay a price premium for new, low-sulfur marine fuels and to install after-treatment equipment to meet the upcoming standards. Nonetheless, considerable uncertainty remains about the net effects of LNG-fueled vessels on emissions. At issue are the upstream greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impacts of LNG, including the energy required to transport, handle, and process the fuel as well as the leakage of natural gas into the atmosphere. As a result, this report seeks to analyze to what extent the associated upstream carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions from producing LNG offset its potential climate benefit. The research in the following chapters presents a novel analysis of eight discrete pathways that are expected to play a role in the supply of LNG as a bunker fuel to the maritime sector. The analysis incorporates new data from a variety of sources and offers a rigorous and transparent accounting of where and how energy requirements, CO2 emissions, CH4 exhaust, and leakage emissions contribute to LNG’s overall impact. These “well-to-propeller” pathways are diverse, so as to cover the range of fuel cycle paths by which natural gas can be distributed and processed before powering marine vessels. The pathways include a range of imported LNG and domestically produced natural gas, dif- ferences in LNG liquefaction facilities, and varying LNG distribution and storage routes. Figure ES-1 illustrates findings from the analysis of the different LNG pathways. The pathway results are compared to various conventional distillate and residual fuels in terms of their GHG emission intensity measured in grams of CO2-equivalent per megajoule
Recommended publications
  • Sulfur Recovery
    Sulfur Recovery Chapter 16 Based on presentation by Prof. Art Kidnay Plant Block Schematic Adapted from Figure 7.1, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed. Kidnay, Parrish, & McCartney Updated: January 4, 2019 2 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) Topics Introduction Properties of sulfur Sulfur recovery processes ▪ Claus Process ▪ Claus Tail Gas Cleanup Sulfur storage Safety and environmental considerations Updated: January 4, 2019 3 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) Introduction & Properties of Sulfur Updated: January 4, 2019 Copyright © 2017 John Jechura ([email protected]) Sulfur Crystals http://www.irocks.com/minerals/specimen/34046 http://www.mccullagh.org/image/10d-5/sulfur.html Updated: January 4, 2019 5 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) Molten Sulfur http://www.kamgroupltd.com/En/Post/7/Basic-info-on-elemental-Sulfur(HSE) Updated: January 4, 2019 6 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) World Consumption of Sulfur Primary usage of sulfur to make sulfuric acid (90 – 95%) ▪ Other major uses are rubber processing, cosmetics, & pharmaceutical applications China primary market Ref: https://ihsmarkit.com/products/sulfur-chemical-economics-handbook.html Report published December 2017 Updated: January 4, 2019 7 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) Sulfur Usage & Prices Natural gas & petroleum production accounts for the majority of sulfur production Primary consumption is agriculture & industry ▪ 65% for farm fertilizer: sulfur → sulfuric acid → phosphoric acid → fertilizer $50 per ton essentially disposal cost ▪ Chinese demand caused run- up in 2007-2008 Ref: http://ictulsa.com/energy/ “Cleaning up their act”, Gordon Cope, Updated December 24, 2018 Hydrocarbon Engineering, pp 24-27, March 2011 Updated: January 4, 2019 8 Copyright © 2019 John Jechura ([email protected]) U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrocarbon Processing®
    HYDROCARBON PROCESSING® 2012 Gas Processes Handbook HOME PROCESSES INDEX COMPANY INDEX Sponsors: SRTTA HYDROCARBON PROCESSING® 2012 Gas Processes Handbook HOME PROCESSES INDEX COMPANY INDEX Sponsors: Hydrocarbon Processing’s Gas Processes 2012 handbook showcases recent advances in licensed technologies for gas processing, particularly in the area of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The LNG industry is poised to expand worldwide as new natural gas discoveries and production technologies compliment increasing demand for gas as a low-emissions fuel. With the discovery of new reserves come new challenges, such as how to treat gas produced from shale rock—a topic of particular interest for the growing shale gas industry in the US. The Gas Processes 2012 handbook addresses this technology topic and updates many others. The handbook includes new technologies for shale gas treating, synthesis gas production and treating, LNG and NGL production, hydrogen generation, and others. Additional technology topics covered include drying, gas treating, liquid treating, effluent cleanup and sulfur removal. To maintain as complete a listing as possible, the Gas Processes 2012 handbook is available on CD-ROM and at our website for paid subscribers. Additional copies may be ordered from our website. Photo: Lurgi’s synthesis gas complex in Malaysia. Photo courtesy of Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions. Please read the TERMS AND CONDITIONS carefully before using this interactive CD-ROM. Using the CD-ROM or the enclosed files indicates your acceptance of the terms and conditions. www.HydrocarbonProcessing.com HYDROCARBON PROCESSING® 2012 Gas Processes Handbook HOME PROCESSES INDEX COMPANY INDEX Sponsors: Terms and Conditions Gulf Publishing Company provides this program and licenses its use throughout the Some states do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties, so the above exclu- world.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery Process Economics Program Report 216A
    ` IHS CHEMICAL Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery Process Economics Program Report 216A December 2016 ihs.com PEP Report 216A Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery Anshuman Agrawal Principal Analyst, Technologies Analysis Downloaded 3 January 2017 10:20 AM UTC by Anandpadman Vijayakumar, IHS ([email protected]) IHS Chemical | PEP Report 216A Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery PEP Report 216A Natural Gas Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery Anshuman Agrawal, Principal Analyst Abstract Natural gas is generally defined as a naturally occurring mixture of gases containing both hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases. The hydrocarbon components are methane and a small amount of higher hydrocarbons. The nonhydrocarbon components are mainly the acid gases hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) along with other sulfur species such as mercaptans (RSH), organic sulfides (RSR), and carbonyl sulfide (COS). Nitrogen (N2) and helium (He) can also be found in some natural gas fields. Natural gas must be purified before it is liquefied, sold, or transported to commercial gas pipelines due to toxicity and corrosion-forming components. H2S is highly toxic in nature. The acid gases H2S and CO2 both form weak corrosive acids in the presence of small amounts of water that can lead to first corrosion and later rupture and fire in pipelines. CO2 is usually a burden during transportation of natural gas over long distances. CO2 removal from natural gas increases the heating value of the natural gas as well as reduces its greenhouse gas content. Separation of methane from other major components contributes to significant savings in the transport of raw materials over long distances, as well as savings from technical difficulties such as corrosion and potential pipeline rupture.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquefied Natural Gas: Description, Risks, Hazards, Safeguards
    Liquefied Natural Gas: Description, Risks, Hazards, Safeguards Instructor: Dr. Simon Waldram Done by: Maryam Manojahri Maha Kafood Mohd Kamal CHEN455- Process Safety Engineering Nov. 17, 2009 Table of Contents Executive Summary..……………………………………………………………………………..……..i List of Tables.……………………………………………………………………….……………..….…ii List of Figures.……………………………………………………………………….………………..…ii Introduction.……………………………………………………………………………..……………….1 Value Chain…………………………………………………………………………………..………..….1 Liquefied Natural Gas Process Description and Risks Associated 1.1: Inlet Receiving and Condensate Stabilization………………………………………….….…3 1.2:Acid Gas Removal and Sulfur Recovery……………..………………………….…………….3 1.3:Dehydration and Mercaptan Remov.…………………………………………………….…….3 1.4:Mercury Removal…..…………………………………………………………………….……4 1.5:Gas Chilling and Liquefaction…..………………………………………….………………….4 1.6:Refrigeration ………………………..……………………………………………..…………..5 1.7:Fractionation and Nitrogen Rejection……………………...……………………………...…...5 1.8:Helium Extraction……..……………………………………………..…………..….…………6 1.9:Process Risks, Hazards and Safeguard………………………….…………...………………...6 Safety and Risk Assessments in LNG Main Parts 2.1: Safety in Locating LNG Plants….…………………………………………….………………8 2.1-1:Phast Simulation……………...……………………………………………………..9 2.2:Safety in Process Operation …………………………………………………………11 2.2-1:Risk Assessment in LNG Process Operation…...………………………….11 2.2-1-1:Training ………...……………………………………………….11 H2S Gas in LNG………………………………………………….12 2.2-1-2:Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)……………...…....………13 2.2-1-3:Emergency
    [Show full text]
  • Liquefied Natural Gas/ Compressed Natural Gas Opportunities
    Liquefied Natural Gas/ Compressed Natural Gas Opportunities Fixed Gas and Flame Detection Applications While there are many solutions that can help meet our energy needs into the future, natural gas and its benefits are available now. The significant increase in the supply of natural gas, brought about by technical advancements in producing gas from shale deposits, has revolutionized the gas industry; opening up new sources of gas production in North America. Such increased production has escalated U.S. competitiveness, promoted job growth and bolstered the economy with lower, more stable natural gas prices.¹ ¹http://www.powerincooperation.com Because every life has a purpose... LNG/CNG Opportunites Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been converted Total U.S. natural gas production, consumption, to liquid form for ease of storage or transport, and its use allows for and net imports, 1990-2035 the production and marketing of natural gas deposits that were (trillion cubicfeet) History 2010 Projections previously economically unrecoverable. This technology is used for 30 natural gas supply operations and domestic storage, and in Net exports, 2035 5% consumption such as for vehicle fuel. 25 Compressed natural gas (CNG) is natural gas under pressure Consumption which remains clear, odorless, and non-corrosive. CNG is a fossil 11% Net imports, 2010 fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane/LPG and is a 20 Henry Hub spot market more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is natural gas prices (2010 dollars per million Btu) much safer in the event of a spill. Domestic production 10 Interest in LNG and CNG has been rekindled and is expected to play 15 5 an important role in the natural gas industry and energy markets 0 over the next several years.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying the Potential of Renewable Natural Gas to Support a Reformed Energy Landscape: Estimates for New York State
    energies Review Quantifying the Potential of Renewable Natural Gas to Support a Reformed Energy Landscape: Estimates for New York State Stephanie Taboada 1,2, Lori Clark 2,3, Jake Lindberg 1,2, David J. Tonjes 2,3,4 and Devinder Mahajan 1,2,* 1 Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; [email protected] (S.T.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 Institute of Gas Innovation and Technology, Advanced Energy Research and Technology, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (D.J.T.) 3 Department of Technology and Society, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA 4 Waste Data and Analysis Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Public attention to climate change challenges our locked-in fossil fuel-dependent energy sector. Natural gas is replacing other fossil fuels in our energy mix. One way to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of fossil natural gas is to replace it with renewable natural gas (RNG). The benefits of utilizing RNG are that it has no climate change impact when combusted and utilized in the same applications as fossil natural gas. RNG can be injected into the gas grid, used as a transportation fuel, or used for heating and electricity generation. Less common applications include utilizing RNG to produce chemicals, such as methanol, dimethyl ether, and ammonia. The GHG impact should be quantified before committing to RNG. This study quantifies the potential production of biogas (i.e., Citation: Taboada, S.; Clark, L.; the precursor to RNG) and RNG from agricultural and waste sources in New York State (NYS).
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas Liquids
    Brookings energy security initiative natural gas task Force natural gas BrieFing Document #1: Natural Gas Liquids march 2013 charles k. ebinger govinda avasarala Brookings natural g as task Force Issue Brief 1: Natural Gas Liquids 1 PREFACE n may 2011, the Brookings institution energy security initiative (ESI) assembled a task Force of independent natural-gas experts, whose expertise and insights provided inform its research on various issues regarding Ithe u.s. natural gas sector. in may 2012, Brookings released its first report, analyzing the case and prospects for exports of liquefied natural gas (lng) from the united states. the task Force now continues to meet pe- riodically to discuss important issues facing the sector. With input from the task Force, Brookings will release periodic issue briefs for policymakers. the conclusions and recommendations of this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the members of the task force. members of the Brookings institution natural gas task Force JOHN BANKS, Brookings institution KELLY BENNETT, Bentek energy, LLC JASON BORDOFF, columbia university KEVIN BOOK, clearview energy Partners, LLC TOM CHOI, Deloitte CHARLES EBINGER, Brookings institution, task Force co-chair DAVID GOLDWYN, goldwyn global strategies, LLC, task Force co-chair SHAIA HOSSEINZADEH, Wl ross JAMES JENSEN, Jensen associates ROBERT JOHNSTON, eurasia group MELANIE KENDERDINE, massachusetts institute of technology energy initiative VELLO KUUSKRAA, advanced resources international MICHAEL LEVI, council on Foreign relations ROBERT MCNALLY, the rapidan group KENNETH MEDLOCK, rice university’s James a. Baker iii institute for Public Policy LOU PUGLIARESI, energy Policy research Foundation, inc. BENJAMIN SCHLESINGER, Benjamin schlesinger & associates, LLC JAMIE WEBSTER, PFc energy non-participating observers to task Force meetings included officials from the energy information adminis- tration and the congressional research service.
    [Show full text]
  • STANDARD-PLUS™ Brochure(PDF 2.0
    STANDARD-PLUS™ A new standard for standard NGL plants. 02 Introduction. Dating back to the early 1970’s, Linde Engineering North America The realized cost and time savings when constructing a complete standard Inc. (LENA) has been designing and producing modular units for gas NGL recovery plant can be as much as 4-6 months when compared to processing plants worldwide. only using the core standard cryogenic equipment and custom designing all other components, e.g. balance of plant equipment and utilities. This With the evolving shale gas market, the demand to build gas processing can mean a difference of more than 50 million USD in revenue during the plants faster, without affecting quality and high performance, continues to first year for the plant operator. The STANDARD-PLUS™ product line was develop. Many engineering companies have developed their own standard developed to meet demand without compromising quality, safety, and designs for core cryogenic equipment. However, few have attempted to reliability. develop a completely pre-engineered modularized standard Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) recovery plant that covers the wide range of gas processing conditions required for shale gas. Linde Engineering North America Inc. – Natural gas has been a vital part of our business since 1969. Plant modules are workshop prefabricated to maximum extent 120 & 200 MMSCFD Cryogenic Natural Gas Plant 20 MMSCFD Cryogenic 120 MMSCFD Cryogenic 100 MMSCFD CRYO-PLUSTM 200 MMSCFD CRYO-PLUS™ Natural Gas Plant Natural Gas Plant Natural Gas Plant Natural Gas Plant 350 MMSCFD Cryogenic Plant is essentially fully modular Natural Gas Plant 1974 1988 2000 2011 2013 03 Our approach - a standardized concept.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Gasification
    STRATEGIC ANALYSIS The Future of Gasification By DeLome Fair coal gasification projects in the U.S. then slowed significantly, President and Chief Executive Officer, with the exception of a few that were far enough along in Synthesis Energy Systems, Inc. development to avoid being cancelled. However, during this time period and on into the early 2010s, China continued to build a large number of coal-to-chemicals projects, beginning first with ammonia, and then moving on to methanol, olefins, asification technology has experienced periods of both and a variety of other products. China’s use of coal gasification high and low growth, driven by energy and chemical technology today is by far the largest of any country. China markets and geopolitical forces, since introduced into G rapidly grew its use of coal gasification technology to feed its commercial-scale operation several decades ago. The first industrialization-driven demand for chemicals. However, as large-scale commercial application of coal gasification was China’s GDP growth has slowed, the world’s largest and most in South Africa in 1955 for the production of coal-to-liquids. consistent market for coal gasification technology has begun During the 1970s development of coal gasification was pro- to slow new builds. pelled in the U.S. by the energy crisis, which created a political climate for the country to be less reliant on foreign oil by converting domestic coal into alternative energy options. Further growth of commercial-scale coal gasification began in “Market forces in high-growth the early 1980s in the U.S., Europe, Japan, and China in the coal-to-chemicals market.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Petroleum Refining
    ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES PETROLEUM REFINING November 17, 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR PETROLEUM REFINING INTRODUCTION 1. The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP).1 When one or more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. These industry sector EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the General EHS Guidelines document, which provides guidance to users on common EHS issues potentially applicable to all industry sectors. For complex projects, use of multiple industry sector guidelines may be necessary. A complete list of industry sector guidelines can be found at: www.ifc.org/ehsguidelines. 2. The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable for achieving them. 3. The applicability of the EHS Guidelines should be tailored to the hazards and risks established for each project on the basis of the results of an environmental assessment in which site-specific variables— such as host country context, assimilative capacity of the environment, and other project factors—are taken into account. The applicability of specific technical recommendations should be based on the professional opinion of qualified and experienced persons. 4. When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent.
    [Show full text]
  • Methane Emissions from Natural Gas and LNG Imports: an Increasingly Urgent Issue for the Future of Gas in Europe
    November 2020 Methane Emissions from Natural Gas and LNG Imports: an increasingly urgent issue for the future of gas in Europe OIES PAPER: NG 165 Jonathan Stern, Distinguished Research Fellow, OIES The contents of this paper are the author’s sole responsibility. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies or any of its members. Copyright © 2020 Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (Registered Charity, No. 286084) This publication may be reproduced in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. ISBN 978-1-78467-170-9 i Acknowledgements Colleagues at the OIES have been kind enough to read through the text and make helpful suggestions including: Alex Barnes, Mike Fulwood, James Henderson, Anouk Honoré, Martin Lambert, David Ledesma, Simon Pirani and Katja Yafimava. Special thanks are due to Marshall Hall who spent a great deal of his time discussing the subject with me, alerting me to many sources that I otherwise might have missed, filling in gaps in the text, and helping greatly by calculating methane intensity values. Outside the OIES I am grateful to: Tomas Bredariol, Christian Lelong, Christophe McGlade, Antoine Rostand and Peter Zeniewski for providing me with helpful comments and sources for many aspects of this extremely difficult subject. Thanks for John Elkins for his editorial suggestions and Kate Teasdale who did everything else with her customary efficiency I am solely responsible for all and any errors and omissions which remain, and all opinions and interpretations.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Steam Economic H2S Abatement and Sulfur Recovery
    Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005 Geothermal Steam Economic H2S Abatement and Sulphur Recovery Wayne D. Monnery Xergy Processing Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada [email protected] Keywords: H2S abatement the H2S quantity is above about 100 – 200 kg/d due to the high operating cost associated with replacement and ABSTRACT disposal of the non-regenerable chemical. A serious problem that occurs in geothermal steam power projects is the emission of hydrogen sulfide. This problem 1.2 New H2S Abatement Technology is not easily rectifiable and as a result, the geothermal steam industry has a need for H2S abatement technology that is In the geothermal industry, most of the same technology as suitable and economic for use in geothermal steam the petroleum industry has been considered as well as facilities. Current technology has proven to have high limestone-gypsum technology. Unfortunately, existing capital and/or operating costs and some processes are technology has shown to have relatively high capital and difficult to operate. operating costs and often produces byproducts (waste streams) and poor quality products that are difficult and In answer to the requirement for new technology and for expensive to dispose of (Nagl, 2003; Takahashi and companies to be environmentally responsible, Xergy Kuragaki, 2000). Processing Inc. has developed a gas phase direct oxidation process for treating H2S in the range of 0.1 to 20 t/d which As a result, there is a need for a technology with lower has several applications. The process is ideally suited for capital and operating costs that produces a saleable quality H2S abatement in geothermal power processes.
    [Show full text]