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Maquetación 1 © Sociedad Española de Malacología Iberus, 15 (2): 35-50, 1997 Fragmented knowledge on West-European and Iberian Caudofoveata and Solenogastres Conocimiento fragmentado de los Solenogastros y Caudofoveados de Europa occidental y Península Ibérica Luitfried von SALVINI-PLAWEN* Recibido el 8-I-1996. Aceptado el 4-X-1996 ABSTRACT A basic problem in our knowledge of the aplacophoran molluscs, viz. the Caudofoveata and the Solenogastres, is the poor availability of faunistic samplings. This lacunarity even concerns the European waters; in the present contribution, particular attention is paid to the gap in the records along the French and Iberian shelf regions. This is underlined by presenting an updated geographic distribution of eight caudofoveate and thirteen soleno- gastre species. Benthos investigators are called upon to focus more intensively on sam- pling the smaller marine fauna from mobile bottoms of the West-European shelf regions. RESUMEN Un problema esencial para el conocimiento de los Caudofoveados y Solenogastros (moluscos aplacóforos) es la insignificante disponibilidad de material recogido en diferen- tes muestreos faunísticos. Esta carencia todavía afecta al Atlántico europeo y particular- mente concierne a la falta de muestras en la plataforma continental de Francia y de la Península Ibérica. Esta situación se pone en evidencia con la recopilación actualizada de la distribución geográfica de ocho especies de Caudofoveados y trece de Solenogastros. Se hace una invitación especial a los investigadores del bentos para que intensifiquen su atención por la pequeña fauna marina de sustratos blandos en la plataforma occidental europea. KEY WORDS: Caudofoveata, Solenogastres, Aplacophora, new records, distribution, Europe. PALABRAS CLAVE: Caudofoveados, Solenogastros, Aplacophora, nuevas citas, distribución, Europa. INTRODUCTION This contribution is restricted to a Members of the Caudofoveata and very simple, but momentous problem: the Solenogastres live predominantly in the dearth of faunistic information with marine offshore habitats below 50 meters all its consequences in both classes of depth and are in general not really rare aplacophorous molluscs, the Caudofo- members of benthic biotopes (see SAL- veata (formerly Chaetodermomorpha) VINI-PLAWEN 1990). The Caudofoveata and the Solenogastres (formerly Neome- (average size 2-15 mm) are micro-omni- niomorpha). vores burrowing within muddy sedi- * Institut für Zoologie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Wien IX, Austria. 35 Iberus, 15 (2), 1997 ments, whereas the Cnidaria-vorous So- nogastre fauna in Northeast-Atlantic (Eu- lenogastres (average size 2-20 mm) are ropean) waters, there is a distinct gradient bound to clay, secondary hard bottoms or between the Scandinavian-British records cnidarian colonies. Our scarce know- (cf. SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1975; SEAWARD, 1982, ledge about species diversity, biology 1991) and the West-European reports. Ex- and zoogeography of the representatives cept for a recent collection from four sites of both groups is in part due to the intri- off the coast of Galicia (in connection with cate, high-effort and expensive sampling the project “Fauna Ibérica”; in prepara- methods for benthic meiofauna (ships, tion), other knowledge of aplacophoran cable winches, benthic sledge-dredges). representatives from French and Iberian Due to these technical and financial diffi- shelf regions is restricted to a few random culties, investigation of marine meio- findings. On the other hand, investiga- fauna is generally restricted to the “home tions and records of both Caudofoveata turf” of marine biological stations or fis- and Solenogastres are again available from hery institutes as typified by Ply- the Mediterranean Sea. For Europe as a mouth/UK or Naples/Italy. For more whole, this results in an almost “bipolar” than a century, this has resulted in an un- pattern of intraspecific distribution. Cle- balanced biogeographic and systematic arly, in contrast to the regular sampling in knowledge of small fauna, even in Euro- Scandinavian, British and Mediterranean pean waters, restricting the informative seas (cf. SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1972, 1975, data predominantly to animals of the 1977a, b, 1988; SEAWARD, 1991), no pur- North and Mediterranean Seas. Surpri- poseful offshore samplings have been con- singly, there are only poor records from ducted on the Iberian and French shelf in the shelf region off France and the Iberian the past to obtain at least an overview of peninsula (delimited in Figure 1 by the West-Europe’s small benthic fauna inclu- 200 m isobath). ding Caudofoveata and Solenogastres (the Therefore, a special invitation is ad- French BIOGAS and POLYGAS samplings dressed to all Spanish, Portuguese, and lie beyond the European shelf region). French colleagues who perform benthic The overall knowledge on Caudofo- offshore investigations to include in their veata and Solenogastres has significantly projects the sampling of meiofauna from increased during the last decades, but is mobile bottoms. It is only with the help still very poor when compared with ot- of such cooperative collecting work that her Mollusca (for an organisational and examination, determination and research structural overview see SALVINI-PLAWEN, on small benthic animals such as Caudo- 1985b, and SCHELTEMA, TSCHERKASSKY foveata and Soleno-gastres can be satis- AND KUZIRIAN, 1994, respectively; their factorily carried out. This cooperation is phylogenetic status is analysed in SAL- vital to adequately enlarge our know- VINI-PLAWEN AND STEINER, 1996). The ledge about the organization, biology poor, random information on their occu- and biogeography of these primitive mo- rrence in West-European waters also ne- lluscan groups that still bear calcareous gatively affects our knowledge on the full bodies instead of a shell. Furthermore, range of organisation (systematics, com- this knowledge is essential to also under - parative anatomy) as well as on biologi- stand Mollusca in general. cal conditions and circumstances. Finally, it must be underlined once The above-mentioned “bipolarity” in more that the determination of members intraspecific distribution, with the inter- of both classes requires detailed examina- vening West-European gap, becomes ob- tions (see SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1975 versus vious when considering all aplacophoran ODHNER, 1921, for Caudofoveata; serial representatives known from both nort- sections for most Solenogastres). hern and southern waters; these are do- The nature of the problem becomes cumented below. Other species with an more evident when one examines the con- up to now purely Mediterranean or crete documentation. With respect to the North-European distribution have a po- presently-known caudofoveate and sole- tential West-European occurrence (Lusi- 36 SALVINI-PLAWEN: West-European and Iberian Caudeofoveata and Solenogastres ° 50 English Channel 3000 200 ATLANTIC OCEAN Bay of Biscay ° 40 Str. of Gibraltar MEDITERRANEAN SEA ° ° 10 0 Figure 1. Section of the West-European Atlantic demonstrating the off-shore shelf region down to the 200 m isobath (followed by the continental decline to 3000 m depth). Figura 1. Sección del Atlántico europeo mostrando la zona de la plataforma continental, hasta la isóba- ta de 200 m (seguida de la zona del talud continental hasta los 3000 m de profundidad). tanic region and/or Bay of Biscay); exam- quamatum as well as the solenogastres Bi- ples given below are the caudofoveates serramenia psammobionta and Anamenia Psilodens tenuis and Chaetoderma strigis- gorgonophila. CAUDOFOVEATA The Caudofoveata burrow within (midventral fusion of the lateral mantle mobile bottoms and have adapted a ver- rims). Generally, sampling in muddy bio- miform body with reduced pedal sole topes (sledge-dredges, grabs) success- 37 Iberus, 15 (2), 1997 fully yields specimens. This group (for- the basin of the Bay of Biscay (2° 10’ - 9° merly Chatodermomorpha) was separa- W) at depths of 1175-2006 m (P. yongei), ted from the Solenogastres and elevated 1913-2430 m (P. clenchi) and 2124-4760 m to class rank due to the paraphyletic sta- (P. turnerae) (see SCHELTEMA, 1985; for ta- tus of its aplacophorous organisation (see xonomy cf. SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1992). SALVINI-PLAWEN AND STEINER, 1996). It Besides Falcidens aequabilis, other spe- includes 98 named species classified into cies of Falcidens (Chaetodermatidae) are three families (Limifossoridae, Prochae- likewise of biogeographical interest: at le- todermatidae, Chaetodermatidae). Se- ast among the known species which are venteen European representatives have provided with a slender, tail-like poste- been described so far, six of which occur rior body, each appears to inhabit a well- in the Mediterranean including three en- defined, non-overlapping geographic re- demic species (cf. SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1990). gion. Thus, F. gutturosus (Kowalevsky, All species of the West-European 1901) is Mediterranean (endemic), while shelf region along with the Iberian waters F. crossotus Salvini-Plawen has a Scandi- of the Mediterranean will be documen- navian-British distribution. A third “tai- ted. Thus, among the Prochaetodermati- led” species, Falcidens vasconiensis Sal- dae, the deep-sea species Prochaetoderma vini-Plawen, comes from the Gulf of Gas- yongei Scheltema, P. clenchi (Scheltema), cogne (SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1996), and and P. (Chevroderma) turnerae (Scheltema) future (not yet recorded) Lusitanic repre- from the BIOGAS-cruises are not consi- sentatives may well belong to yet another dered. These three species
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