Mirmecofauna De Afloramentos Ferríferos: Diversidade E Associação Com a Vegetação

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Mirmecofauna De Afloramentos Ferríferos: Diversidade E Associação Com a Vegetação Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre Mirmecofauna de afloramentos ferríferos: diversidade e associação com a vegetação Flávia Elizabeth de Castro Viana Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia. Orientadora: Professora Dra. Claudia Maria Jacobi Belo Horizonte, março de 2009 MIRMECOFAUNA DE AFLORAMENTOS FERRÍFEROS: DIVERSIDADE E ASSOCIAÇÃO COM A VEGETAÇÃO AGRADECIMENTOS Quero agradecer a todas as pessoas que, consciente ou inconscientemente, ajudaram para que este trabalho pudesse ser realizado e concluído. À Claudia Jacobi, que desde o início aceitou minha proposta de trabalhar com formigas e sempre me ajudou muito. Apesar da fama de brava, é uma ‘mãezona’ e um exemplo de profissional! À banca, que aceitou contribuir com sugestões e críticas ao meu projeto. Ao curso, principalmente à Joyce sempre disposta a resolver nossos problemas. Ao Félix, meu “co-orientador”, por toda ajuda, esclarecimentos e amizade! À Theia, pelo desenho do perfil e pela amizade e companheirismo. Aos colegas do mestrado pela convivência nas aulas, nos corredores, no curso de campo... “Nobody knows”! Nos vemos pelo mundo! Aos amigos do Lab. de Ecologia e Comportamento de Insetos, principalmente Lourdinha, pela disposição em sempre ajudar e Jonathan, pelos brownies. Ao professor José Henrique Schoereder, Lucas Paolucci e Tatianne Marques que me receberam muito bem na UFV e me ajudaram com a identificação das formigas. Ao Rodrigo Feitosa, do Museu de Zoologia da USP, por identificar as formigas não identificadas em Viçosa. Ao Jean Carlos por me enviar algumas referências. Ao Flávio Fonseca pela identificação das plantas. Ao Thiago, Dênis e Rosy, do laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, pela ajuda com a lupa que permitiu a fotografia das formigas. À Nany, pela ajuda com algumas dúvidas botânicas. Ao Lucas por transportar as formigas ao Museu da USP. Aos amigos André, Laura, Carlinhos e Sacola, que facilitaram minha estadia em Viçosa. Aos meus muitos ajudantes de campo: Alessandra, Alaion, Akemi, Lucas, Felipe, Thaís, Fernanda, Théia, Dé, Maria Clara e Marcel. E, principalmente ao meu irmão Rafael, por ter sido motorista, iscador, esticador de trena e ter tomado chuva, mesmo sendo advogado! Sem vocês esse trabalho seria quase impossível! Ao Wendell, pela presença e apoio constantes, disposição em me ajudar com o campo, figuras, tabelas, formatação e pelas aulas de geologia do Quadrilátero Ferrífero. À minha família, que apesar de não compreender muito o que eu faço com as formigas, entendeu a importância desse trabalho em minha vida e sempre me apoiou. E, finalmente, a você que teve curiosidade de ler sobre meu trabalho. Muito obrigada!! 2 Flávia Elizabeth de Castro Viana MIRMECOFAUNA DE AFLORAMENTOS FERRÍFEROS: DIVERSIDADE E ASSOCIAÇÃO COM A VEGETAÇÃO ÍNDICE RESUMO ......................................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUÇÃO .............................................................................................................. 6 OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................................. 10 Objetivo geral.............................................................................................................. 10 Objetivos específicos................................................................................................... 10 METODOLOGIA ......................................................................................................... 10 Área de estudo............................................................................................................. 10 Coleta e Análise dos dados.......................................................................................... 13 RESULTADOS ............................................................................................................. 18 DISCUSSÃO ................................................................................................................. 35 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ....................................................................................... 45 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ....................................................................... 46 3 Flávia Elizabeth de Castro Viana MIRMECOFAUNA DE AFLORAMENTOS FERRÍFEROS: DIVERSIDADE E ASSOCIAÇÃO COM A VEGETAÇÃO RESUMO O Quadrilátero Ferrífero, no Sul de Minas Gerais, apresenta afloramentos de minério de ferro, que historicamente sofrem grande pressão antrópica. Estes afloramentos, conhecidos como canga, apresentam condições ambientais bastante estressantes, pois há pouco acúmulo de água ou matéria orgânica e alta incidência solar. As funções desenvolvidas pelas formigas em ambientes com condições edafo-climáticas severas, como as cangas, são pouco conhecidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a comunidade de Formicidae em dois afloramentos ferríferos no Parque Estadual da Serra do Rola Moça –Mirante (antropizado) e Sede (preservado)- em seus aspectos ecológicos associados com a complexidade da vegetação. Foram realizadas coletas com iscas de sardinha e mel e coletas manuais de formigas e plantas associadas nos dois afloramentos, em períodos de chuva e seca. Ao todo foram encontradas 22 espécies de formigas pertencentes às mesmas subfamílias dominantes encontradas no Cerrado. Quinze espécies foram encontradas no Mirante enquanto 18 apareceram na canga da Sede, que apresentou maior heterogeneidade ambiental. A sazonalidade foi percebida com a redução na riqueza e composição de espécies diferente na estação seca. Do total de espécies, oito apareceram somente nas coletas manuais, indicando que utilizam principalmente a vegetação como local de forrageamento. Doze espécies foram encontradas forrageando em plantas pertencentes a 11 famílias. A associação predominante foi com plantas com néctar floral ou extrafloral. Ninhos foram localizados em galhos secos e sob pedras, mas há a possibilidade de ninhos subterrâneos existirem nas cavidades presentes na canga. Por meio das iscas foram coletadas 14 espécies de formigas, com algumas espécies sendo exclusivas do tipo de isca, da área amostrada ou da estação do ano. As iscas foram mais visitadas durante a estação chuvosa e as de sardinha foram preferidas. A disponibilidade de substratos de nidificação e de alimentação parece ser o principal fator que influencia a riqueza e diversidade de espécies nos campos rupestres sobre canga amostrados. Com os resultados obtidos e as perspectivas de estudos futuros, espera-se ampliar o leque de ações de manejo e de preservação dos afloramentos ferruginosos do Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Palavras chave: Formicidae, canga, campos rupestres, Parque Estadual da Serra do Rola Moça, iscas. 4 Flávia Elizabeth de Castro Viana MIRMECOFAUNA DE AFLORAMENTOS FERRÍFEROS: DIVERSIDADE E ASSOCIAÇÃO COM A VEGETAÇÃO ABSTRACT The Iron Quadrangle, South of Minas Gerais state, harbors ironstone outcrops that have historically experienced great anthropic pressure. These outcrops, known as cangas, are known for their stressful environmental conditions for most organisms, due to poor organic matter and water retention, and high insolation. The ways in which ants behave in environments under severe edapho-climatic conditions, such as cangas , are poorly known. The objective of this work was to study the community of Formicidae in two ironstone outcrops located in Rola Moça State Park –Mirante (anthropized) and Sede (preserved)- in their ecological aspects associated with the complexity of the vegetation. In both sites, both in the dry and wet seasons, ants were collected manually, together with the plant specimen they were on, and with honey and sardine baits. Twenty-two ant species belonging to the same subfamilies dominant in the Cerrado were found. Fifteen species were found in the Mirante outcrop, and 18 in the Sede outcrop, which presented higher environmental heterogeneity. Species richness was lower in the dry season and species composition also differed from the wet season. Of all species, eight appeared only in the manual sampling, indicating they forage mainly within the vegetation. Twelve species were collected foraging on plants belonging to 11 families. The dominant association was with plants bearing floral or extra-floral nectar. Nests were found inside hollow branches and under rocks, but there probably are underground nests in the cavities below the ironstone surface. The baits collected 14 ant species, with some exclusive of bait type, site or season. Baits were more visited during the wet season and sardine baits were preferred. Nest substrate and food availability seem to be the main factors affecting species richness and diversity in the outcrops studied. With the results obtained and prospective studies, it is hoped that the range of management and preservation actions of ironstone outcrops in the Iron Quadrangle will increased. Keywords: Formicidae, canga , rupestrian fields, Rola Moça State Park, baits. 5 Flávia Elizabeth de Castro Viana MIRMECOFAUNA DE AFLORAMENTOS FERRÍFEROS: DIVERSIDADE E ASSOCIAÇÃO COM A VEGETAÇÃO INTRODUÇÃO Formigas são insetos sociais da família Formicidae (Hymenoptera) que ocorrem
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