Imaliya Gold Block

REPORT ON GENERAL EXPLORATION FOR GOLD, SILVER & BASEMETAL IN IMALIYA BLOCK, SLEEMANABAD AREA, KATNI DISTRICT, MADHYA PRADESH Item Code No. 055/ME/CR/MP/2016/045 (F.S. 2016-17) By Amit Kumar, Sr. Geologist Manish Kumar Gupta, Sr. Geologist

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SUMMARY Sleemanabad area of Katni district was earlier explored for basemetals during 1969–71 by Geological survey of India (Chande & Bhoskar, 1972) where meager reserves of copper, lead and zinc were estimated for a strike length of about 240m. Gold ranging from 0.3gpt to 0.5gpt and silver from 4gpt to 254gpt were also reported by them along with the base metals. Consequent upon the report of large scale gold panning activity in Selarpur area and the samples collected during the course of transect mapping in field season 1994-95, an item of preliminary investigation for gold was taken up in the Selarpur, Imaliya and Barkhera areas of Katni district during field season 1995-96 under item No. 012/MIP/CR/MP/1995/004. During this period, systematic bed rock and soil samples were collected from the NNW-SSE trending gossanised zones occurring to the south and south east of Imaliya. Encouraging values for gold (varying from 1.2gpt to 5gpt), silver (20gpt to 86gpt) along with copper (from less than 1% to as much as 5%), Pb (up to 0.45%) and zinc (up to 425ppm) were obtained from the bed rock samples and similar values from the soil samples from the same area indicated anomalous values from an area of 700m x 500m which warranted a re-evaluation of the prospect. Thus the item for exploration for gold, silver and basemetal was taken up in Imaliya block of Sleemanabad area commencing from October 1997, under item code No. 072/MIE/CR/MP/1997/010. Subsequently, the item was continued for field season1998-99. During the field season 1999-2000, the project was identified as a “Fast Track Project” and also two years extension was given to complete the work. The work was concluded after completion of 60 boreholes drilled in Imaliya block and entire operational work was completed by date 30.10.2001. In continuation of earlier work further G2 stage work was planned during FSP 2016-17 to know mineralisation at Imaliya block at deferent level. During the FSP total 6 nos borehole were drilled at deferent level. First borehole MPIGI-1 planned to intersect ore body at 60m vertical depth behind previous borehole GIG-2. Second borehole MPIGI-2 planned to intersect ore body at 120m vertical depth behind previous borehole GIG-3 and GIG-21.Third borehole MPIGI-3 planned to intersect ore body at 60m vertical depth behind previous borehole GIG-5. Fourth borehole MPIGI-4 planned to intersect ore body 120m vertical depth behind previous borehole GIG-2 and resent borehole MPIGI-2. Fifth borehole MPIGI-5 planned to intersect ore

body 120m vertical depth behind previous borehole GIG-1 and resent borehole MPIGI-23 and Sixth borehole MPIGI-6 planned to intersect ore body at 90m vertical depth behind previous borehole GIG-4. The area of Imaliya block is underlain by Sleemanabad Formation of Mahakoshal Group represented by off white to pink dolomite intercalated with thin khaki to buff colored phyllite, grayish white to dark grey color chert and jasper bands. These rocks trend ENE-WSW dipping 70°-80° southerly. The rocks have been intruded by NNW-SSE trending quartz porphyry dykes and NE-SW and NW-SE trending quartz veins and basic dykes. Gold mineralization is essentially confined to the sulphide mineralisation i.e. with oxidation/ gossan zones and fracture filled. There is a change in the thickness of the zones from surface to sub surface. As per the old workers gold values decrease with depth. Gold mineralization is hosted by dolomite with quartz veins/veinlets containing sulphide minerals. Surface indications of mineralisation in the form of specks, blebs & stringers of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrohtite, galena and covellite are present in the oxidized quartz vein and the dolomite around it. During the FSP 50 nos of BRS samples, 10 nos PCS, 10 nos PS, 5nos EPMA, 5no SEM/EDX has been collected and 5 no water sample collected. Total 200 nos of core samples were prepared. Prepared samples are submitted to concerned laboratories. The total Gold resource in Imaliya block was estimated at 466011 ton (Au 1.27g/t) by cross section method and 37746 ton (Au 1.21g/t) by LV section method in FSP 1997-2001. During the current FSP as the objective was assessment of gold with increase confidence level, the total Gold reserves in Imaliya block was estimated and thus found to be 346645 ton (Au 1.13g/t) by cross section method and 356789 ton(Au 1.13g/t) by LV section Method. For resource estimation previous chemical data was also incorporated with current data.

CHAPTER – II: INTRODUCTION Old mining activity in the Sleemanabad area of Katni district is reflected by the presence of shafts and trenches for basemetals and probably also for gold. Earlier exploration during 1969-71 in Imaliya, established basemetal mineralization in eastern and western lodes with a total of 0.12 m tones of 0.82% Cu, 0.04 m tones of 1.19% Pb along with 17.32 g/t of silver in 0.38 m tones of ore. In the year 1982, the area was mapped by Jha et al. on 1:50,000 scale. Following systematic mapping, transect mapping was carried out by Devarajan and Shrivastava in the year 1993-94. They recommended that especially the late to post tectonic quartz veins should be targeted for further exploration. They identified Imaliya, Selarpur and Bangla – Barkhera blocks for further close spaced sampling work. Subsequently, Shrivastava and Agasty (1996) carried out large scale mapping (on 1:10,000 scale) and close spaced sampling in these blocks. It was decided to re- evaluate and assess the potentiality of this area for polymetallic mineralisation. During 1997-2001, Singhai et al., mapped an area of 1.40 sq km on 1:2,000 scale and carried out pitting and trenching to delineate small gossanised zones. A total of 6645 metres of drilling was done in 60 boreholes under the project Imaliya Gold Investigation during this period. The bore holes are named as GIG-1, GIG-2 and so on. Exploratory drilling revealed the eastern mineralised zone to be the most promising zone, which is about 700m long and is dominantly pyritiferous both towards north and south but auriferous in the central part. In the central part there are three auriferous zones extending for a strike length of 325m with an average thickness of 2m and gold content of about 1.27 g/t. These zones show high copper values along with silver, lead, tin and zinc. Drilling carried out on the Western Mineralised Zone (B.H. Nos. GIG-45, 46, 47, 36, 51 & 54) clearly proved that there is no lateral continuity of the mineralized zones. In between eastern and western mineralised zones, shear zone with gold mineralization has been identified and intersected in two boreholes with gold values ranging upto 1 ppm. However, its strike continuity towards north could not be established. Subsurface basic intrusive have been intersected in some of the boreholes where the gold seems to occur on the margin of these bodies. Chalcopyrite and pyrite

are dominant sulphide minerals in this part. Surface geological data clearly reveals that a conjugate fracture system comprising fractures trending N5°W- N5°E to N-S dipping 70° due west, N30°W- S30°E dipping 60°-70° due west and N20°E- S20°W dipping sub vertical hold the control of mineralisation in Imaliya block. Wherever these fractures intersect each other, they collate to make the mineralized zones thicker. In Imaliya Block, the mineralization has been traced from B.H. No GIG-16 in the north to GIG-6 in the south extending for a strike length of 725m. Out of this 725m strike length, the northern 400m strike length (from B.H. No. GIG-8 to B.H. No. GIG-16) is occupied by massive pyritiferous zones. The southern 325m strike length of mineralisation (between B.H. No. GIG-4 in the north to B.H. No. IL-16 in the south) is auriferous and rich in basemetal and silver mineralisation also. Two zones (zone-I and zone-III) were intersected in all boreholes in this 325m strike length however; zone-II could be traced only for a strike length of 150m. Beside these three zones two more zones were intersected but their lateral continuity could not be traced beyond more than two bore holes hence they are not named. The ore zones do not show a pitch bias however, shows pinching and swelling at places. Zone-I which has been intersected between 390m to 400m R.L. and subsequently between 330m to 340m R.L. is auriferous throughout its length with little variation in its tenor. This zone is not only rich in gold but also contains a plethora of base metal and other minerals like Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn, and Ag. Zone-II is a mixed zone from ore mineralogical point of view. Besides containing gold at places it also contains Sn, Ag, Pb and Cu. This has been intersected between 335m to 345m R.L. and 380m to 385m R.L. Zone-III has also been intersected almost in the entire bore holes around 370m R.L. This zone is generally auriferous but gold tenor is relatively poor. It is a narrow zone with average thickness being 1.02m and is not intersected in all the bore holes drilled for second level intersection. Zone wise computation of ore reserves for gold is given below:

Zone-I Zone-II Zone-III

B.H.No. Thick Tonnage Au B.H.No. Thick Tonnage Au B.H.No. Thick Tonnage B.H.No. ness (metric gpt ness (metric gpt ness (metric (m) ton) (m) ton) (m) ton) GIG-1 1.94 38412 1.49 GIG-3 1.85 37185 0.94 GIG-3 1.64 16482 1.55 & 22 & 21

GIG-2 3.03 65448 1.53 GIG-2 3.98 85371 0.55 GIG-2 0.60 9450 3.6

GIG-3 1.84 35328 1.41 GIG-23 1.10 13200 0.46 GIG-22 0.82 12546 0.5 & 21 Zone-wise and metal-wise ore reserves have been calculated both by cross section and L-V panel methods. In Imalya block, a total of 0.466 million tones with 1.27 g/t Au, 0.586 mt with 58.6 gpt Ag, 0.41 mt with 273 ppm Sn, 0.3 mt with 1.16% Cu, 0.266 mt with 1.29% Pb and 0.21 mt with 0.75% Zn ore reserves are available up to a depth of 140m covering a strike length of 325m, from the central part of the Eastern Mineralised Zone. During the work of Singhai et al., a total of 20 boreholes have been drilled in the Eastern Mineralised Zone of Imaliya block at 50m interval to prove ore at the 30m level (first level) and 10 boreholes were drilled to prove ore at the 60m level (second level) and 90m level (third level). With this background information, it was proposed to launch a General Exploration (G-2 level) with five boreholes for drilling on 50m interval in the East Mineralised Zone of Imaliya block during FS 2016-17. The further exploration in the Imaliya block is to be focused exclusively to the central part of the East Mineralised Zone covering 325m strike length to enhance the ore reserves of gold and base metals. One borehole is proposed to intersect ore body at second level (60m), three boreholes are to intersect at third level (90m) and one to intersect at fourth level (120m). II.01 FSP item no. and title The work was initiated in the Field Season Programme (FSP) 2016-2017 of Geological Survey of India (GSI), Item Code No. 055/ME/CR/MP/2016/015, and the title of project is “ General Exploration for Gold, Silver and Basemetal in Imaliya block, Sleemanabad area, Katni District, Madhya Pradesh ”. II.02 Objective Assessment of gold resources and associated sulphide mineralization

II.03 Nature, Quantum and Target (NQT) The nature and quantum of work carried out during FS: 2016-17 exploration is furnished below: Table-I: Quantum of work done vis-à-vis achievement for FS: 2016-17. M-IIA Mineral Resource Assessment Project Precious Mineral State Unit MP, Jabalpur Item No. General Exploration for Gold, Silver and Basemetal in Imaliya 055/ME/CR/MP/2016/45 block, Sleemanabad area, Katni District, Madhya Pradesh Amit Kumar, Sr. Geologist Manish Kumar Gupta, Sr. Geologist Date of Departure to Field: - 11/08/2016 Date of completion(Camp Closing): 25/04/17

Nature of work Target for the Total target achieve d F.S.2016-17 1.Technological (a) Sub surface Exploration (i)Drilling (M) 800 m 963.53m (ii)Core samples 100 Nos. 200 Nos. (iii) Bulk sampling for 1No. (250kg of sample from all the Beneficiation study mineralized zones of 1/4 th of borehole 1No. cores) (iv)Sampling for Bulk 1No. 1No. Density Study 2.Geochemical survey (a)BRS 50 Nos. 50 Nos. 3.Petrographic/ Mineragraphic Study (a)PS 10 Nos. 10 Nos. (b)PCS 10 Nos. 10 Nos. (c)SEM- EDX++ 05 Nos. 05 Nos. (d)EPMA 05 Nos. 05 Nos. 4. Water sample* (a) Ground water analysis Nil 05 Nos. *Not given in NQT Table-II: Field stay and RCA expenditure

Name of Officer Total Total Expenditure

1. Amit Kumar, 149 Wages- Rs.3,23149/- Sr. Geologist POL - Rs.30,098/- 2 Manish Kumar Gupta 146 OC - Rs. 34,900/- Sr. Geologist Supervisory Officer Name: 6 Total-Rs. 3,88,147/- A.K. Talwa r, Suptdg. Geologist

II.04 Acknowledgement: The authors express their sincere thanks to Shri A. K. Talwar, Suptdg. Geologist, Project: Gold, Imaliya block, for his constant guidance and encouragement in carrying out field work. They are thankful to Shri N. Kutumba Rao, ADG & HOD, CR, Shri. V.P.Sable, Dy.D.G, SU: M.P. for their guidance and facilities provided. They are thankful to Shri J.N. Solankey, D.D.G (Ret.) for his valuable guidance. They are thankful to H.N. Bawne, Director & H.O.O, SU: M.P., Jabalpur. Special thanks to Gladson Bage and Suresh Kumar, Senior Geologists, SU: M.P., Jabalpur for their assistance in borehole planning and prefield work.

Chapter – III: PROPERTY DESCRIPTION III.01 Title of Ownership Geological Survey of India, Central Region carried out this project under Mission-II, Ferrous Minerals, Mineral Resource Assessment (G-2 stage) (State Unit- Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur) for the Field Season 2016-17 vide FSP Item Nos. 055/ME/CR/MP/2016/45. III.02 Details of the area Village: Imaliya, District: Katni, State: Madhya Pradesh Survey of India Toposheet No: 64A/06 Geo-coordinates of the investigated Block: Imaliya Block is bounded by 23° 36' 10.01127"N 80° 16' 11.14115" E 23° 36' 50.86398"N 80° 16' 13.17351" E 23° 35' 59.36605"N 80° 16' 05.52875" E 23° 36' 09.51870"N 80° 16' 03.80723" E Cadastral details of the area: Area is a part of the Mahakoshal Group and comes under private land. Freehold/ Leasehold area: Free hold area. III.03 Location and accessibility The area of investigation is falling in Survey of India Toposheet no. 64A/6. Imaliya block is in between 23°36’ to 23°37’ North latitudes and 80°16’ to 80°17’ East longitudes. Imaliya is situated in Katni district of Madhya Pradesh. It is about 5 km from Sleemanabad which is nearly 70km from Jabalpur on N.H.7. It is about 30km from Katni which is also on NH-.7. Near railway station is Sleemanabad Road Railway Station which is about 2km from Imaliya Village and Sleemanabad town is about 5km. Nearest airport is located at Jabalpur. The area is well connected by all weather roads and Imaliya block is approachable throughout the year. III.04 Climate The area enjoys subtropical climate with temperature varying from 8°C in winter to 48°C in summer. Average rainfall of the area is 1000mm. III.05 Flora and fauna The southern hilly area has fairly dense forest and particularly Imaliya block, is on a plain and cultivated land. Main flora of the area are Mangoes, Neem (Margosa), Tendu, Mahua, Palas, Pipal, Barakar and sagon and main fauna are boars, cheetal, sambar, rabbits, snakes and foxes. Large size scorpians are very commonly

found here which are almost jet black to brownish black in colour as well as brown colour scorpians are seen in the laterites of Imaliya village.

III.06 Physiography and drainage Imaliya block is situated in a plain country with a very gentle slope from north to south. The terrain is uneven to the south of Imaliya block and its extremely southern part is a hilly area with long ridges trending ENE-WSW alternating with valleys and nalas on margin. The minimum elevation in Imaliya block is 411m above M.S.L., while the maximum is 423m above M.S.L. Following the slope two intermittent streams drain the block area to meet a perennial stream called Silpara Nala in the southern part of the block. Seasonal nalas which originate from the hilly part in the south flow through the plains in north to south direction. The irrigational Canals from Dharwara Tank irrigate this area. In the western part of the Imaliya block, at south of Salaiya Phatak, the terrain is rugged and hilly where mounds and hillocks form ridges with cultivated land on eastern side of the ridges. There are 2-3 small mounds in the northern part of the mapped block located within the cultivated land. They form a chain of hillocks. III.07 Infra structure & Environment Imaliya block is located 1.2 km south of Imaliya village and connected by fair weathered roads. Nearby villages as Bandhi, Karipather and Salaiya villages are approachable by fair weathered roads. No historical sites or national park lies within the premises of the area. A canal project is under progress near Imaliya village. The area is an arid region, cover with sparse vegetations.

Chapter-IV: PREVIOUS EXPLORATION IV.01 Previous Exploration Some of the earliest Memoirs published by Geological Survey of India deal with the geology of this part of Central India (Medlicott, 1860, Oldham, 1860). Hacket carried out systematic geological mapping during the field season 1869-70 and 1870-71 and he called the rocks as Bijawars. In the year 1876, copper and lead occurrence near Sleemanabad was first reported by Mr. Olpherts of GIP Railway, an Engineer of Jabalpur Section. In the same year the area was visited by Hughes and he reported it as unpromising but recommended for further investigation work to establish the fact. The Memoir of Oldham, Datta and Vredenberg (1901) also partly deals with this area. In 1904 –1906, P. C. Dutt of Jabalpur carried out prospecting in Imaliya area near Sleemanabad for basemetals. Fermor in 1906 considered these rocks to be Dharwarian in age. In 1906 – 1908, Burn & Co. took up the prospecting work and carried out hectic work (Sharma, 1963). Krishnan in 1932, while mapping in the south and south eastern part of Sleemanabad found similarities in rocks of the Gangpur Series of Dharwarian period with this area. In 1937, Crookshank and Ray traversed around the Sleemanabad – Niwar area and recommended drilling in Imaliya area. Geophysical investigation by Sinha (1951-52) in Imaliya and Newaliya area of Sleemanabad could not find significant hidden ore body. In the year 1953-54, Nagraja Rao and party carried out Geophysical investigations in Newaliya, Amgaon and Sunehra areas, to find the possible hidden ore body and they ruled out the existence of any deposit. In the year 1956-57, the Directorate of Geology and Mining, Madhya Pradesh carried out 300m drilling in Imaliya but they could not find indications of sizeable lodes. In year 1961-62 and 1962-63, during the systematic geological mapping by Sharma emphasize copper and lead mineralization in dolomites along the fault zones. Sharma (1963) mapped the southern hilly part and reported additional information of copper mineralisation in Amgaon and Sunehra areas. Subsequently Chande and Bhoskar (1969-70) reported mineralisation of limited extent which occurs in N-S trending shear fractures. In 1972, detailed investigations by drilling and

pitting/trenching for basemetal mineralisation in Imaliya, Bhula and Newaliya areas were carried out by them. They estimated copper reserves of 0.075 million tonnes of 1.12% copper in Imaliya area for a strike length of 240m. Presence of gold and silver was also identified. Roy (1973-74) conducted regional Integrated Surveys in the area and he reported that the sulphide mineralisation appears to be genetically related with the fluorite bearing quartz porphyry which is present in this area but analytical results of geochemical samples were not encouraging to suggest this view. Mahajan (1974- 75) found 2800ppm total metal content in a soil sample collected from a hillock from NW of Matwara. In the year 1982, the northern part of the area was mapped by Jha et.al. on 1:50,000 scale. In the year 1993-94, transect mapping was carried out by Devarajan and Shrivastava in this sheet. They recommended that especially the late to post tectonic quartz veins should be targeted for further exploration. They identified Imaliya, Selarpur and Bangla – Barkhera blocks for further close spaced sampling work. Subsequently Shrivastava and Agasty (1996) carried out large scale mapping (on 1:10,000 scale) and closed spaced sampling in these blocks. It was decided to re- evaluate and assess the potentiality of this area for polymetallic mineralisation. In year 1997-1998 exploration work was carried out in Imaliya block of Sleemanabad by with special emphasis on gold along with silver and other polymetallic mineralisation to assess the potentiality of the block under the Item Code No. 072/MIE/CR/MP/1997/010 during the field season 1997-98. An area of 1.40 sq km was mapped on 1:2,000 scale and pitting and trenching were carried out to delineate small gossanised zones. Targeting the eastern NNW-SSE trending gossanised shear zone, a total of 1042.60m drilling in 14 boreholes was done covering 600m strike length. All but one borehole B. H. No. GIG – 7 at the southern-most end is of 600m in strike length which intersects more than one mineralisation zone. During the field season 1998-99, first level drilling at 30m vertical intersection depth was completed and B. H. Nos. GIG – 15, 16 & 17 were drilled to fill the gap areas of the work of Chande and Bhoskar (1971). Further towards northern part, drilling was not continued during this field season because of non intersection of mineralised zones in boreholes. Deeper intersection for 90m vertical depth by drilling at 330m R. L. was carried out during this period and additional mineralised zones, to the west of the target zone, have been intersected at shallower depth between 8m and 30m.

Subsequently, two years extension was given to this Project to complete the work and the project was identified as ‘Fast Track Project’ during the field season 1999 – 2000. To complete the work as per the schedule, one additional drilling rig was deployed during this field season. Geophysical surveys, comprising of gravity, magnetic, SP, IP and resistivity methods, were carried out to decipher the continuity of inferred mineralisation in covered areas and to establish the sub-surface correlation in the established mineralised zones. Few boreholes were drilled to check the geophysical anomaly zones and to identify zones other than the known zones. During the field season 2000 – 2001, an additional mineralised zone was identified in between the two known western and eastern mineralised zones. This zone was tested by first level drilling in B. H. No. GIG – 31 and 33 where gold, silver and copper values were obtained but the strike continuity of this zone could not be traced. However, the northern continuity of the eastern shear zone was seen in boreholes drilled at deeper level. Continuity of the eastern shear zone was also checked through drilling in the southern part, towards south of railway crossing but the mineralisation was found to be poor. The trenching work carried out to the north of Karipathar, and south east of Imaliya block has located a 5m wide zone with gold values ranging upto 5ppm which is exposed for about 70m. Its northern continuity is not seen due to cultivation where 0.6ppm gold value was obtained from the same shear zone. During this period, western mineralised zone of Chande and Bhoskar was checked for gold and silver but significant mineralized zones could not be intersected. However, significantly high tin, silver, arsenic and basemetals values have been obtained from this area. In addition to this, geochemical sampling on systematic grid at 50m x 50m has been carried out in Madhana block to the east of Imaliya, which was followed by the geophysical surveys. Reconnaissance traverses and mapping in this area have revealed few more auriferous zones to the south of Jajnagra on way to Shahdar from the vesicular part of metabasic flow rock at the contact with the quartzite and conglomerate where 0.6ppm gold value has been recorded. Towards west of Imaliya, at Salaiya Phatak, on the eastern flank of a hillock to the north of Railway track, arsenopyrite within black chert and jasper bands have analyzed 0.4ppm gold. Continuity of the quartz porphyry

rock situated towards south of Imaliya village which analyzed gold upto 5ppm from the northern part, was seen in the southern part of western shear zone at a depth of 90m where 0.2ppm gold values were found. The work was mainly carried out within Sleemanabad area bounded by North latitudes 23°38’ & 23°39’ and East longitudes 80°15’ & 80°18’. The work comprises information based on detailed geological mapping, large scale mapping, pitting and trenching, drilling and sampling work along with the analytical results of samples collected for AAS and Fire Assay. .

Chapter-V: GEOSCIENCE INVESTIGATION

V.01 Regional Geology

Mahakoshal Group of rocks are represented by the volcano-sedimentary sequence occurring as ENE-WSW trending linear belt extending from Narsinghpur district in M.P. to Palamau district in Bihar. The sediments include quartzite, conglomerate, phyllite, chert, stromatolitic dolomite, limestone and Banded Iron Formation interlayered with metabasics of basaltic composition. The narrow belt of high grade gneisses which occur to the north and south of this belt in the area have been considered to be the basement for Mahakoshal Group. The Mahakoshal Supracrustals are intruded by serpentinised ultramafic bodies of dunite-peridotite- pyroxenite composition. Syn to post kinematic granitoids have intruded this sequence which are 1800Ma and 2400Ma old (Rb-Sr age dating, Bandyopadhyay et al, 1990). The Supracrustal rocks have been subjected to three phases of deformations, the first two phases are more pronounced (Roy & Bandyopadhyay, 1990). Green schist facies of metamorphism is seen in the entire belt, however, locally higher grade minerals also occur. The Mahakoshal Group of rocks in the northern part are overlain by Vindhyan Supergroup of rocks but in the southern part Gondwana Supergroup of rocks are unconformably overlying the Mahakoshal Supracrustals. In Sleemanabad area, Mahakoshal Group of rocks are represented by two lithological associations. These are; 1) carbonate dominated Sleemanabad Formation and 2) clastic and argillite dominated Bhitrigarh Formation which are separated by an impersistent polymictic conglomerate horizon. The carbonate dominated unit has intercalations of chert, ortho-quartzite, thin jasper bands, BIF & manganiferous chert with argillaceous bands. Meta volcanics inter layer or inter finger these rocks whereas inter fingering of meta volcanics in the clastic dominated unit is rare (Devarajan & Shrivastava, 1994-95). The lower carbonate dominated Sleemanabad Formation comprises mainly of dolomites with metavolcanics and thin phyllite & chert inter bands. The upper clastic and argillite dominated Bhitrigarh Formation is composed of phyllite, quartzite and conglomerate with rare meta volcanics. These are intruded by quartz veins/ quartz reefs and rarely quartz carbonate veins.

Two phases of deformations which are prominent are F 1 and F 2. The F 1 folds are plunging into tight isoclinal folds with vertical or steeply southerly dipping axial plane and the axis trending in ENE-WSW direction. Due to the intensive first phase of deformation/folding, pervasive ENE-WSW trending S 1 cleavage has developed in the rocks which is the regional foliation defining the trend of the Mahakoshal in this part.

The second folding F 2 has folded the axial plane of F 1 as a result only mesoscopic folds are developed at places. The axial plane of F 2 fold is dipping steeply due north.

The S 2 foliation is well developed in phyllite because of this second phase of deformation. The third phase of deformation, which is not very prominent, has developed F 3 folds as open warps with N-S axis.

Figure: V.01 Geology of the central part of the Mahakoshal Belt

Table-III : Generalized Stratigraphy of the area (Devarajan & Shrivastava, 1995) Lower Gondwana · Fine to medium grained Chandia Beds Cretaceous Supergroup Sandstone. ------Faulted Contact ------

Proterozoic Vindhyan Super · Sandstone, shale, conglomerate. group ------Unconformity ------· Quartz veins, Quartz porphyry Intrusives veins. · Mafic and Ultramafic intrusives. Bhitrigarh · Phyllite with bands of quartzite, Early Mahakoshal Formation Conglomerate. Proterozoic Group to Archaean ------Unconformity ------· Dolomite, Limestone with bands Sleemanabad of BIF, Manganeferous chert, Formation quartzite and metabasalts, pyro clastics. Base Not Seen

V.02 Local Geology: The area of Imaliya block is underlain by Sleemanabad Formation of Mahakoshal Group represented by off white to pink dolomite intercalated with thin khaki to buff colored phyllite, grayish white to dark grey color chert and jasper bands. These rocks trend ENE-WSW dipping 70°-80° southerly. The rocks have been intruded by NNW-SSE trending quartz porphyry dykes and NE-SW and NW-SE trending quartz veins and basic dykes. Table-IV : Lithostratigraphic succession of Imaliya block

Recent to Sub- · Alluvium and Soil.

Recent · Laterite.

Intrusives · Quartz Porphyry Veins, Quartz veins and Basic Dykes. Early · Light grey dolomite with thin Mahakoshal Proterozoic to greenish grey phyllitic Group Archaean Sleemanabad intercalations. Formation · Light grey to greyish white dolomite with rare intercalations of phyllite and chert. Base Not Seen

V.02.1Sleemanabad Formation : Dolomite with chert and phyllite Intercalations – Rock exposures are very scanty in Imaliya block however, dolomite which is the most abundant rock type occurs extensively in central and south western part of the block. Dolomite is white to light grey and dark grey in colour with variations of pinkish white, siliceous, crystalline varieties. At places it contains thin pale yellow and black chert and red jasper bands. The chert and jasper bands mostly occur in the south western part of the mapped area. Chert bands are of variable dimension with width varying from less than a meter to as much as 3m and length from 5m to as much as 250m. Jasper bands are relatively less abundant and smaller in dimension. Pale yellow colored chert shows discrete colour banding parallel to the length of the outcrops. Dolomite with rare intercalations of phyllite is very well developed in the northern and north western part of Imaliya block. In this part this unit is dominated by well bedded light grey to greyish white occasionally pink and purple, hard and compact crystalline dolomite with rare thin greenish grey phyllitic intercalations. Greenish grey to dark grey phyllitic intercalations are well foliated and vary in width from 3cm to as much as 30cm. Thin light grey, pale grey chert interbands define the trend of bedding in dolomite. The dolomite exhibits typical elephant skin weathering (Figure-V.1). Phyllite Intercalations within Dolomite – In Imaliya block, phyllite occurs as very small outcrops within dolomite. It is seen in the north eastern part of the Imaliya block where khaki, purple grey to greenish grey phyllite patches occur within the dolomite. In south eastern and southern parts of this block also phyllite bands show discrete contact with dolomite. General strike of foliation in phyllite is N65°E – S65°W dipping 70° due south east. Here the rock is fine grained and can be named as sericite phyllite and chlorite phyllite. Pyrite cubes and magnetite are seen within this unit (Figure-V.6).x Quartz Veins – Quartz veins with oxidized zones are found at a number of places ranging in width from less than a meter to as much as 2m and traceable upto 15m in length. Quartz veins are generally milky white to greyish white in colour and exhibit rare limonitisation. Most of these veins have been excavated for prospecting and for the development of cultivated land, hence the present dimensions are only

approximate. All these quartz veins are undeformed, white coloured veins (Figure- V.5). Quartz Porphyry Veins – The quartz porphyry veins are medium to coarse grained and green to yellowish green coloured rock exposed in the central part of the Imaliya block forming a positive topography to the southeast and northeast of Imaliya village. These veins are intermittently exposed in an en-echelon pattern for a strike length of more than 780m, trending NNW-SSE as linear body cutting across the regional trend of the country rocks. The veins continue further towards north as well as in the south beyond the area of the present investigation (Figure-V.4). The quartz porphyry veins are hard and compact, sheared and contain phenocrysts of quartz and little feldspar in a matrix of medium grained greenish grey siliceous matrix. Alteration and fineness in grain size at the contact with dolomite is seen. Kaolinisation along the fractures and joint planes is very well marked in quartz porphyry veins. Fluorite, pyrite and magnetite are seen as specks and disseminations and also can be noticed along the shear planes. Joints are well developed and effect of shearing is seen along these planes in the form of thin film of kaolin. Development of serpentinous/ talcose material along these fractures can also be noticed at places. Basic Intrusives – This rock are doleritic in nature. Outcrops of the basic dykes are not seen in the area because of thick soil cover. Small out crop is seen south-east of railway crossing. Laterite – Laterite capping over the dolomite and phyllite horizons have been noticed in Imaliya block. The capping shows variation in depth as well as in aerial extent. The thickness of the duricrust varies from 1m to 3m.

Figure: V.02 Geological map of Imaliya block

Figure: V.03 Dolomite exposed in Imaliya Figure: V. 04 Quartz vein intruded in block showing Elephant skin weathering Dolomite

Figure: V.05 Phyllite exposed in Imaliya Figure: V.06 Quartz porphyry exposed in block Imaliya block

Figure: V.07 Quartz vein present in east of Figure:V.08 Phyllite intercalation within Imaliya block and Dolomite

V.02.2 Regional Structure of Mahakoshal Belt: V.02.2.1Diastropic Structures

The overall structural framework of the Mahakoshal belt is represented by a series of upright to slightly overturned folds on southerly dipping axial planes and the folds developed during the initial stage of deformation were refolded into nearly vertical to reclined folds during the course of the progressive deformation, especially in the vicinity of the shear zones. According to Roy and Bandyopadhyay (1990, a, b), the Supracrustal rocks of the Mahakoshal belt have been involved in folding of at least three generations

(D 1, D 2 & D 3) and the present day ENE-WSW disposition of the belt is due to the development of D 1 and D 2 structures. The shear zone rocks include a part of the Mahakoshal Supracrustal and the granitoids occurring further on the southern margin. The mylonitic foliation within the shear zone is parallel to the schistosity of the dominant folds (D 1) and sheath like folds are found in the mylonites. The North to NNW sub- horizontal shortening across a large terrain of the deformed rocks and a shearing movement superimposed over the regional strain along the steep southerly dipping slip/shear planes represented by slip faults (Abhinaba Roy and M. K. Devarajan). The regional strike of the Mahakoshal Group of rocks is ENE-WSW to East-West with dips ranging from 55° to 80°. Presence of isoclinal folds, asymmetrical folds and cross folds, reflect the deformational events. The earliest recognized folding which has generated tight, isoclinal, reclined folds with sub vertical axial planes is represented by a closure at Pan Umariya village located at south west of the Imaliya village. The pervasive foliation in the volcano- sedimentary sequence, which strikes in ENE-WSW direction and was generated during this deformation, is seen in this part of the Mahakoshal belt. The plunge of the folds is towards SSE. The second event of the deformation has developed folds with sub vertical axial planes with axis plunging very gently either ENE or WSW. Both of these events have developed folds which are co-axial but one has a gentle plunge whereas the other has steep plunge of axis. Topography in this part is also representing ENE-WSW trending alternate hills and valleys. The third event, which has NNW-SSE axial trend with open warps where cross faults are present, has caused discontinuity or gap in these ridges. This particular activity is most important in the Mahakoshal belt for localization of mineralisation.

The above mentioned diastrophic structures like foliation, mesoscopic and minor folds, are reflecting the deformational history of the supracrustals in the present area. In the central part of Mahakoshal belt fold closures of the major folds as such are not well preserved, however, some of the F 2 fold closures seen in the central part are at Pan Umariya, Sihora and Tindni (23°15’55”:80°00’58”, 64A/3) which also represent the large scale folds of the Mahakoshal belt. The map scale folds and minor folds have varying plunges which are either plane cylindrical or non-planar and non-cylindrical, tight to isoclinal, upright to reclined folds. These may overall represent sheath geometry. These are seen in the Sarda area (23°28’31”:80°08’41”, 64A/3) in the central part of the Mahakoshal belt (Singhai and Keshava Prasad, 1997-98). Plunge in the minor fold of Tindni closure, which is plane, cylindrical, upright to reclined fold, varies from 15° to 80° both towards ENE and WSW as observed in this part of the Mahakoshal belt. Such variations have been attributed to inhomogeneous nature of the strata in the area (Roy and Bandyopadhyay, 1990). V.02.2.2 Non Diastrophic Structures The non-diastrophic structures and planar features like bedding is represented by compositional layering within the BIF, colour banding in the chert and jasper bands and alternate silica rich and mica rich layers within the metapelites of the Mahakoshal belt. The colour banding in the dolomite and chert, which is a dominant unit in this part, is exhibited by light to dark greyish tone and pink to pinkish & purple impurities in chert bands. Intercalations of phyllite within the dolomite and calcareous intercalations in argillaceous rocks are reflecting the depositional characters. Thin sedimentary units, which are of arenaceous nature, are also found in the calcareous and argillaceous rocks. The variation in grain size, fineness and coarseness are characteristic of these units. Presence of intra-formational conglomerate and its gradation towards coarseness or fineness is indicative of its depositional nature. In this part, the regional stratification is ENE-WSW to WNW-ESE with sub vertical dips varying from 70° to 80° due south. Meta basaltic flows, which occur in Shahdar and Madhana area upto east of Pan Umaria show flow structures like vesicles filled with secondary materials or minerals. Flows may contain Pahaehoe like features and these may have development of pillow structure as has been suspected form the north eastern part of Dungaria in Sleemanabad area.

V.02.2.3 Structures Present in the Imaliya Block

Structures observed in the area can be grouped as Primary and Secondary.

Primary Structures:

Bedding (S 0) or primary stratification in this block is marked in dolomite, chert and jasper bands. It is recorded on the basis of colour banding or compositional layering or intercalations of other sedimentary units in these rocks. Dark to light grey variations in dolomite and light pale to darker yellowish colour in chert bands reflect the trend as ENE-WSW to WNW-ESE with sub vertical dips towards south. Colour banding in these units is easy to identify and is seen varying in width from few cm to as much as 30cm.

Secondary Structures:

The secondary structures present in the area are represented by minor F1 folds, crenulations and puckers, foliation, joints, shears and lineations which are readily noticeable in the field where the exposures are present or in the bore hole cores.

Sub parallel to S 0 is the dominant schistosity (S 1) related to the deformation D 1.

D1 deformation has produced F 1 folds parallel to which all the platy minerals and prismatic minerals are aligned to mark S 1 schistosity. Another commonly found foliation in the central part and southern part is crenulations cleavage or pucker foliation (S 2 related to F 2 folds and formed during the deformation D 2). It is oblique to both.

Folds:

Discrete folds in this block could not be seen because of limited exposures. However, ENE-WSW flexures are seen in the southern part near survey triangulation station no. 35 within the dolomite-phyllite intercalatory unit. In this outcrop, swing in strike from N75°E-S75°W to N20°W-S20°E is recorded with dip direction varying from SSE to NE.

Synclinal closure related to the deformation D 1 is exposed in the south western part of the Imaliya block where the axial plane trends ENE-WSW and due to folding the chert and jasper bands have been shattered and brecciated at the closure. An anticlinal fold closure of F 2 fold is clearly reflected in this block which is a sympathetic part of the syncline. It is present in the south west part of the Imaliya block. This anticlinal fold closure is affected by the NNW-SSE shears. The northern limb of the anticline is mostly concealed. The WNW-ESE to ENE-WSW cleavages at south of Imaliya village, shown as foliation in the map, is nothing but axial plane cleavages dipping steeply towards south.

Foliation:

Pervasive foliation is defined in phyllite by chlorite or sericite, muscovite flakes and quartz grains which are aligned along the direction of schistosity. The regional schistosity is well defined in the area studied. The foliation trend N70°-80°E to S70°- 80°W dipping 70-80° due south. It can be noticed in dolomite as a close spaced fracture or as solution cleavage showing tectonic flowage along these planes. Bedding is seen parallel to the foliation but the foliation dips steeper than the bedding. The second event of the deformation is marked by the crenulations cleavage. Ductile shear zone in the area trend NNW-SSE. These shears are highly fractured zones where low temperature minerals like chlorite are seen aligned. Silicification along these closely spaced fractures in phyllite and dolomite were noticed at Imaliya showing tectonic flowage, and cleavages are aligned along the direction of the movement.

Joints:

In this area various sets of joints are present but the most important trend is ENE- WSW showing vertical to sub vertical dips. These joints are either following the bedding planes or foliation planes. The other set, which is most commonly seen, is NNW-SSE trending with sub vertical dips. The third set of joint trends NE-SW with vertical dip.

Shears/Fracture Zones:

In Imaliya block, NNW-SSE trending extensional shears/fractures are cutting across the regional trend of the country rocks. These shears/fracture zones occur in an en- echelon pattern and trend N10°W to S10°E with steep westerly or vertical dips. In this block these fracture zones are occupied by the oxidation and gossan zones. An individual gossan zone is traceable from 15m to as much as 40m with width varying from 50cm to as much as 2.5m. Besides these, mm thin fractures trending in the same direction have been noticed in the area containing pyrite, chalcopyrite and oxidation in the form of limonitic encrustations. Emplacement of quartz porphyry dykes have also been affected in the same fracture system.

Faults:

In this block a prominent fault trending NNW-SSE is suspected to the south east of Imaliya village where, there appears to be a break in lithology and mineralization. However, because of thick soil cover no further studies could be carried out.

V.02.3 Tectonic History of the Area: First stage has produced isoclinal, reclined, overturned folds on mesoscopic scale the axial plane of which trends ENE-WSW and axis plunges from 50° - 70° due SE. These folds are commonly observed in phyllite/schists or in bands of phyllite within dolomite. These are rootless, small scale folds having hook like hinges. The E-W trending and steeply southerly dipping axial plane foliation is not prominent. The second generation of folds are tight, upright folds with axes trending ENE- WSW to E-W to WNW-ESE having WNW-ESE to ENE-WSW plunging axes which is co-axial with the earlier folds having vertical to sub vertical or steeply southerly dipping axial plane cleavage. The regional schistosity is defined by this penetrative foliation which is more prominent and parallel to the earlier foliation. Being sub parallel to the bedding, the second generation schistosity has given rise to transposition foliation. The synforms, which are like a mega synform in the surrounding areas, were formed during this deformation stage. The third deformation has produced moderately north plunging, open, cross folds with N-S to NNW-SSE or NNE-SSW trending axial plane parallel to which non pervasive crenulations cleavage has developed. Due to rotation around the axis of cross folding, arcuate pattern in all the earlier S-surfaces and plunge reversal of second generation of folds is locally observed. The second and third deformational episodes have brought about many longitudinal and transverse faults and shears in this area as seen in the regional map of Chande and Bhoskar (1972).

V.03 Geophysical Exploration Ground Geophysical Surveys in Imaliya block was taken up after the Mid Term Review meeting of 1998-99 field seasons when the Imaliya Gold Investigation Project was identified as a “Fast Track Project”. It was decided to carry out multi method geophysical surveys to prove extensions of the mineralised zones under the thick soil cover. Ground Geophysical Surveys in Imaliya block have been carried using Magnetic, I. P., S. P., Resistivity and Gravity methods by a geophysical party comprising Shri K. V. S. Bhaskara Rao, Shri D. V. Punekar and Shri G. Venkateswarlu all Geophysicists of Geophysics Division, GSI, CR, Nagpur. The geophysical survey suggests that the major structural trends in the area are E- W to ENE-WSW. The detailed gravity map of the area has brought some local gravity highs, which correlate with I. P. and Magnetic anomalies. The nosing in the gravity trends between traverses N70 to N100 is interesting and has good correlation with other geophysical results Figure-V.17 .

Figure: V.09

V.04 Geochemical Prospecting V.04.1 Bed Rock Sampling During the FSP 2016-17 total 50 nos. of bed rock samples were collected. The samples were collected from the eastern and western mineralized zones. Higher gold value observed in sample no 49 and 50 i.e. 630 and 235ppb this sample belongs to oxidized zone. Higher copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) value is observed in sample no 50 i.e 4215ppm (0.4215%) for Cu and 1575 (0.1575%) for Pb, these value is observed in Oxidized. All sample for Au analyzed by AAS. Table-V : Descriptive statistics of BRS samples Cu ppm Pb ppm Zn ppm Co ppm Ag ppm Ni ppm Au ppb Mean 320.44 120.46 55.80 20.20 6.15 31.80 32.70 Median 42.50 57.50 25.00 15.00 4.00 30.00 12.50 Mode 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 30.00 12.50 Standard Deviation 732.44 251.94 103.76 29.54 7.22 18.97 93.15 Kurtosis 16.61 23.96 18.12 28.71 28.47 0.19 36.33 Skewness 3.76 4.61 4.08 4.86 4.80 0.63 5.83 Range 4210.00 1570.00 595.00 195.00 49.50 80.00 617.50 Minimum 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.50 5.00 12.50 Maximum 4215.00 1575.00 600.00 200.00 50.00 85.00 630.00 Count 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00

Table-VI : Analytical result of BRS collected during FSP-2016-17 Sample No. Cu Pb Zn Co Ag Ni Au ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppb BRS-1/ME/Imaliya/16-17 20 20 15 <10 5 30 <25 BRS-2/ME/Imaliya/16-17 125 270 15 <10 4 20 <25 BRS-3/ME/Imaliya/16-17 45 15 15 20 4 30 <25 BRS-4/ME/Imaliya/16-17 75 75 25 20 9 50 <25 BRS-5/ME/Imaliya/16-17 95 25 40 <10 10 70 <25 BRS-6/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 <10 15 <10 8 20 <25 BRS-7/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 <10 15 40 4 25 <25 BRS-8/ME/Imaliya/16-17 60 <10 90 200 10 50 <25 BRS-9/ME/Imaliya/16-17 20 35 25 <10 4 55 <25 BRS-10/ME/Imaliya/16-17 15 80 <10 <10 8 10 <25 BRS-11/ME/Imaliya/16-17 15 55 <10 <10 9 5 <25 BRS-12/ME/Imaliya/16-17 240 30 <10 <10 6 15 <25 BRS-13/ME/Imaliya/16-17 300 10 <10 <10 3 15 <25 BRS-14/ME/Imaliya/16-17 660 <10 15 <10 6 20 <25 BRS-15/ME/Imaliya/16-17 255 <10 <10 <10 5 <10 <25 BRS-16/ME/Imaliya/16-17 570 <10 25 <10 8 <10 <25 BRS-17/ME/Imaliya/16-17 70 40 <10 <10 6 <10 <25 BRS-18/ME/Imaliya/16-17 60 <10 <10 <10 <1 <10 <25

BRS-19/ME/Imaliya/16-17 70 <10 <10 <10 <1 15 <25 BRS-20/ME/Imaliya/16-17 900 815 140 <10 4 20 <25 BRS-21/ME/Imaliya/16-17 540 535 115 25 6 10 <25 BRS-22/ME/Imaliya/16-17 55 30 <10 <10 4 20 <25 BRS-23/ME/Imaliya/16-17 120 70 115 15 8 30 <25 BRS-24/ME/Imaliya/16-17 1770 270 25 <10 9 55 <25 BRS-25/ME/Imaliya/16-17 10 8 25 <10 10 55 <25 BRS-26/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 15 10 <10 <1 10 <25 BRS-27/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 60 65 20 2 45 <25 BRS-28/ME/Imaliya/16-17 20 125 35 20 3 40 <25 BRS-29/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 105 35 30 4 50 <25 BRS-30/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 115 50 30 4 55 <25 BRS-31/ME/Imaliya/16-17 40 95 20 20 5 45 <25 BRS-32/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 30 25 15 3 30 <25 BRS-33/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 70 20 15 3 40 <25 BRS-34/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 90 20 15 4 40 <25 BRS-35/ME/Imaliya/16-17 15 80 30 25 2 40 <25 BRS-36/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 80 30 20 3 25 <25 BRS-37/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 15 15 <10 <1 15 <25 BRS-38/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 40 30 20 4 30 <25 BRS-39/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 60 35 20 3 30 <25 BRS-40/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 90 25 25 4 35 <25 BRS-41/ME/Imaliya/16-17 270 130 425 55 12 85 <25 BRS-42/ME/Imaliya/16-17 412 145 80 35 7 35 <25 BRS-43/ME/Imaliya/16-17 <10 110 30 25 4 35 <25 BRS-44/ME/Imaliya/16-17 10 115 30 25 50 40 <25 BRS-45/ME/Imaliya/16-17 1080 80 35 <10 7 20 85 BRS-46/ME/Imaliya/16-17 45 55 80 15 <1 40 <25 BRS-47/ME/Imaliya/16-17 2010 35 35 5 1 15 110 BRS-48/ME/Imaliya/16-17 30 30 55 35 2 30 12.5 BRS-49/ME/Imaliya/16-17 1710 255 215 45 18 45 630 BRS-50/ME/Imaliya/16-17 4215 1575 600 65 10 75 235

Detection limit <10 <10 <10 <10 <1 <10 <25

V.04.2 Petrochemical Samples (PCS) During the FSP 2016-17 total 10 nos. PCS were collected. The samples were collected from all boreholes with different depth and analyzed for oxides and traces.

Values of sio2 varies from 4.17 to 66.12%, Al 2o3 varies from 0.81 to 15.95%, Fe 2O3 varies from 1.2 to 19.66%, Cao varies from 1.2 to 19.66%, MgO varies from 1.52 to

19.15%, K2O varies from 0.26 to 3. 41% and P 2O5 varies from 0.01 to 0.09%.

Figure: V.10 Ternary diagram shows most of the sample falling under dolomite field

SiO 2 is positively correlated Al 2O3, Fe 2o3, K 2O and P 2O5 with negatively correlated with Cao and MgO. Table- VII: Correlation matrix of major and minor oxides for PCS

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O P2O5 Ba Nb Rb Sr Y SiO2 1.00 Al2O3 0.64 1.00 Fe2O3 0.67 0.08 1.00 CaO -0.97 -0.53 -0.82 1.00 MgO -0.98 -0.69 -0.70 0.97 1.00 K2O 0.59 0.99 0.04 -0.49 -0.64 1.00 P2O5 0.76 0.85 0.49 -0.77 -0.84 0.86 1.00

Ba 1.00 0.64 0.67 -0.97 -0.98 0.59 0.76 1.00 Nb 0.64 1.00 0.08 -0.53 -0.69 0.99 0.85 0.64 1.00 Rb 0.67 0.08 1.00 -0.82 -0.70 0.04 0.49 0.67 0.08 1.00 Sr -0.97 -0.53 -0.82 1.00 0.97 -0.49 -0.77 -0.97 -0.53 -0.82 1.00 Y -0.98 -0.69 -0.70 0.97 1.00 -0.64 -0.84 -0.98 -0.69 -0.70 0.97 1.00

Table-VIII: Analytical result of PCS collected during FSP-2016-17 (Major/Minor Oxides, value in %)

Sample No. SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O TiO2 P2O5 PCS/01/2016-17/JBP/Ima 56.78 5.77 19.66 1.90 1.65 <0.05 1.48 0.38 0.09 PCS/02/2016-17/JBP/Ima 9.33 1.19 1.38 26.64 16.51 <0.05 0.39 0.10 0.02 PCS/03/2016-17/JBP/Ima 63.46 15.95 2.41 9.63 1.52 0.12 3.41 0.25 0.09 PCS/04/2016-17/JBP/Ima 4.68 0.81 1.96 25.28 16.63 <0.05 0.53 <0.1 0.01 PCS/05/2016-17/JBP/Ima 16.89 2.07 1.96 22.36 16.14 <0.05 0.85 0.10 0.02 PCS/06/2016-17/JBP/Ima 5.74 1.06 2.16 26.85 18.01 <0.05 0.55 <0.1 0.01 PCS/07/2016-17/JBP/Ima 4.17 0.87 1.20 27.87 19.15 <0.05 0.44 <0.1 0.01 PCS/08/2016-17/JBP/Ima 17.91 1.77 8.28 21.91 13.97 <0.05 0.34 <0.1 0.01 PCS/09/2016-17/JBP/Ima 8.80 1.11 2.75 25.89 16.74 <0.05 0.54 <0.1 0.01 PCS/10/2016-17/JBP/Ima 66.12 1.05 12.49 5.02 3.81 <0.05 0.26 <0.1 0.02 PCS collected during FSP-2016-17 (Trace element value in (mg/Kg) ) Sample No. Ba Nb Rb Sr Y Zr PCS/01/2016-17/JBP/Ima 56.78 5.77 19.66 1.90 1.65 <0.05 PCS/02/2016-17/JBP/Ima 9.33 1.19 1.38 26.64 16.51 <0.05 PCS/03/2016-17/JBP/Ima 63.46 15.95 2.41 9.63 1.52 0.12 PCS/04/2016-17/JBP/Ima 4.68 0.81 1.96 25.28 16.63 <0.05 PCS/05/2016-17/JBP/Ima 16.89 2.07 1.96 22.36 16.14 <0.05 PCS/06/2016-17/JBP/Ima 5.74 1.06 2.16 26.85 18.01 <0.05 PCS/07/2016-17/JBP/Ima 4.17 0.87 1.20 27.87 19.15 <0.05 PCS/08/2016-17/JBP/Ima 17.91 1.77 8.28 21.91 13.97 <0.05 PCS/09/2016-17/JBP/Ima 8.80 1.11 2.75 25.89 16.74 <0.05 PCS/10/2016-17/JBP/Ima 66.12 1.05 12.49 5.02 3.81 <0.05

Chapter-VI: ABIOTIC PARAMETER

VI.01 Water Sampling Study area fall under Imaliya village tehsil Bahoriband, District Katni, in part of toposheet no. 64A/06 pertaining to F.S. 2016-17. Precipitation in the State of Madhya Pradesh occurs during south-west monsoon season (mid-June to September) and sometimes during winter season (November to February). Most of the rainfall (more than 90%) occurs during the south-west monsoon season, November being the rainiest month. Aquifers can be recharged (or refilled) directly by precipitation moving down through the soil and rock layers and into these water bearing formations. They can also be recharged by infiltration from surface water sources such as lakes, rivers, creeks and sloughs. Conversely, groundwater may discharge to surface water sources. During study collected 5 nos. of ground water samples in and around the study area for chemical analysis. Some field parameters which are given in following tables: Table-IX: Water samples field parameters Sr. Sample name Lat -Long pH TDS Temp. EC No. (mg/L) (°C) (µS/cm) 1. 64A06/W1/Imaliya/2016- 23°36’08.4’’ 7.57 328 20.65 574 17/JBP 80°16’17.8’’ 2. 64A06/W2/Imaliya/2016- 23°35’57.1’’ 7.09 349 25.97 581 17/JBP 80°16’06.7’’ 3. 64A06/W3/Imaliya/2016- 23°36’00.6’’ 7.33 377 23.7 628 17/JBP 80°16’06.1’’ 4. 64A06/W4/Imaliya/2016- 23°36’12.2’’ 7.56 245 22.63 408 17/JBP 80°16’13.7’’ 5. 64A06/W5/Imaliya/2016- 23°36’06.4’’ 7.13 347 27.24 578 17/JBP 80°16’08.5’’

The above mention parameters and groundwater play a significant role to understand the dissolved elements and particles of the study area and to know the geochemistry of the particular area. pH of ground water shows water of the area is towards basic in nature.

Chapter –VII: MINERAL DEPOSIT

VII.01 Surface manifestations of the mineralisation in the area In Imaliya area the presence of old workings in eastern and western mineralised zones in the form of old shafts (named as Lead Shaft, Eric Shaft and Barytes Shaft) along with old pits and trenches of various sizes (varying in length from a few metres to more than 20m and in depth from about a meter to more than 5m) are well known. Three shafts located on the eastern mineralised zone indicate a WNW-ESE trend of the mineralised zone. In the western mineralised zone two shafts are aligned in a NNW-SSE trend and the old workings are in the form of long narrow trenches along the strike, which are indicative of earlier exploratory activities or open cast mining on the western lode. In fact old trenches and shallow pits are mostly filled up with sand/soil and only in the western mineralised zone the trenches are filled up with the earlier excavated material now seen as mine dumps. Trench dumps contain the fragments of rock mainly oxidized material with malachite-azurite stains and debris with chocolate brown, maroon to crimson red, yellow or orange coloured oxidized/ gossanised material. Cellular box works having specks of sulphides mainly pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite are seen in mineralised zones, especially in the western and the eastern mineralised zones. Surface indications of gold mineralisation are not seen. However, the close association of gold with arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, tetrahedrite etc. presents an indirect clue to the presence of gold. Values of gold and silver were reported by the earlier workers in the course of base metal investigation also. Chande and Bhoskar, 1972 found the gold values ranging from 0.07 gm/tonne to 0.54 gm/tonne and silver from 4 gm/tonne to 254 gm/tonne in few borehole samples. VII.02 Mode of Occurrence Gold mineralization is essentially confined to the sulphide mineralisation i.e. with oxidation/ gossan zones and in fractures filled with mineralized vein that indicate epigenetic character. There is a change in the thickness of the zones from surface to sub surface. The gold values decrease with depth, Gold mineralization is hosted in sulphide mineral rich quartz vein intruded in Dolomite.

VII.03 Nature and Control of mineralisation

The following deductions about the nature of mineralisation were made after carrying out the detailed geological mapping, pitting/trenching and soil geochemical sampling in the area (R.K.Singhai et al.)

1) Oxidized/ gossanised quartz veins where the old trenches have been made trend N10°W- S10°E dipping steeply due west cutting across the regional trend of the pervasive S1 foliation trending N65°E- S65°W dipping 70° due SE.

2) Surface indications of mineralisation in the form of specks, blebs & stringers of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena and covellite are readily noticeable in the oxidized quartz vein and the dolomite around it. As one moves away from oxidized zones the dolomite is seen to be totally devoid of any mineralisation. This may imply that the mineralisation is fracture filling.

3) A miniature form of nature and control of mineralisation has been very well noticed in Trench Nos. 1 & 2 (Plate-VI). In Imaliya block. There are three sets of conjugate fractures viz. N5°W- N5°E to N-S dipping 70° due west, N30°W- S30°E dipping 60°-70° due west and N20°E- S20°W dipping sub vertical which are invariably mineralized. It can also be noticed in these trenches that wherever these fractures intersect each other, they collate to make the mineralized zones thicker. The thickness of these fractures varies from paper thin to as much as 5 cm. This observation was further substantiated by detailed geological mapping. This miniature form of nature and control of mineralisation observed in trenches can be applied for the entire block.

4) Because of the analytical constraints (viz. non determination of gold at ppb level) the soil geochemistry carried out in the area could not give a direct clue to gold mineralisation. However, the bedrock sampling carried out clearly indicates that the gold mineralisation in the block is mainly associated with sulphide mineralisation i.e. with oxidation/ gossan zones.

VII.04 Wall Rock Alteration Large scale propylitisation e.g. epidotisation, chloritisation etc. in the form of mm to cm thin epidote, chlorite, quartz- carbonate veins are commonly associated with gold and basemetal mineralisation in Imaliya block, however it is more pronounced in pyritiferous. In, chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite zones, magnetization in the form of specks and stringers of magnetite is more dominant and can be intermittently noticed in the proximal part of the mineralized zone.