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Land Reform Under Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe

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Land Reform Under Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe Land Reform under Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe Land Use Change in the Mashonaland Provinces Sam Moyo Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala This report was commissioned and produced under the auspices of the Nordic Africa Institute’s programme on The Political and Social Context of Structural Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of a series of reports published on the theme of structural adjustment and socio-economic change in contemporary Africa. Programme Co-ordinator and Series Editor: Adebayo Olukoshi Indexing terms Land policy Land reform Land use Structural adjustment Zimbabwe Mashonaland, Zimbabwe Language checking: Elaine Almén © the author and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2000 ISBN 91-7106-457-5 Printed in Sweden by Elanders Gotab, Stockholm, 2000 Table of Contents FOREWORD .............................................9 1. ZIMBABWE’S NEW LAND QUESTION ....................... 11 1.1 Introductory Remarks ................................... 11 1.2 The Research Questions .................................. 12 1.3 Zimbabwe’s Land Question in Perspective .................... 14 1.4 Study Layout.......................................... 17 2. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND STUDY AREA ......... 18 2.1 Understanding the Influences and Impact of Structural Adjustment Policy Reforms ............................... 18 2.2 Emerging Perspectives and Methodology on the Land Question ..... 21 2.3 Identifying New Land Uses and New Actors ................... 32 2.4 Selecting the Study Area.................................. 37 2.5 The Study Area: Mashonaland, Shamva District and Other Sites ..... 39 2.6 The Data and Its Collection................................ 42 2.7 Limitations of Data and Sources ............................ 46 2.8 Summary............................................. 49 3. POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT .................... 51 3.1 Introduction .......................................... 51 3.2 Macro-Economic and Agricultural Policy Influences on Land Policy .. 51 3.3 Specific Land Use Policies and Regulations Affecting Land Policy.... 59 3.4 Land Policy Changes in the 1990s ........................... 72 3.5 Conclusions........................................... 83 4. CHANGING LAND USES AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LAND QUESTION .................................. 85 4.1 Introduction .......................................... 85 4.2 Macro Level Spatial Distribution of New Land Uses.............. 85 4.3 Development of the Horticulture Sector....................... 90 4.4 Wildlife Land Use Patterns ............................... 108 4.5 Intensive Wildlife Land Use: Ostrich Husbandry ............... 131 4.6 Summary of New Land Use Developments ................... 141 5. POLITICS AND ACTORS IN NEW LAND STRUGGLES .......... 144 5.1 The Politics of New Land Users ........................... 144 5.2 The Organisational Framework of New Land Uses.............. 145 5.3 The Issues Raised by New Land Uses ....................... 149 5.4 Summary Remarks..................................... 159 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................... 161 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................... 167 ANNEXES ............................................. 177 Annex 1.0 Profile of Researcher, Research Assistants and Persons Interviewed and Case Studies ....................... 177 Annex 2.0 Methodological Framework and Study Area ............. 184 Annex 3.0 Policy and Institutional Context ...................... 188 Annex 4.0 Changing Land Uses and Reconstructing the Land Question . 189 Annex 5.0 Politics and Major Actors in the New Land Struggles....... 205 Annex 6.0 Questionnaires .................................. 213 List of Tables Table 2.2.1. Classes of Land Allocated to Wildlife Enterprises on Commercial Farms ............................... 28 Table 2.2.2. Comparison of Returns/Ha of Different Types of Land Uses in Zimbabwe .......................... 28 Table 2.2.3. Middle Sized Land Use Structure in Mashonaland in 1996........................................ 31 Table 2.3.1. Changing Nature of Land Demand According to Sectors in Zimbabwe ..................................... 36 Table 2.4.1. Land Classification by Agro-Ecological Region and by Sector 38 Table 2.5.1. Major Crops in Commercial Farms in the Mashonaland Provinces 1990 .................................. 39 Table 2.5.2. Socio-Economic Profile of Mashonaland ............... 40 Table 2.5.3. Qualitative Case Studies in Shamva District............. 42 Table 2.6.1. Summary of Persons Interviewed at the National Level and in the Mashonaland Provinces ............... 44 Table 2.6.2. Farmer Fieldwork Case Studies...................... 45 Table 2.7.1. Summary of Cases Observed in the Course of Study....... 47 Table 3.2.1. Agricultural Pricing and Marketing Policy.............. 56 Table 3.2.2. Agricultural Marketing Boards Reform ................ 56 Table 3.3.1. Special Policy Incentives Promoting Horticulture ......... 61 Table 3.3.2. Wildlife Policy Change Demand ..................... 65 Table 3.3.3. Ostrich Policy Developments ....................... 68 Table 3.4.1. Land Distribution................................ 75 Table 3.4.2. Resettlement Beneficiaries and Programmes: 1996 Proposals. 75 Table 3.4.3. Departments Consulted in Processing Subdivisions and Consolidation Applications ..................... 79 Table 4.3.1. Cutflowers and Vegetable Destinations 1994/95 Season .... 92 Table 4.3.2. Overview of GoZ Small Farmer Irrigation Schemes: Mashonaland, 1996............................... 97 Table 4.3.3. Differentiation of Garden Plots and Field Plots, Sales, Income and Retentions ....................... 99 Table 4.3.4. Madziwa Dambo Horticultural Cropping ............. 100 Table 4.3.5. Smallholder Training Farmlands.................... 101 Table 4.3.6. Land Use Structure of Training Farms ................ 102 Table 4.3.7. Small Farmer Land Use and Estimated Benefits Profile: Mashonaland Central–Shamva District ............... 103 Table 4.3.8. Principe Contract Farming Arrangements ............. 105 Table 4.3.9. Principe Contract Sales Incomes .................... 106 Table 4.3.10. Principe Farmer Grievance with Sub-Contracts ......... 107 Table 4.3.11. ........................... Farmer Perceptions of Contract Farming Benefits 107 Table 4.4.1. National Employees in Tourist Industries ............. 108 Table 4.4.2. The Role of Wildlife in the Formal Economy ........... 109 Table 4.4.3. Distribution of Wildlife Resources by Tenure ........... 111 Table 4.4.4. Analysis of Origin of Trophy by Land Tenure, 1990 ...... 111 Table 4.4.5. Numbers of Carnivores on Commercial Game Ranches by Natural Region .............................. 114 Table 4.4.6. Allocation of Save Valley Ordinary “A” Shares ......... 117 Table 4.4.7. Estimated Numbers of Wildlife to Be Acquired for the Conservancy ............................. 118 Table 4.4.8. State (ADA) Wildlife Ranch ....................... 119 Table 4.4.9. Growth of Sport Hunting in Zimbabwe ............... 120 Tqble 4.4.10. Contribution of Five Species to Total Trophy Fees ....... 121 Table 4.4.11. Household Dividends Paid under the Campfire Programme 1992 in Mashonaland as of 1992 ........... 121 Table 4.4.12. Sources and Allocation of Wildlife Revenues under Zimbabwe’s Campfire Programme .................. 122 Table 4.4.13. The Economics of Campfire: 1991 District Performance ... 123 Table 4.4.14. Live Animal Sale Prices in 1991 Compared With Those Achieved in 1990 for Triangle/WMS Auctions .......... 125 Table 4.4.15. Ivory Production 1985 to 1991 ...................... 127 Table 4.4.16. The WPA Quota for 1994 ......................... 128 Table 4.4.17. Department of National Parks’ 1996 Zambezi Valley Hunting Camps Auction.......................... 128 Table 4.4.18. Number and Value of Trophies by Nationality of Sport Hunters in Nyaminyami District ............... 129 Table 4.5.1. Ostrich Stock for a Selected Number of Years........... 134 Table 4.5.2. Actual Export Earnings........................... 135 Table 4.5.3. Expected Income by Topaz Breeders ................. 136 Table 4.5.4. Project by Sponsor and Supporting Agencies ........... 137 Table 4.5.5. Distribution of Ostrich Projects ..................... 138 Table 4.5.6. Expected Employment from Ostrich Work............. 139 Table 4.6.1. New Land Uses in 1995/96 ........................ 141 Table 5.2.1. Organisational Map: New Land Use Actors ............ 146 List of Boxes and Charts Box 3.3.1. AFC Loan Case Studies ............................ 60 Chart 4.2.1. Zimbabwe’s Macro-Spatial Land Use Structure ........... 86 Box 4.3.1. Case Study of Tsakare Irrigation and Dryland Resettlement Scheme .............................. 95 Box 4.3.2. Marketing Case Study: Walk Project (Pvt) Ltd........... 105 Box 4.4.1. Save Conservancy ............................... 115 Box 4.4.2. Contractual Arrangements between ADA and a Private Safari Operator ........................... 119 Box 4.4.3. Nyaminyami Campfire Case Details .................. 120 Box 5.3.1. Forestry Commission and Land Resources Sharing ....... 153 List of Abbreviations AAG Affirmative Action Group ADA Agricultural Development Authority ADB African Development Bank AFC Agricultural Finance Corporation Agritex Agricultural, Technical and Extension Services BOP Bulawayo Ostrich Producers CA Communal Areas Campfire Communal Areas Management for Indigenous Resources CASS Centre for Applied Social Sciences CBO Community Based Organisation CFU Commercial Farmers Union CIDA Canadian International Development
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