À La Recherche D'un Corps. Langage Et Silence Dans L'œuvre De W.S

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À La Recherche D'un Corps. Langage Et Silence Dans L'œuvre De W.S "A la recherche d'un corps" CE LIVRE EST LE VINGT-CINQUIÈME TITRE DE LA COLLECTION « FICTION & CIE » DIRIGÉE PAR DENIS ROCHE Fiction & Cie Serge Grunberg, - "A la recherche d'un corps" Langage et silence dans l'œuvre de William S. Burroughs essai/Seuil Seuil, 27, rue Jacob, Paris 6e ISBN 2-02-005051-x. @ ÉDITIONS DU SEUIL, 1979. La loi du 11 mars 1957 interdit les copies ou reproductions destinées à une utilisation collective. Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale nu par- tielle faite par quelque procédé que ce soit, sans le consentement des auteurs ou de leurs ayants cause, est illicite et constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code pénal. Pour Chantal Imitation de William S. Burroughs Ecce William Seward Burroughs, alias l'inspecteur Lee, l'onCle Bill, el hombre invisible, 1,85 m, yeux bleu yage, bleu orgone, bleu-gris pluie du temps. Né le 5 février 1914 à Saint Louis, Missouri, heure précise inconnue, astrologues rentrez vos éphémérides. Son père, Mortimer Perry Burroughs, homme fort discret et porté sur la floriculture, était le fils de William Seward Burroughs première édition, fondateur de ce qui est devenu la Burroughs Corpo- ration. L'argent de la famille s'est déprécié lors de la grande crise de 1929, et il y a longtemps que Burroughs a brûlé dans ses veines l'ultime dollar maison. Il n'a aujourd'hui plus rien à voir avec la Burroughs Corporation, et n'a d'ailleurs pas grand-chose sur son compte de la Chase-Manhattan. Sa mère, Laura Lee, une vraie « Southem Belle », prude et volon- taire, était la fille d'un pasteur méthodiste de Géorgie et nullement une descendante directe du général sudiste Robert E. Lee. « Toutes les familles du Sud qui s'appellent Lee prétendent descendre du général! » ricane Burroughs. Laura Burroughs, Noami Ginsberg et Gabrielle « Mémère » Kerouac engendrèrent la Beat Generation entre deux guerres mondiales. Les années d'enfance se passent dans la maison natale, 4664 Per- shing Avenue, trois étages, briques- rouges, toit d'ardoise, pelouse sur le devant, grande cour derrière. Petites classes à la Taylor School. Premières écritures : westerns, gangsters et maisons hantées, ainsi que l'Autobiographie d'un loup, inspirée par la Biography of a Grizzli d'Ernest Thompson Seatton. En 1926, la famille s'installe dans une propriété de deux hectares située à Clayton, dans la banlieue de Saint Louis. Le jeune Burroughs est envoyé à la John Burroughs School puis, en 1929, à la Ranch School de Los Alamos, Nouveau-Mexique. Quinze ans, masturba- tion deux fois par jour et première liaison avec un camarade de classe. Rentrant à Saint Louis à Pâques 1930, il détruit, terrassé de honte, le journal de sa liaison. Il n'écrira plus pendant huit ans. Études de littérature anglaise à Harvard, à une époque où T. S. Eliot y était « visiting professor ». Des échos éliotiens résonneront souvent dans la future œuvre burroughsierme : « Kind, Wo weil est du? » ou encore « Who is the third who walks always beside y ou? ». Après son « Bachelor of Arts » en 1936, une année de voyage en Europe... Budapest, Athènes, Vienne et sa faculté de médecine, où Burroughs tâte du scalpel — Heil Doktor Benway! 1938, retour à Harvard, études supérieures d'anthropologie, et nouvelle tentative d'écriture avec Kells Elvins, un vieux copain : Quand le paquebot coulera, vous serez le premier à vous ruer dans le canot de sauvetage, même s'il faut pour cela s'attifer en bonne femme et couper au couteau les phalanges qui s'accrochent — voilà le premier thème burroughsien, qu'il reprendra dans une section de Nova Express, « Dernières lueurs du crépuscule ». Mais en fait, c'est cette nouvelle tentative d'écriture qui coule, et c'est à Bur- roughs qu'il manque un bout de doigt — nous y venons. Il semble bien que Burroughs ait voulu à cette époque entrer, grâce à ses relations familiales, à l'OSS. Mais il lui manquait cette phalangette de l'auriculaire gauche dont on ne sait s'il la perdit en jouant avec de l'explosif ou se la sectionna avec un sécateur à poulet... Toujours est-il que sa demande fut rejetée. Ce bout de doigt manquant allait néanmoins lui servir bientôt. Après avoir travaillé pendant un an dans une agence de publicité à New York, le voilà en 1942 dans l'armée. Il tente alors le « coup Van Gogh » : il est réformé au bout de cinq mois. Il part vivre à Chicago où il exercera divers métiers — ô usines, ô bureaux — dont celui d'exterminateur de parasites... 1943. Burroughs arrive à New York où, par l'intermédiaire d'un autre vieux copain de Harvard, Dave Kamarer, il rencontre un tas de jeunes gens qui font la bohème du Greenwich Village des années de guerre : Lucien Carr, Hal Chase, le petit Ginsberg et le jeune Kerouac. Ces deux derniers sont totalement fascinés par Burroughs, qui leur présentera en retour quelques personnages du bas-monde, fournisseurs de drogue et criminels assortis : Vicki Russell, Bill Garver, Phil White, Herbert Huncke. Nul n'ignore que la jonction de ces deux groupes, rejoints quelque temps après par deux autres garçons tâtant eux aussi de la taule comme de la plume, Neal Cassady et Gregory Corso, portera une dizaine d'années plus tard ses fruits sous la forme d'une légende littéraire doublée de considérables mouvements de migration pla- nétaire — le tout portant le nom de Beat Generation. En attendant, Burroughs apporte la tempête dans la vie de Kerouac et de Ginsberg, leur fait découvrir la drogue, leur fait lire toute une bibliothèque et leur fait même une sorte de psychanalyse sauvage sur le canapé de la salle à manger... En effet, Burroughs avait fait trois ans de psychanalyse avec quatre ou cinq analystes successifs, dont le Dr Paul Federn (qui succéda à Freud pour conserver les Minutes des « séances du mercredi soir » de-la Société psychana- lytique de Vienne, au début du siècle), et le Dr Louis Wolberg, spé- cialiste de l'hypnoanalyse. Burroughs, quant à lui, n'est pas sans profiter de ces rencontres. Il épouse Joan Vollmer, une amie de la première femme de Kerouac, avec lequel il va aussi retenter l'écriture. Tous deux admirent les policiers de Dashiell Hammett et. Raymond Chandler, et s'essaient a composer, en alternant les chapitres, un roman intitulé And the Hippos Were Boiled in their Tanks — sans suite. Mais Burroughs, récemment entré en drogue pour une douzaine d'années, commence à avoir des ennuis avec la police et part s'ins- taller dans une ferme de New Waverly, Texas : luzerne, citrons et cannabis... En 1947, Joan Burroughs met au monde William Burroughs Junior, troisième du nom. L'année suivante, les Burroughs s'instal- lent à Algiers, en face de La Nouvelle-Orléans. Nouvelle arrestation de Burroughs, situation de plus en plus difficile, Joan ne débenzédrine pas... Installation l'été 1949 à Mexico, au 212 Orizaba. Entre des cours à l'université sur la langue et l'histoire maya et aztèque, Burroughs se met pour de bon à écrire : en sorti- ront Junkie et un roman inédit, Queer. Entre les pages, Burroughs fait joujou avec son pistolet et — c'est lui-même qui l'a raconté — il tue un jour une souris en plein bar. Mais ses exercices de tir vont bientôt tourner au drame. En mars 1952 (quoiqu'il y en ait pour placer au 7 septembre 1951 le fatidique accident), William Burroughs tue net Joan d'une balle dans la tête. Quelle version croire? La version « Guillaume Tell » (posant un verre sur sa tête, Mrs. Burroughs défie son mari de le descendre, et il manque son coup), ou la version Bill-était-en-train- de-nettoyer-son-arme-en- se - balançant- sur - les - pieds - arrière - de- sa- chaise-quand-la-balle-est-partie-par-accident — ou une autre?... Imaginez la scène à votre convenance, racontez-la comme il vous plaira, puisque celui qui a tiré n'en dira rien. Burroughs repart alors en voyage et, traversant Panama, va explorer en Amérique du Sud la sérénissime bleuité du yage, cette mystérieuse banisteria caapi qu'il tient pour une des plus extraordinaires drogues. En juillet 1953, après un an de voyage, retour à New York; installation chez Ginsberg, 206 East 7th Street, et parution, sous le pseudonyme de William Lee, de Junkie (Ace Books). Burroughs quitte alors l'Amérique et débarque, en janvier 1954, à Tanger. Interpolation La vie de WSB croise ici celle d'un homme qui va l'influencer de manière irréversible et indélébile : Brion Gysin. Il serait insensé de vouloir comprendre Burroughs en faisant abstraction de Gysin, et la trajectoire de chacun ne cessera plus dès lors de surfiler celle de l'autre jusqu'à s'y fondre parfois. Né le 19 janvier 1916 en Angleterre d'un père suisse et d'une mère canadienne, Gysin est élevé en Angleterre, aux États-Unis et au Canada, avant de s'installer à Paris où il rencontre en 1935 le groupe surréaliste. Exclu du groupe en décembre 1937 lors de l'exposition collective à la galerie Quatre Chemins, il y fait pourtant sa première exposition personnelle en 1939. L'année suivante, il part aux États-Unis, où il dessinera des costumes pour des comédies musicales de Broadway. Un séjour dans les armées américaine et canadienne lui permet de s'initier au japonais et à sa calligraphie. Il s'intéresse ensuite à l'esclavage et écrit la biographie de « l'oncle Tom » : To Master : A Long Goodnight, suivi de The History of Slavery in Canada (New York, Creative Age Press, 1946).
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