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Bacheloroppgave BACHELOROPPGAVE Økologiske konsekvenser av vannkraftutslipp i Aurlandsfjorden og Fjærlandsfjorden Ecological consequences of hydroelectric discharge in the Aurlandsfjord and Fjærlandsfjord Mikel Gonsholt, Simen Sande og Tor-Eirik Ness Sæther Fornybar Energi Fakultet for ingeniør- og naturvitenskap Veileder: Marianne Nilsen, Bente Johnsen Rygg og Torbjørn Dale 17.06.2020 Jeg bekrefter at arbeidet er selvstendig utarbeidet, og at referanser/kildehenvisninger til alle kilder som er brukt i arbeidet er oppgitt, jf. Forskrift om studium og eksamen ved Høgskulen på Vestlandet, § 12-1. Innholdsfortegnelse FIGURLISTE ..................................................................................................................... 1 TABELLISTE .................................................................................................................... 3 FORORD .......................................................................................................................... 4 SAMMENDRAG ............................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 8 1. INNLEDNING .......................................................................................................... 11 2. TEORI ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.1. VANNKRAFT ................................................................................................................................. 13 2.1.1. Vannkraftens historie i Norge ............................................................................................. 14 2.1.2. Fordeler og ulemper med vannkraft ................................................................................... 17 2.2. FJORDTOPOGRAFI ........................................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1. Aurlandsfjorden .................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.2. Fjærlandsfjorden .................................................................................................................. 23 2.3. FJORDHYDROGRAFI ...................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.1. Vannmasser........................................................................................................................... 25 2.3.2. Vannutveksling ..................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.3. Næringsnett i fjord og hav ................................................................................................... 29 2.3.4. Planteplankton ...................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.5. Dyreplankton ........................................................................................................................ 31 2.3.6. Match/Mismatch- og Skreslet-hypotesen ........................................................................... 32 2.4. FORVALTNING AV VANNKRAFT ...................................................................................................... 33 2.4.1. Vanndirektivet ...................................................................................................................... 34 2.4.2. Vilkårsrevisjon av vannkraftkonsesjoner ........................................................................... 36 2.5. ØKONOMISKE RAMMER FOR VANNKRAFT ...................................................................................... 37 2.6. BESKRIVELSE AV AURLAND OG FJÆRLAND ................................................................................... 38 2.6.1. Aurland .................................................................................................................................. 38 2.6.2. Fjærland ................................................................................................................................40 3. METODE OG MATERIALE ..................................................................................... 42 3.1. VALG AV CASE ............................................................................................................................... 42 3.2. DATAGRUNNLAG .......................................................................................................................... 42 4. RESULTAT ............................................................................................................. 43 4.1. AURLAND ..................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2. FJÆRLAND ................................................................................................................................... 51 5. DISKUSJON ............................................................................................................55 5.1. FYSISKE ENDRINGER .................................................................................................................... 55 5.1.1. Tilførsel av næringssalter og partikler ............................................................................... 58 5.1.2. Masseoverskudd ................................................................................................................... 59 5.2. ØKOLOGISKE ENDRINGER .............................................................................................................60 5.2.1. Planteplankton og primærproduksjon ...............................................................................60 5.2.2. Påvirkning på fiskebestander .............................................................................................. 63 5.3. AVBØTENDE TILTAK OG DENS EFFEKT ........................................................................................... 66 5.4. MILJØKONSEKVENSER SMÅ OG STORE KRAFTVERK........................................................................ 70 6. KONKLUSJON ........................................................................................................ 75 7. LITTERATURLISTE ................................................................................................ 78 8. VEDLEGG ............................................................................................................... 92 Vedlegg 1 - Data Overview .............................................................................................................................. 92 Vedlegg 2 - Pre Powerplant point 1 (Skofteland, 1970)................................................................................. 93 Vedlegg 3 - Pre Powerplant point 2 (Skofteland, 1970) ................................................................................ 93 Vedlegg 4 - Pre Powerplant point 3 (Skofteland, 1970) ................................................................................ 94 Vedlegg 5 - Post powerplant paper point 1 (Thenrup & Darell, 1981) .......................................................... 95 Vedlegg 6 - Post powerplant NVE point 1 (NVE, u.å.) .................................................................................. 96 Vedlegg 7 - Post powerplant paper point 2 (Thenrup & Darell, 1981) ......................................................... 97 Vedlegg 8 - Post powerplant NVE point 2 (NVE, u.å.)................................................................................. 98 Vedlegg 9 - Post powerplant NVE point 3 (NVE, u.å.) .................................................................................. 99 Vedlegg 10 - Timelines location 1 ................................................................................................................. 100 Vedlegg 11 - Timelines location 2 ................................................................................................................. 101 Vedlegg 12 - Timelines location 3 ................................................................................................................ 102 Figurliste Figur 1 - Oversikt over inngrepsfri natur i Fjærland (Miljødirektoratet, 2020) ......... 18 Figur 2 – Illustrasjon av landskapsendringer fra tertiærtid til istid (Nesje & Whillans, 1994) ............................................................................................................................. 20 Figur 3 - Dybdeprofil over Sognefjorden (Nesje & Whillans, 1994) ............................ 20 Figur 4 - Kartutsnitt for Sognefjorden (Kartverket, 2020b) © Kartverket .................. 21 Figur 5 - Sjøkart over Aurlandsfjorden (Kartverket, 2020c) © Kartverket ................ 22 Figur 6 - Dybdeprofil for Aurlandsfjorden (Kartverket, 2020a) © Kartverket .......... 22 Figur 7 - Sjøkart over Fjærlandsfjorden (Kartverket, 2020c) © Kartverket ............... 24 Figur 8 - Oversikt over vannmassene. Viser de ulike lagenes dybde og saltholdighet (Opdal et al., 2013) ....................................................................................................... 26 Figur 9 - Sirkulasjonsmønster i fjorder ved nordavind (Opdal et al., 2013) ............... 28 Figur 10 - Sirkulasjonsmønster i fjorder ved søravind (Opdal et al., 2013) ................ 28 Figur 11 - Forenklet næringspyramide av trofiske
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