Notes

CHAPTER 2 PERSPECfIVES ON CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY BEHAVIOUR

1. Michael Ng-Quinn, 'Effects of Bipolarity on Chinese Foreign Policy', Survey 26, 2 (1982): 102-30; Robert North, The Foreign Relations of China (North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1978); Peter Van Ness, 'Three Lines in Chinese Foreign Relations, 1950-1983', Three Visions of Chinese Soeialism, ed. D. Solinger (Boulder: Westview Press, 1983) pp. 113-42; Bruce Cumings, 'The Political Economy of Chinese Foreign Policy', Modern China 5, 4 (October, 1979): 411-61; Dwight Perkins, 'The Constraints on Chinese Foreign Policy', China and Japan, ed. D. Helmann (Lexington: Lexington, 1976) pp. 159-95; Peter Yu, A Strategie Model of Chinese Checkers (New York: Peter Lang, 1984); Richard Wich, Sino-Soviet Crisis Polities (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1980); Mark Mancall, 'The Persistence of Tradition in Chinese Foreign Policy', Annals of the Ameriean Aeademy of Politieal Social Seienee 349 (September, 1963): 14-26; Tang Tsou and M. Halperin, 'Mao Tse-tung's Revolutionary Strategy and Peking's Inter• national Behaviours', Ameriean Politieal Scienee Review 59 (March, 1965: 80-99; Michael Hunt, 'Chinese Foreign Relations in Historical Perspective', China's Foreign Relations in the 1980s, ed. H. Harding (New Haven: Yale University, 1984) pp. 1-42; Dalijit Sen Adel, China and Her Neighbours (New DeJhi: Deep and Deep Publications, 1984); Davis Bobrow et al. , Understanding Foreign Poliey, (New York: The Free Press, 1979); Melvin Gurtov and Byong-Moo Hwang, China Under Threat (Baitimore: The John Hopkins University, 1980); Kenneth Lieberthai, 'The Background in Chinese Politics', The Sino-Soviet Confliet, ed. H. Ellison (Seattle: University of Washington , 1982) pp. 3- 28; John Garver, China's Deeision for Rapproehement with the United States, 1968-1971 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1982); Thomas Gottlieb, Chinese Foreign Poliey Faetionalism and the Origins of the Strategie Triangle (Santa Monica: Rand, R-1902-NA, November, 1977); Allen Whiting, The Chinese Caleulus of Deterrenee (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1974); Steve Chan, 'Chinese Conflict Calculus and Behavior', World Polities 30 (April, 1978): 391-410; Scott Boorman, The Protraeted Game, (New York: Oxford University, 1969); Kuan• sheng Liao, Anti-foreignism and Modernization in China, 1860-1980 (New York: St Martins Press, 1984); Ishwer Ojha, Chinese Foreign Poliey in an Age of Transition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971). 2. See Ng-Quinn, op. cit. 3. Also see Harold Hinton, China's Turbulent Quest (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1972). 4. Also see Yu, op. eit., p. 96; Wich, op. cit.; C. L. Sulzberger, The Coldest War (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974), p. 72; Harry Schwartz, Tsars, Mandarins, and Commissars (Garden City: Anchor Books, 1973) pp. 279-280.

193 194 Notes to pp. 5-16

5. Michael Ng-Quinn, 'International Systemie Constraints on Chinese Foreign Poliey', China and the World, ed. S. Kim (Boulder: Westview, 1984) p. 102. 6. Robert Scalapino, 'The Politieal Influenee of the USSR in Asia', Soviet Policy in East Asia, ed. D. Zagoria (New Haven: Yale University, 1982) p.65. 7. See Cumings, op. eit.; Van Ness, op. eit. 8. See North, op. eit. 9. See Perkins, op. eit. 10. Hunt, op. eit., pp. 19,39. 11. Adel, op. cit., pp. 1, 17, 199. 12. See Tsou and Halperin, op. eit. 13. Bobrow et al., op. eit.; also see Jonathan Pollack, Security, Strategy, and the Logic o[ Chinese Foreign Policy (Berkeley: U niversity of California, 1981). 14. Maneall, op. eit., p. 25. 15. John Cranmer-Byng, 'The Chinese View of Their Plaee in the World', China Quarterly 53 (1973): 78. 16. Lieberthai, op. eit., pp. ~. 17. Also see Garver, op. cit.; John Garver, 'Chinese Foreign Poliey in the 1970s', China Quarterly 82 (1980): 214-49; Gottlieb, op. cit.; Kenneth Lieberthai, 'The Foreign Poliey Debate in Peking; China Quarterly 71 (September, 1970): 528-54; and Roger Brown, 'Chinese Polities and Ameriean Poliey', Foreign Policy 23 (Summer, 1976) 2-24. 18. Gurtov and Hwang, op. eit. 19. James Husing, 'The Study of Chinese Foreign Poliey', China in the Global Community, eds. J. Husing and S. Kim (New York: Praeger, 1980) pp. 4-10. 20. Liao, op. eit.; also see Riehard Solomon, Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture (Berkeley: University of California, 1971) pp. 36~. 21. See Ojha, op. eit. 22. Whiting, op. cit.; Chan, op. eit. 23. Thomas Stopler, China, Taiwan, and the Offshore Islands (New York: M. E. Sharpe, Ine., 1985) p. 9. 24. Boorman, op. eit., pp. 167, 17(}-2.

CHAPTER 3 SELF, CULTURE, AND DRAMA OF FOREIGN POLICY: A CYBERNETIC METAPHOR

1. See B. Knudsen, 'The Paramount Importanee of Cultural Sourees: Ameriean Foreign Poliey and Comparative Foreign Poliey Research Reeonsidered', Cooperation and Conflict 22 (1987): 87-113; J. P. LovelI, 'Cultural and Foreign Poliey', a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Assoeiation, Washington, D.C., April 16, 1987; C. Lord 'Ameriean Strategie Culture', Comparative Strategy 5, 3 (1985): 269-93; P. E. Rohrlieh, 'Eeonomie Culture and Foreign Poliey', International Organization 41 (1987): 61-92; L. Baritz, Notes to pp. 16-18 195

Backfire: A History of How American Culture Led Us into Vietnam and Made Us Fight the Way We Did (New York: Ballantine Books). 2. W. B. Earle, 'Conceptualization and Measurement of Drama in Foreign Policy', a paper presented at the 1988 Annual Meeting of the Inter• national Society of Political Psychology, Meadowlands, N J (July 1-5, 1988). 3. See K. W. Thompson (ed.) Moral Dimensions of American Foreign Policy (New Brunswick: Transaction Books); Jack Holm, The Mood/ Interest Theory of American Foreign Policy (Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1985); Arthur Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986); Oie Hoisti andJ. Rosenau, American Leadership in World Affairs (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1984). 4. Martin Sampson, 'Culture and Foreign Policy Change', a paper presented at the 1988 Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Meadowlands, NJ (July 1-5, 1988); J. Walter, 'Nationalism and National Character', a paper presented at the 1988 Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology (July 1-5, 1988); D. J. Elkins and R. E. B Simeon, 'A Cause in Search of Its Effect, or Wh at Does Political Culture Explain?' Comparative Politics 11, 2 (1979): 127--46. 5. Lloyd Etheredge, 'Is American Foreign Policy Ethnocentric? Notes Toward a Propositional Inventory', a paper presented at the 1988 Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (September 1--4, 1988); 'Nuclear Deterrence Without the Rationality Assumption: Dramatic Requirements and the Agenda for Learning', a paper presented at the 1987 Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, San Francisco (7 July 1987); Can Government Learn: American Foreign Policy and Central American Revolutions (New York: Pergamon, 1985); 'President Reagan's Counseling', Political Psychology 5,4 (1984): 737--40; D. I. Kertzer, Ritual, Polities, and Power (New Haven: Yale University, 1988). 6. Chih-yu Shih, 'National Role Conception as Foreign Policy Motivation: The Psychocultural Bases of Chinese Diplomacy', Political Psychology 9,4 (1988); Martha Cottam, Foreign Policy Decision Making (Boulder: Westview, 1986); Stephen Walker (ed.), Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham: Duke University); C. Backman, 'Role Theory and International Relations', International Studies Quarterly 14 (1970): 310-19; John Stoessinger, Nations in Darkness (New York: Random House, 1978); K. Holsti, 'National Role Conceptions in the study of Foreign Policy', International Studies Quarterly 14 (1970): 233- 309. 7. M. Manescu, Economic Cybernetics (Kent: Abacus Press, 1984). 8. See John Steinbruner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision (Princeton: University of Princeton, 1974) p. 51; Maxwell Maltz, Psycho• Cybernetics (New York: Pocket Books, 1966), p. 17. As to various definitions of cybernetics, see Jiri Klir and M. Valach, Cybernetic Modeling (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1967) pp. 65-69. 9. Robin Marra, 'A Cybernetic Model of the US Defense Expenditure Policymaking Process' , International Studies Quarterly 29,4 (1985): 361; Steinbruner, op. cit. p. 65. 196 Notes to pp. 18-22

10. Kenneth Sayre, Cybernetics and the Philosophy of Mind (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1976). 11. See ibid., pp. 36-45; V. L. Parsegian, This Cybernetic World of Men, Machine and Earth Systems (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1972) pp. 170-3; Klir and Valach, op. cit., pp. 60-2. 12. See Steinbruner, op. cit., p. 68; Morton A. Kaplan, System and Process in International Politics (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967), p. 9; Ross Ashby, A Design for a Brain (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1960) pp. 41-43. 13. Rolf Wigand, 'A Model of Interorganizational Communication among Complex Organizations', Communication and Control in Society, ed. K. Krippendorff (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1979) p. 376. 14. See Klous Krippendorff, 'Introduction', Communication, ed. Krippendorff, pp. 228-36; Doreen Steg and R. Schulman, 'Human Transaction and Adapting Behavior', Communication, ed. Krippendorff, pp. 318-9; Parsegian, op. cit., pp. 47-66; Ya Lerner, Fundamentals of Cybernetics (London: Chapman and Hall, 1972) pp. 77-86; Ross Ashby, An Introduction of Cybernetics (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1963) pp. 195-272. 15. Ashby, A Design, p. 62. 16. Steinbruner, op. cit., p. 60. 17. Larry Hirschhorn, Beyond Mechanization (Cambridge: MIT, 1984) p.1. 18. Ashby, A Design, pp. 87-93. 19. Maltz, op. cit., pp. 28-9. 20. William FeindeI, 'The Brian Considered as a Thinking Machine', Memory, Learning, and Language, ed. W. FeindeI (Toronto: University ofToronto, 1960) pp. 77-101. 21. F. H. George, The Foundations of Cybernetics (New York: Gordon and Breach, 199) p. 167. 22. See Kertzer, Rituals, op. cit., pp. 77-101. 23. T. C. He\vey, The Age of Information, An Interdisciplinary Survey of Cybernetics (Englewood Cliffs: Education Technology, 1971) p. 114. 24. George, op. cit., p. 157. 25. See James Taylor, 'Modeling the Task Group as a Partially Self Programming Communication Net: A Cybernetic Approach', Com• munication, ed. Krippendorff, pp. 408-10. 26. Herbert Simon, 'Information Storage System Called "Human Memory''', Neural Mechanisms of Learning and Memory, eds. M. R. Rosenzweig and E. L. Bennett (Cambridge: MIT, 1976) p. 85. 27. Lerner, op. cit., p. 250. 28. Rusell Ackoff, 'Tbe Aesthetics of V Management', Communication, ed. Krippendorff, pp. 239-48. 29. Parsegian, op. cit., pp. 121-50; F. H. George, 'Behavioral Cybernetics', Survey of Cybernetics, ed. J. Ross (London: I1iffe Books, 1969), pp. 75- 78; Arthur Porter, 'The Mechanical Representation of Processes of Thought', Memory, ed. FeindeI, pp. 39-40. 30. G. Marcus, 'The Structure of Emotional Response: 1984 Presidential Candidates'. American Political Science Review 82,3 (1988): 737-62. Notes to pp. 22-28 197

31. John McCamant, 'Governance without Blood', States as Terrorist, eds. M. Stohl and G. Lopez (Westport: Greenwood, 1984) pp. 13-14; also see Sayre, op. cit., pp. 139-59; Hanna Pitkin, Wittgenstein and Justice (Berkeley: University of California, 1972) p. 115. 32. Heinz Foerster, 'Cybernetics of Cybernetics', Communication, ed. Krippendorff, p. 6. 33. John Hewitt, Self and Society (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1979) pp. 60-61. 34. Sayre, op. cit. p. 181. 35. Charles Dechert, The Social Impact of Cybernetics (Notre Dame: Unversity ofNotre Dame, 1966) pp. 28-29. 36. George, The Foundations, pp. 232-8. 37. Richard Carter, 'A Journalistic Cybernetic', Communication, ed. Krippendorff, p. 481; Fred Ricci, 'Cybernetics and Society', Progress of Cybernetics, ed. J. Ross (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1970), p.I136. 38. See Kertzer, Rituals, op. cit. pp. 1-14. 39. Pitkin, op. cit., pp. 56-7,71-98. 40. See Tom T. Burns, T. Baumgartner and P. Deville, Man, Decision, Society (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1985) p. 9; Anthony Wilden, 'Changing Frames of Order: Cybernetics and Machina Mundi', Com• munication, ed. Frippendorff, pp. 20-1. 41. Burns, et al., Man, p. 68. 42. Herbert Simon, 'Motivational and Emotional Controls of Cognition', Psychological Review 74 (1967): 33-4. 43. Kenneth Boulding, 'National Images and International System', Journal of Conflict Resolution 3 (1959): 122. 44. Oie Holsti, 'The Belief System and National Images', Journal of Conflict Resolution 6 (1962): 244-5. 45. William Powers, 'Degrees of Freedom in Social Interactions', Com• munication, ed. Krippendorff, p. 275. 46. See David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965). 47. Karl Deutsch, The Nerves ofGovernment (New York: The Free Press, 1962) pp. 172-3. See William Chandler, The Science of History, A Cybernetic Approach (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1984) pp. 65-8. 48. See Kertzer, op. cit., pp. 174-7. 49. See William Chandler, The Science of History, A Cybernetic Approach (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1984) pp. 65-8. 50. See Richard Ericson, 'Organisational Cybernetics and Human Va lues' , Progress, ed. Ross, pp. 1176-7. 51. Ibid. p. 1179; George Theodoridis, 'A Quantitative Approach to Human Interactions and Social Phenomena', Progress, ed. Ross, p.l199. 52. Carl Backman, 'Role Theory and International Relations', International Studies Quarterly 14,3 (September, 1970): 316. 53. Theodore Sarbin and V. Allen, 'Role Theory', The Handbook of Social PsychoLogy, 1, eds. G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Meion Park: Addison• Wesley, 1969) p. 524. 198 Notes to pp. 29--41

54. Deutsch, op. cit., p. 147. 55. Dechert, op. eit., p. 25. 56. Michael Ng-Quinn, 'The Analytic Study of Chinese Foreign Policy', International Studies Quarterly 27 (1983), p. 221. 57. Chalmers Johnson, 'What's Wrong with Chinese Politieal Studies?' Asian Survey 22,10 (Oetober, 1982), p. 923. 58. See Peter Van Ness, The Civilizer State (Denver: University of Denver , 1985) pp. 7, 9-11 (Mimeographed).

CHAPTER 4 CHINESE PSYCHOCULTURE AND FOREIGN POLICY MOTIVATION

1. Kam Louie, Critiques of Confucius in Contemporary China (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980) p. 146. 2. Herrlee Creel, Wh at is Taoism (Chieago: The University of Chieago, 1970) pp. 19,21,23. 3. Pearl Buek, The New Chinese Novel (New York: The John Day Company, 1938) pp. 12-3,18. 4. Ibid., p. 17. 5. William McNaughton, 'The Chinese Novel and Modern Western Historismus', Critical Essays on Chinese Fiction, eds. W. Yang and C. Adkins (Hong Kong: The Chinese University, 1980) p. 214; C. T. Hsai, The C/assic Chinese Novel (New York: Columbia University, 1968) p.16. 6. Buck, op. cit., pp. 42-44. 7. Max Weber, The Religion ofChina (GIeneoe: Free Press, 1951), p. 157. 8. Julia Ching, Confucianism and Christianity (New York: Kodansha International, 1977) p. 98. 9. J. Legge (trans.), The Four Books (the part by Confucius) (Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1930) pp. 33,165-6. 10. See Weber, op. eit., p. 31; Ching, op. eit., p. 97. 11. Sun Yet-sen, The Three Principles of People (Taibei: Li-Min Wen-Hua, 1982) p. 110. 12. James Liu, 'An Analysis of Chinese Clan Rules: Confueian Theories in Action', Confucianism in Action, eds. D. Nivison and A. Wright (Stanford: Stanford University, 1966), p. 73; for a list of approved attitudes, also see Arthur Wright, 'Value, Roles and Personalities', Confucian Personalities. eds. A. Wright and D. Twitchett (Stanford: Stanford University, 1962) p. 8. 13. Hui Tsu Wang, 'Salutary Adviee on Assisting in Administration' (Zuo zhi yao yen), Five Guides to Sailing on the Sea of Officialdom (Huanhai zhinan wuzhong), ed. Hsu (n.p.: n.p., 1859) pp. 11,28. 14. Legge (trans.), op. eit., p. 168. 15. Ibid., p. 167. 16. Vineent Shih, 'China's Cultural Heritage', Proceedings of the Con• ference of China's Cultural Heritage and Foreign Relations (San Franeisco: Institute of Sino-Ameriean Studies, 1967) p. 1. 17. Weber, op. eit., pp. 31-32. Notes to pp. 41-49 199

18. Legge (trans.), op. eit. (the part by Meneius) pp. 494,695,979. 19. Benjamin Schwartz, 'Some Polarities in Confueian Thought', in A. Wright, ed., Confucianism and Chinese Civilization (New York: Atheneum, 1965) p. 9. 20. Shiu Ouyang, 'On Releasing the Prisoners' (Zong ehiu lun), Ouyang Yongxu Quanji, vol. 3, ed. Wang Y. W. (Taibei: The Commereial Press, 1968) pp. 3&-9. 21. John Fairbank, The Early Treaty System in the Chinese World Order', The Chinese World Order, ed. J. Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, 1968) pp. 273-4; Benjamin Sehwartz, The Chinese Pereep• ti on of World Order Past and Present', The Chinese World Order, ed. Fairbank, p. 278. 22. Mousheng Lin, Men and Ideas (New York: The John Day Company, 1942) p. 31. 23. Frederiek Mote, 'Confueian Eremitism in the Yuan Period' , Confucianism, ed. Wright, p. 256. 24. Legge (trans.), op. eit. (the part by Confueius) pp. 102, 192-3,222-3; (the part by Meneius), p. 848. 25. Wright, 'Value', p. 19. 26. See Mote, op. eit., p. 258. 27. See Mote's diseussion on Eremitism, ibid., pp. 262-70, 274-9. 28. Liu, op. eit., p. 86. 29. Legge (trans.), op. eit. (the part by Confueius), p. 244. 30. Liu, op. eit., p. 90 31. Hui Tsu Wang, 'Learning to govern', (Xue zhi yi xiu), Five Guides, ed. Hsu, pp. 18,4&-9. 32. Raymond Smullyan, The Tao is Silent (New York: Harper and Row, 1977) p. 37. 33. Ibid., p. 11. 34. Lin, op. eit. p. 81. 35. Creel, op. eit., pp. 4&-78. 36. Robert Rublmann, 'Traditional Heroes in Chinese Popular fietion', Confucianism and Chinese Civilization, ed. Wright, pp. 13frI42. 37. Weber, op. eit., pp. 185-204. 38. Lin, op. eit., pp. 70--73. 39. Weber, op. eit., p. 186. 40. Ying-shih Yu, 'Confueian Thought and Eeonomie Development', The Chinese Intellectual2, 2 (Winter, 1986): 9. 41. Ibid., p. 11. 42. Tien-Wei Wu, Lin Biao and the Gang of Four (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, 1983) p. 149. 43. Curtis Adkins, The Hero in T'ang Ch'uan-ehi Tales', Critical Essays on Chinese Fiction, eds. W. Yang and C. Adkins (Hong Kong: The Chinese University, 1980), p. 29. 44. Buek, op. eit., p. 19. 45. Ibid., p. 37. 46. Legge (trans.), op. eit., (the part by Confucius) p. 160. 47. Rublmann, op. eit., pp. 149-150, 153, 157. 200 Notes to pp. 50-56

48. James Harrison, The Communist and Chinese Peasant Rebellions (New York: Atheneum, 1969) pp. 279-304. 49. Wu, op. eit., pp. 65-74. 50. Ibid., p. 158; see also the list of revolutionary values in Gordon Bennett, 'Traditional, Modern, and Revolutionary Values ofNew Social Groups in China', Value Change in Chinese Society, eds. R. Wilson et al. (New York: Praeger, 1979) p. 214. 51. Rublmann, op. cit., p. 151. 52. Ibid., pp. 131--6, 152. 53. Hsia, op. cit., pp. 86-7. 54. Ibid., pp. 88--9. 55. Jaroslav Prusek (1970), Chinese History and Literature (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1970) pp. 438--9. 56. See Hsia, op. cit., pp. 24, 29. 57. Richard Solomon, Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Pofitical Culture (Berkeley: University of California, 1971); Lucian Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Pofitics (Cambridge: MIT, 1968). 58. Carolyn Baum and R. Baum, 'Creating the New Communist Child', Value, eds. Wilson et al., pp. 103-15. 59. Kuo-sin Chang, Mao Tse-tung and his China (Hong Kong: Heinemann, 1978) p. 55; Yefu Zheng, 'Views on Ancient China's Intellectuals', The Chinese Intellectual2, 1 (Autumn, 1985): 20. 60. Wu, op. cit., p. 8. 61. This term is used in Franeis Hsu, Under the Ancestor's Shadow (Stanford: Stanford University, 1971) p. 265. 62. Wu, op. eit., pp. 163-9. 63. James Hightower, Topics in Chinese Literature (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1971) p. 105. 64. Hsia, op. eit., p. 134. 65. Wm. Theodore de Bary, New Confucian Orthodox and the Learning of the Mind-and-Heart (New York: Columbia University, 1981) pp. 127-8, 160-1. 66. Yu, op. eit., pp. 16-19. 67. Ching, op. cit., p. 88. 68. Yu, op. eit. p. 7. 69. Ibid., p. 10. 70. Legge (trans.) (the part by Confueius) p. 228. 71. Bary, op. cit., pp. 174-5. 72. Dun Li, (ed.), The Essence of Chinese Civilization, Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1967) pp. 339-41, 354--6. 73. Wu, op. cit., pp. 86-7. 74. See Wei-ming Tu, 'Confucianism', Value Change, eds. Wilson et al., pp. 35--6. 75. Wu, op. eit., p. 81. 76. See Mao's poem quoted in Stuart Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1969) p. 26. 77. Legge (trans.) (the part by Mencius) p. 627. 78. Baum and Baum, op. eit., pp. 103, 118. 79. Chang, op. cit., p. 165. Notes to pp. 56--67 201

80. Roberta Martin, 'The Socialization ofChildren in China and on Taiwan: An Analysis of Elementary School Textbooks', China Quarterly 62 (June 1975): pp. 246-51. 81. For example, see Ju-i Chen, 'A Comparative Study ofTextbooks at the Elementary Level Used in Taiwan and Mainland' (Taiwan yu dalu xiaoxue guoyuwen jiaokexu zhi bijiao yenjiu), Fei Ching Yueh Pao 19, 9 (March 1977): 47-8. 82. Richard Solomon, 'Educational Themes in China's Changing Culture', China Quarterly 22 (April-June 1965): p. 158. 83. Martin, op. cit., p. 250. 84. R. F. Price, 'Chinese Textbooks, Fourteen Years on', China Quarterly 83 (September 1980): pp. 539, 550. 85. Solomon, op. eit., p. 168. 86. Price, op. cit., p. 550. 87. Milovan Djilas, The New Class (New York: Praeger, 1967). 88. Betty Bureh, 'Models as Agents of Change in China', Value Change, eds. Wilson et al., p. 125. 89. Mao Tse-tung, Selected Worfes o[ Mao Tse-Tung 3 (Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1965) pp. 321-4. 90. See Lueian Pye, 'Mao Tse Tung's Leadership Style', Political Science Quarterly 91,2 (Summer 1976) pp. 219--35.

CHAPTER 5 FACE DIPLOMACY: LEADERS AND NORMS IN FOREIGN POLICY MAKING

1. Concerning the origin of this breakdown, please see Gordon Bennett, 'Traditional, Modern and Revolutionary Values on New Soeial Groups in China', Value Change in Chinese Society, eds. R. Wilson et al. (New York: Praeger, 1979) pp. 207-29; CharIes Lindbiom, Politics and Markets (New York: Basic Books, 1977); Paul Hiniker and J. Perlstein, 'Alternation of Charismatic and Bureaucratic Styles of Leadership in Revolutionary China', Comparative Political Studies 10, 4 (January, 1978): 529--53; Alexander DaIlin and G. Breslaner, Political Terror in Communist System (Stanford: Stanford University, 1970). 2. See Mark MancaIl, 'The Persistence of Tradition in Chinese Foreign Policy', Annals o[ the American Academy o[ Political Social Science 349 (September, 1963): 14-26; Samuel Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order (Princeton: Princeton University, 1979) pp. 19-48; John Cramer-Byng, 'The Chinese view of Their Place in the WorId', China Quarterly 53 (1973): 67-79; Howard Boorman and S. Boorman, 'Strategy and National Psychology in China', Annals o[ American Academy o[ Political and Social Science (March 1967): 143--55. 3. Kung-chun Hsiao, 'Weng Tonghe and the Reform Movement of 1898', Qinghua Journal o[ Chinese Studies, N. S. I (1957): 117, 128, 134. 4. J. O. P. Bland, Li Hung Chang (New York: Henry Holt, 1917) pp. 37, 60. 5. William Francis Mannix, Memories o[ Li Hung Chang (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1923), p. 60. 202 Notes to pp. 67-74

6. Bland, op. eit., p. 67. 7. Op. eit., pp. 47-51. 8. Stanley Speetor (1964), Li Hung Chang and the Huai Army (Seattle: University ofWashington) p. 67. 9. Bland, op. eit., p. 516. 10. Speetor, op. eit., p. 241. 11. Ibid., pp. 248-9. 12. Bland, op. eit., p. 118. 13. Speetor, op. eit., p. 187. 14. Ibid, p. 272. 15. Ibid, p. 275. 16. Mannix, op. eit., p. 40. 17. Bland, op. eit., pp. 84-7. 18. Ibid., p. 142. 19. Ibid., p. 155. 20. Ibid., pp. 159-160. 21. Ibid., p. 199. 22. Ibid., p. 84. 23. Mannix, op. eit., pp. 25--{); Bland, op. eit., pp. 92, 119. 24. Bland, op. eit., p. 135. 25. Jerome Ch'en, Yuan Shih-k'ai (Stanford: Stanford University, 1971) p.23. 26. Ibid., pp. 44-9. 27. Ernest P. Young, The Presidency o[ Yuan Shih-k'ai (Ann Arbor: University of Miehigan, 1977, pp. 1Ofr123. 28. See Ch 'i-eh 'ao Liang, Collected Works ofthe Yinbing Studio (Yinbingshi heji) , (Shanghai: n.p., 1926) pp. 108-9; Young, op. eit., pp. 142-8. 29. See Ch'en, pp. 37-42, 88-9. 30. Ibid., p. 107; Young, p. 135. 31. Ch'en, p. 110. 32. Ibid., p. 166. 33. Young, pp. 197,203. 34. See ibid., pp. 155--{)8. 35. See Marius B. Jansen, The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950) pp. 188-93. 36. Young, p. 229. 37. Ibid., p. 184. 38. See ibid., pp. 179-80; Ch'en, pp. 140-1. 39. Ch'en, pp. 142-3. 40. Ibid, p. 158. 41. Charlotte Furth, 'May Fourth in History' ,Refleetions on the May Fourth Movement, ed. B. Sehwartz (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1972) p. 57; Tse-tung Chow, The May Fourth Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960) p. 15. 42. Furth, p. 67. 43. Chow, pp. 48-51. 44. Yu-sheng Lin, 'Radieal Iconoclasm in the May Fourth Period and the Future of Chinese Liberalism' ,Refleetions, ed. Sehwartz, p. 25. 45. Leo Ou-fan Lee, 'The Romantie Temper of May Fourth Writers', Reflections, ed. Sehwartz, p. 78. Notes to pp. 74-78 203

46. Ibid., pp. 72-3. 47. Chow, op. cit., pp. 94-5. 48. Merle Goldman, 'Left-Wing Criticism of the Pai-hua Movement', Reflections, ed. Schwartz, pp. 85-94. 49. Jerome Grieder, 'Tbe Ouestion of "Politics" in the May Fourth Era', Reflections, ed. Schwartz, pp. 95-102. 50. Chow, op. cit., pp. 34, 58. 51. Lin, op. cit., p. 56. 52. Chow, p. 140. 53. Ibid., p. 108. 54. Ibid., p. 161. 55. Maurice Meisner (1972), 'Cultural Iconoclasm, Nationalism, and Intemationalism in the May Fourth Movement', Reflections, ed. Schwartz, p. 21. 56. Robert Payne, Chiang Kai-shek (New York: Weybright & Talley, 1969) p.59. 57. Ibid., pp. 97-8. 58. Ibid., pp. 131-2, 157. 59. Theodore White and A. Jocoby, 'Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Wartime China', Republican China, eds. F. Schurmann and O. Schall (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968), p. 249. 60. Payne, op. cit., pp. 190-2. 61. Ibid., pp. 162,194. 62. As for Chiang's personality deve1opment, see Pichon Loh, The Early Chiang Kai-shek (New York: Columbia University, 1971) pp. 60-65. 63. Chiang Kai-shek, 'China Cannot Be Conquered', President Chiang Kai• shek's Selected Speeches and Messages 1937-1945, ed. China Cultural Service (Taibei: China Cultural Service, year unknown), p. 85; also in the same edition, 'Mobilizing Our Spiritual Forces' , p. 112; 'Our Spiritual Forces' , p. 211. 64. Chiang Kai-shek, 'Youth Day Message' (1968) President Kai-shek's Selected Speeches and Messages, ed. Govemment Information Office, ROC (Taibei: Govemment Information Office, year unknown) p. 26. 65. Brian Crozier, The Man Who Lost China (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976) p. 391. 66. Ibid., p. 390. 67. Payne, op. cit., p. 170. 68. Crozier, p. 395. 69. Chiang Kai-shek, 'Double Ten Message' (in 1963), The Taiwan Experience, ed. J. Hsiung (Washington D. c.: Tbe American Association ofChinese Studies, 1983) pp. 400-1. 70. Chiang Kai-shek, 'Answers to Ouestions Submitted by Mr. Robert P. Martin ofthe US News and World Reports' (in 1961), President Chiang Kai-shek's Selected Speeches and Messages, ed. Govemment Information Office, ROC (Taibei: Govemment Information Office, year unknown), pp. 16-19. 71. Mao-nan Lai et al. (eds. China Yearbook 1973-4 (Taibei: China Publishing Co., 1974), pp. 7-9. 72. 'Statement of the Govemment of the Republic of China on Severance of Diplomatie Relations with Japan, September 29, 1972', Normalizing 204 Notes to pp. 79-85

Relations with the People's Republie of China, ed. H. Chiu, Oeeasional Papers/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies (1978), vol. 2, no. 14, p. 162. 73. Burce Mazlish, The Revolutionary Aseetie (New York: Basic Books, 1968) pp. 167-73. 74. Alexander Eckstein, China's Eeonomie Revolution (New York: Cambridge University, 1981) pp. 40--1. 75. Mao Zedong, Seleeted Works of Mao Tse-tung 5 (Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1977) pp. 40--1. 76. See Stuart Schram, The Politieal Thought of Mao Tse-tung (New York: Praeger, 1971), p. 72; Richard Baum and F. Tewis, Ssu-Ch'ing: The Socialist Edueation Movement of 1962-1966, Center for Chinese Studies, Research Monograph 2 (Berkeley: University of California 1968,) p. 17. 77. For example, see Mao, Seleeted Works 5, pp. 41-2. 78. Harry Harding, Organizing China (Stanford University, 1981) p. 175. 79. Ibid., pp. 173-4. 80. Ibid., pp. 202-6. 81. See Robert Lifton, Revolutionary Immortality (New York: Random House, 1968). 82. Concerning interchanges between styles, see Lucian Pye, 'Mao Tse• tung's Leadership Style', Politieal Scienee Quarterly 91, 2 (Summer 1976),pp.219-35. 83. John Gittings, The World and China, 1922-1972 (New York: Harper & Row, 1974) pp. 9, 144-5. 84. Mao Zedong, 'The Great Friendship', Mao Tse-tung and Lin Piao, K. Fan (Garden City: Doubleday, 1972). 85. Harold Hinton, China's Turbulent Quest (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1972), pp. 90-91. 86. Mao, 'The Great Friendship'. 87. See Maos remarks on patriotism and internationalism in Mao Zedong, Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, eds. S. Schram and A. D. Barnett (New York: Praeger, 1967), pp. 98-101. 88. John Garver, China's Deeision for Rapproaehment with the United States, 1968-1971 (Boulder: Westview, 1982). 89. Lowell Dittmer, Liu Shao-eh'i and Chinese Cultural Revolution (Berkeley: University of California, 1974) pp. 200-3. 90. Guotao Zhang, 'Introduction', Colleeted Works of Liu Shao Ch'i 1958- 1967, ed. Union Research Institute (Hong Kong: Research Institute, 1968) pp. vi-vii. 91. Dittmer, p. 71. 92. Union Research Institute (ed.), Colleeted Work of Liu Shao Ch'i, 1958- 1967 (Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1968) p. 35; also see Dittmer, pp. 190-1. 93. Ibid., p. 334. 94. Schram, op. cit., p. 81. 95. See Tien-min Li, Liu Shao-eh'i (Taibei: Institute of International Relations, 1975) p. 146; Dittmer, op. cit., p. 42. 96. See Howard Boorman, 'Liu Shao-ch'i: the Man and the Iceberg', Notes to pp. 85-102 205

Revolutionary Leaders of Modern China, ed. C. Hseuh (New York: Oxford University, 1971) pp. 573-42. 97. Dittmer, op. cit., p. 29. 98. Ibid, p. 209. 99. Boorman, 'Liu Shao-ch'i' pp. 544-5. 100. Zhang, op. cit., pp. 8-9; Li, op. cit., pp. 102, 108. . 101. See Liu's various speeches in Union Research Institute (ed.), Colleeted Works. 102. Dittmer, op. cit., p. 45. 103. Dennis Bloodworth and C. Ping, Heirs Apparent (London: Secker & Warburg, 1937) p. 28. 104. Dick Wilson, Zhou Enlai (New York: Viking, 1984), pp. 103-4. 105. Ibid., p. 218. 106. Ibid., p. 234. 107. Ibid., pp. 271-6; Joh Roots, Chou (Garden City: Doubleday, 1978) p. 113. 108. Zhou Enlai, Speech of January 14, 1956, New China News Agency, January 29,1956, cited in Wilson, op. cit., p. 206. 109. Wilson, op. cit., p. 207. 110. Bloodworth and Ping, op. cit., p. 28. 111. Franz Michael, 'Statement', United States Relations with the People's Republie of China, July 20, 1971 Hearing, US Senate Foreign Commit• tee (Washington D. c.: US Government) p. 325. 112. Wilson, op. cit., p. 296. 113. Ibid., p. 194. 114. Kai-yu Hsu, Chou En-Iai (Garden City: Doubleday, 1968) p. 205. 115. Hsin Chi, Teng Hsiao-ping (Hong Kong: Cosmos Book, 1978) p. 33. 116. Ibid., pp. 38-9. 117. Immanuel Hsu, China After Mao (New York: Oxford, 1983) p. 35. 118. Ibid. 119. Ibid, p. 41. 120. Samuel Kim, 'Normative Foreign Policy', InternationalInteractions 8, 1-2 (1981): p. 61.

CHAPTER 6 THE CHAN GING NATIONAL SELF-IMAGES IN CHINESE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY

1. Mark Mancall, China at the Center (New York: The Free PRess, 1984) pp. 13-39. 2. Chi-shueh Fu, Chinese Diplomatie History (Zhongguo waijiaoshi) (Taibei: The Commercial Press, 1983) p. 53. 3. See Chih-yu Shih, 'Yeh Ming-chen and the Canton Incident: A Confucian Diplomat in Crisis', in Proeeedings of the 8th International Symposium on Asian Studies (Hong Kong: International Association of Asian Studies, 1986). 4. Fu, op. cit., p. 80. 5. Mancall, op. cit., p. 184. 6. See Fu, op. cit., pp. 168-70. 206 Notes to pp. 108-128

7. MancaJl, op. cit., p. 352. 8. Michael Yahuda, China' s Role in WorldAffairs (New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1978) p. 57. 9. Samuel Kim, 'Mao Zedong and China's Changing World View', China in the Global Community, eds. J. Hsiung and S. Kim (New York: Praeger, 1980) pp. 30-1. 10. Gungwu Wang, China and the World Sinee 1949 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1975) p. 54. 11. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of Cultural Revolution, vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University, 1983), p. 97. 12. Steven Levine, 'The Superpowers in Chinese Global Policy', China, eds. Hsiung and Kim, pp. 44-45. 13. Yahuda, op. cit., p. 113. 14. Daniel Tretlak, The Chinese Cultural Revolution and Foreign Poliey, ASG Monograph no. 2 (Waltham: Westinghouse, 1970) pp. 10-27. 15. See William Heaton, A United Front Against Hegemonism, National Security Affairs Mongoraph Series 80-3, (Washington D. C.: National Defense University, 1980) pp. 6-9; J. D. Armstrong, Revolutionary Diplomaey (Berkeley: University of Califomia, 1977) pp. 52-6. 16. For the impacts of the Anti-Confueius campaign on foreign policy, see Robert Sutter, Chinese Foreign Poliey after the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1977 (Boulder: Westview, 1978) pp. 35-7. 17. About the relations between domestic politics and foreign policy in this period, see Kenneth Lieberthai, 'Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy', China's Foreign Relations in the 1980s, ed. H. Harding (New Haven: Yale University, 1984) pp. 51-5. 18. For calculation of costs and benefits of Chinese unilateral withdrawal, see Michael Yahuda, China's Foreign Poliey after Mao (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983) p. 230. 19. Akira Iriye, Aeross the Pacifie (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1967) pp. 129-37.

CHAPTER 7 THE NATIONAL SELF-IMAGES ACTUALISED: ORGANISATION IN CHINESE DIPLOMACY

1. Chun-pa Chang, 'Institutions and Processes of the Qing Diplomacy' (Qingting banli waijiao zhi jiguan yu shouxu), Papers on Modern History ofChina (Zhongguo jindaishi luneong) , eds. D. Li etal. Taibei: Zheng Zhong, 1956). 2. Ti-qian Chen, China's Diplomatie Administration (Zhongguo waijiao xingzheng) (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1945) p. 15; Che-ya Chou, 'Historical Evolution of China's Diplomatie Organs' (Woguo waijiao jigou yengekao), Papers, eds. Li et al., pp. 2~8. 3. Chen, p. 21. 4. S. M. Meng, The Tsungli Yamen: 1ts Organization and Funetions (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1962) pp. 54-5. 5. Ibid., pp. 58-60. 6. Chen, op. eit., p. 21. Notes to pp. 129-141 207

7. Ho-ping Yen, The Establishment 01 Qing's Foreign Embassies and Council (Qingji wiajiao shiguan zhi jianli), (Taibei: Commercial Press, 1975) pp. 217-22. 8. Ibid., p. 264. 9. Ibid. 10. Chung-hou Chen, A Study 01 Diplomatie Administration (Waijiao xingzheng zhidu yenjiu), (China: Independent Publication, 1942) p. 58. 11. Che-ya Chou, Foreign Poliey and Administration (Waijiao zhengee yu waijiao xingzheng), (Nanking: The Central Political Institute, 1940) p. 11; Chen, op. eit., p. 50. 12. The statistics is counted by the author according to Historieal Materials 01 Qing Diplomaey or Qingji waijiao shiliao, vols. 137-45, ed. Wang Y. W. (n.p.: n.p., n.d.). 13. See Chou, Foreign Poliey, pp. 48-9. 14. Ibid. p. 17. 15. See ibid., p. 58. 16. See ibid., p. 62. 17. Ibid., pp. 34-5. 18. Ibid., p. 19. 19. The author's own calculation, using data from Chen c., op. cit., p. 310. 20. 'Chiang ching's Speech to Foreign Affairs Cadres, March 1975', Chinese Law and Government, 9,1-2 (Spring-Summer, 1976): p. 61. 21. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'Report and Request for Instructions Concerning the Problem of Ch'iao Kuan-hua, December 3, 1976', Chiese Law and Government, 10, 1 (Spring, 1977: p. 107. 22. Ning Chung, 'A Study of Change in the Ambassadorial Assignment between Communist China and Various Countries' (Zhong gong yu geguo hu pai shijie yidong qingkuang diaocha), Studies on Chinese Communism, 12, 12 (December, 1978): 113-26. 23. See Tai-chun Kuo and R. Myers, Understanding Communist China (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1986) pp. 10-11, for a discussion on how research and facts are presented in Taiwan; for typical cases see The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ed.), Seleeted Works 01 Shen Chang-huan (Taibei, Tati Press, 1962) pp. 87-92,93-99. 24. Po-hsiung Hsu, Story 01 Struggling in the United Nations (Zai lienda lenzhan dejingguo) , (Hong Kong: Newsdom, 1972) p. 13. 25. Robert Jervis, Pereeptions and Mispereeptions 01 International Polities (Princeton: Princeton University, 1976), p. 205. 26. Xiuquan Wu, The PRC Representative, Wu Xiu Quan, in Supporting the Representative 01 the USSR in the UN Seeutiry Couneil to Charge the UN ollnvading the PRC (Woguo daibiao Wu Xiuquan zhiehi sulien daibiao zai lienheguo zhengweilhui kongsu meikuo qinlue woguo de layen) , (Beijing: Remin Ribao Publication, 1950). 27. Chien-hung Shen, Notes on Eight-Year Ambassadorship to the US (Shimei banian jiyao), (Taibei; Lianjin, 1983) p. 386. 28. Lu-ching Lei, New Biography 01 Li Hongzhang (Li Hongzhang xin zhuan) , (Taibei: Wenhai, n. d.) p. 250. 29. Editor, The Lile 01 Zhou Enlai (Zhou Enlai de yisheng), (Hong Kong: Xinzhong Books, 1977) p. 355. 208 Notes to pp. 142-153

30. Intellectual Publication (ed.), Wine, Beauties and Thought Struggle (Chunjiu, meiren, yu sixiang dozheng), (Hong Kong: Southeast Press, 1968) p. 20. 31. Kenneth T. Young, Negotiating with the Chinese Communists (New York: MeGraw-Hill Book, 1968) pp. 373-9. 32. Chou, Foreign Policy, p. 16. 33. See ibid., p. 38. 34. See Exeeutive Yuan (trans.), La pratique Diplomatique Chinoise Recente, by Phi lippe Ardant, Series of Translations on China Problems 19 (Taibei: Exeeutive Yuan, n.d.), p. 28; Ching-yao Yin, On Negotia• tion in the Age 0/ Negotiation (Tanpan shidai hua tanpan), (Taibei: Yushih Monthly, 1972). 35. Lueian Pye, Chinese Commercial Negotiation Style (Cambridge: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain, 1981), p. 97. 36. Yin, p. 26. 37. Derek Davies, 'How Britain Fell for the Peking Game Plan', Far Eastern Economic Review, 21 June 1984, pp. 44-5. 38. Yin, p. 48. 39. Ibid., pp. 46, 59. 40. Arthur Lall, How Communist China Negotiates (New York: Columbia University, 1968), p. 3. 41. Hsu, op. eit., pp. 38-9.

CHAPTER 8 THE NATIONAL SELF-IMAGES DEMONSTRATED: FORCE IN CHINESE DIPLOMACY

1. Records 0/ Barbarian Affairs (Duban yiwu shimo) , Daoguang years 1:39 (n.p.:n.p., n.d). 2. Ibid., 2:2. 3. See ibid., 2:2, 2:10, 5:25, 6:17,10:34, ete. 4. Ibid, 8:6. 5. Ting-fang Yao, The Opium War and Emperor Daoguang, Lin Zebu, Qishan and Qiying (Taibei: Canmin Bookstore, 1970) pp. 152-5. 6. See ibid., 7:33. 7. Ibid., 8:14. 8. Ibid.,8:17. 9. Yao, op. eit., p. 219. 10. Ibid., 8:30. 11. Ibid., 8:34. 12. Ibid., 8:36. 13. Ibid., 9:4. 14. Ibid.,11:7. 15. Ibid., 11:22. 16. Ibid., 11 :38. 17. Ibid., 16:2. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid., 12:30. 20. Ibid., 13:2. Notes to pp. 153-163 209

21. Ibid., 13:4-5. 22. Ibid., 12:38. 23. Ibid., 14:34. 24. Ibid., 14:12. 25. Ibid., 14:39. 26. Ibid., 16:2, 19. 27. Ibid., 16:21. 28. Ibid., 18:6. 29. Ibid., 18:12. 30. Ibid., 18:26. 31. Ibid., 18:30. 32. Ibid., 22:17. 33. Ibid., 26:37-8. 34. Ibid., 26:38. 35. Ibid., 29:13. 36. Ibid., 32:27. 37. Ibid., 33:8. 38. Ibid., 47:40. 39. Ibid., 51:41. 40. Ibid., 52:16-7. 41. Ibid., 52:18. 42. Ibid., 54: 1. 43. Ibid., 55:33. 44. Ibid., 55:43-7. 45. Ibid., 58:43-7. 46. Ibid., 63:17. 47. Ibid., 58:14. 48. Ibid., 64:12. 49. Ibid., 64:47. 50. Ibid., Xianfeng years, 24:16-19, 26:10-12. 51. Ibid., 25:36-8, 31:31-2. 52. Ibid., 59:11-13. 60:30, 61:24. 53. Historical materials on the Sino-Japanese affairs in the Guangxu years, 14:23-24,27-28,41-41, Edition of Literature on the Sino-Japanese War (Zhongri zhanzheng wenxian huibian), ed. C. L. Yang (Taibei: Dingwen Bookstore, 1973); Telegrams in Li wenzhong gong quanxu, 16:22, ed. Yang. 54. Archive oftelegrams in the Guangxu years, July 17, 20, and July 26,20 (the Guangxu calendar), ed. Yang. 55. See, for example, Yang (ed.), Edition, pp. 105, 109, 145, 154-5, 169, 333-4, 362, 388. 56. See 'Instructions from the Emperor Related to the Boxers' (You guan yihetuan zhi shangyu), The Boxers (Yihetuan) 4, ed. B. Z. Jian (Shanghai: Xinzhongguo Shixuehui, 1951) pp. 9, 11, 12. 57. See Hsuan-chih Tai, The Study ofthe Boxers (Yihetuan yenjiu), (Taibei: The Commercial, 1963) p. 75. 58. See, forexample, Ah Yin, (ed.), Literatureon the Incidentofthe Yearof Gengzi (Gengzi shibian wenxueji), (Beijing: Chinese Bookstore, 1959), p.947. 210 Notes to pp. 165-174

59. See Jian (ed.), op. eit., pp. 52-8, 82-3. 60. Hsiang-hsiang Wu, The History 0/ the Seeond Sino-Japanese War (Dierei zhongri zhanzhengshi), (Taibei: Seooper Monthly, 1973), pp. 344-5. 61. Ibid., p. 351. 62. Ibid., p. 368. 63. Ibid., p. 369. 64. Ibid., p. 377. 65. Ibid., p. 379. 66. Ibid., Wei-kuo Chiang, (ed.), National Revolutionary History (Guomin gemingshi) 3 (Taibei: Limin Publieation, 1979), pp. 7-8. 67. See ibid., p. 8. 68. Ibid. 69. Wu, op. eit.p. 402. 70. Ibid., p. 424. 71. Ibid, p. 426. 72. Ibid., pp. 427-8. 73. Ibid., p. 431. 74. Chiang, op. eit., p. 79. 75. Ibid.,p.80. 76. See Chi-hsueh Fu, Chinese Diplomatie History (Zhongguo waijiaoshi) , (Taibei: The Commereial, 1983) p. 602. 77. Wu, op. eit., p. 796. 78. Ibid., pp. 797-8. 79. Ibid., pp. 805--6. 80. Ibid., 820. 81. See ibid., p. 842. 82. Ibid., p. 840. 83. Ibid., pp. 914-22. 84. See Fu, op. eit., p. 654. 85. See ibid., pp. 684-5. 86. Chiang Kai-shek, The Colleeted Wartime Messages 0/ Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (ed.) Chinese Ministry of Information (New York: Kraus Reprint, 1969) p. 754. 87. Ibid., pp. 841-3. 88. Ibid., p. 866. 89. The Headquarter of the Chinese People Opposing Ameriea, Assisting Korea Movement (ed.), The Great 'Opposing Ameriea, Assisting Korea Movement (Weida de kangmei yuanehao yundong) , (Beijing: New China Bookstore, 1954) p. 3. 90. Ibid., p. 4. 91. Ibid., pp. 5--6. 92. Ibid., p. 7. 93. Ibid.,p.8. 94. Ibid., p. 10. 95. Ibid., p. 11. 96. Ibid., p. 17. 97. Ibid., p. 21. 98. Ibid., pp. 25-7. Notes to pp. 174-185 211

99. Ibid., p. 29. 100. Ibid., p. 32. 101. Ibid., pp. 33-4. 102. Ibid., pp. 36-7. 103. Ibid., pp. 44-5. 104. Ibid., pp. 47-61. 105. Ibid., pp. 79-80. 106. Ibid., pp. 66-7. 107. Ibid., p. 68. 108. Ibid., p. 82. 109. Ibid., pp. 82-4. 110. Ibid., p. 84. 111. Ibid., pp. 86-7. 112. Ibid., p. 89. 113. Ibid., pp. 114-16. 114. Ibid., pp. 139-141. 115. Ibid., p. 161. 116. Ibid., pp. 142-156. 117. Ibid., pp. 181-3. 118. Ibid., p. 146. 119. Ibid., p. 161. 120. Ibid., p. 163. 121. Ibid., pp. 176-7. 122. Ibid., pp. 278-9. 123. Ibid. 124. Ibid., p. 238. 125. Ibid., p. 289. 126. Ibid., p. 378. 127. Ibid., p. 380. 128. Ibid., p. 392. 129. Ibid. 130. World Knowledge Publication (ed.), The PRC Foreign Relations Documents, 1958 (Zhonghua renmin gongheguo duiwai guanxi wenjianji, 1958) Beijing: World Knowledge Publication, 1959) vol. 5., pp. 175-6,179. 131. Ibid., pp. 177, 178. 132. Ibid., p. 181. 133. Ibid., p. 182. 134. Ibid., (1962 document, vol. 9), pp. 1-2. 135. See, for example, ibid., pp. 90, 100. 136. Ibid., p. 113. 137. See, for example, ibid., pp. 132, 134-151. 138. Ibid., (1963 document, vol. 10) pp. 25, 3~36. 139. Ibid., (1962 document, vol. 9) pp. 159, 176. 140. See, for example, The Institute of International Relations (ed.), Collection of Original Materials Concerning the Disputes between the Bandits and Russia (Fei e zhengzhi yuanshi ziliao huiban), vols. 7-14 (Taibei: Institute of International Relations, 1966-1971), vol. 8, pp. 28, 30,49; vol. 11, pp. 283,294; vol. 13, p. 2; vol. 14, p. 11. 212 Notes to pp. 185-187

141. See, for example, ibid., vol. 7, p. 96; vol. 14, p. 99. 142. See ibid., vol. 9, pp. 32,40-1, 59, 61; vol. 12, p. 271; vol. 14, p. 99. 143. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 11. 144. Ibid., vol. 14, pp. 157, 360. 145. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 355. 146. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 127. 147. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 225. 148. Ibid., vol. 13, pp. 27-8. 149. Ibid., vol. 13, p. 47. 150. According to a quoted Renmin Ribao article, a Chinese indeed claimed so, 'the fact that the Soviet revisionist opposes us manifests [another fact] that we must have behaved correctly. The more fear the Soviet revisionist has, the further we want the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to be engaged'. See ibid., vol. 14, p. 111. 151. As to the difficulty that China had in explaining the visit to the Vietnamese, see Zhou Enlai's reports concerning the international situation made to the CCP in December, 1971, Collection 0/ the Chinese Communist Secret Documents, ed. the Research Center of International Relations (Taibei: Zhengzhi University), p. 349, cited by Chien Chao, 'An Analysis of Deteriorating Sino-Vietnamese Relations' (Zhongyue guanxi ehua zhi fenxi), Fei Ching Yueh Pao 21, 1 (1978): 47. 152. See the discussion in Chao, op. eit., pp. 47-51. Also see Huan Hua's report of current international situation, collected in Fei Ching Yueh Pao 20, 5 (November 1977): 66-88. 153. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a note to the Vietnamese Foreign Ministry on April 6, 1979, New China Monthly (Xinhua yuekan) 4, (1979): p. 156. 154. In fact, the Chinese claimed that they reserved the right to punish Vietnam in the future. See Pao-tang Yeh, 'An Analysis of the Sino• Vietnamese Negotiation' (Zhongyue tanpan zhi fenxi), Fei Ching Yueh Pao 21, 12 (1979): 9-13. Bibliography

Ah,Yin, ed. Literature on the Gengzi Incident (Gengzi shibian wenxueji). Beijing: Chinese Bookstore, 1959. Adel, Daljit Sen. China and Her Neighbours. New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications, 1984. Armstrong, J. D. Revolutionary Diplomacy. Berkeley: University of California, 1977. Ashby, Ross. An Introduction to Cybernetics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1963. --. A Design for a Brain. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1960. Backman, Carl. 'Role Theory and International Relations.' International Studies Quarterly 14, 3 (September 1970): 301-9. Baritz, L. Backfire: A History of How American Culture Led Us into Vietnam and Made Us Fight the Way We Did. New York: Ballantin Books, 1985. Bary, Wm. Theodore deo New Confucian Orthodox and the Learning 01 the Mind-and-Heart. New York: Columbia University, 1981. Baum, Richard, and F. Tewis. Ssu-Ch'ing: The Sodalist Education Movement 01 1962-1966. Center for Chinese Studies Research Monograph, 2. Berkeley: University of California, 1968. Bland, J. O. P. Li Hung Chang. New York: Henry Holt, 1917. Bloodworth, Dennis, and C. Ping. Heirs Apparent. London: Secker & Warburg, 1973. Bobrow, Davis, et al. Understanding Foreign Policy. New York: The Free Press, 1979. Boorman, Howard and S. Boorman. 'Strategy and National Psychology in China.' Annals 01 American Academy 01 Political and Social Sdence (March 1967): 143-55. Boorman, Scott. The Protracted Game. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969. Boulding, Kenneth. 'National Images and International System.' Journal 01 Conflict Resolution 3 (1959): 120-31. Brandt, Conrad. Stalin's Failure in China. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1958. Brown, Roger. 'Chinese Politics and American Policy.' Foreign Policy 23 (Summer 1976): 2-24. Buck, Pearl. The New Chinese Novel. New York: The John Day Company, 1938. Burns, Tom. T, Baumgartner and P. Deville. Man, Decision, Society. New York: Gordon & Breach, 1985. Chan, Steve. 'Chinese Conflict Calculus and Behavior.' World Politics 30 (April 1978): 391-410. Chandler, William. The Science 01 History, A Cybernetic Approach. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1984. Chang, Kuo-sin. Mao Tse-tung and his China, Hong Kong: Heinemann, 1978. Chao, Chien. 'An Analysis of Deteriorating Sino-Vietnamese Relations' (Zhongyue guanxi ehua zhi fenxi): Fei Ching Yueh Pao 21, 1 (1978): 47-52.

213 214 Bibliography

Chao, Tsung. An Aeeount o[the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, vol. 2. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1974. Chen, Chung-hou. A Study o[ Diplomatie Adminstration (Waijiao xingzheng zhidu yenjiu). China: Independent Publication, 1942. Ch'en, Jerome. Yuan Shih-k'ai. Stanford: Stanford University, 1972. Chen, Ju-i 'A Comparative Study ofTextbooks at the Elementary Level Used in Taiwan and Mainland' (Taiwan yu dalu xiaoxue guoywen jiaokexu zhi bijiao yenjiu): Fei Ching Yueh Pao 19, 9 (March 1977): 45-51. Chen, Ti-chiang. China's Diplomatie Administration (Zhongguo waijiao xingzheng). Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1945. Chi, Hsin. Teng Hsiao-ping. Hong Kong: Cosmos Book, 1978. Chiang, Wei-kuo, ed. National Revolutionary History (Guomin gemingshi) 3, Taibei: Liming Publication. Ching, Julia. Con[ucianism and Christianity. New York: Kodansha International, 1977. Chiu, H., ed. Normalizing Relations with the People's Republie o[ China, Occasional Papers/Reprints Se ries in Contemporary Asian Studies, 2, 14 (1978). Chou, Che-ya. Foreign poliey and Administration (Waijiao zhengee yu waijiao xingzheng). Nanking: The Central Political Institute, 1940. Chow, Tse-tung. The May Fourth Movement. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1960. Chung, Ning. 'A Study of Change in the Ambassadorial Assignments between Communist China and Various Countries' (Zhonggong yu geguo hu pai shijie yidong qingkuang diaoeha). Studies on Chinese Communism 12, 12 (December 1978): 113-26. Cottam, Martha. Foreign Poliey Deeision Making. Boulder: Westview, 1986. Cranmer-Byng, John. 'The Chinese View ofTheir Place in the World.' China Quarterly 53 (1973): 67-79. Creel, Herrlee. What is Taoism. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1970. Crozier, Brian. The Man Who Lost China. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,1976. Cumings, Bruce. 'The Political Economy of Chinese Foreign Policy.' Modern China 5, 4 (October 1979): 411-61. Dallin, Alexander, and G. Breslaner. Political Terror in Communist System. Stanford: Stanford University, 1970. Davies, Derek. 'How Britain Fell for the Pe king Game Plan.' Far Eastern Economic Review June 21, 1984, pp. 44-5. Dechert, Charles. The Social Impact o[ Cybernetics, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame, 1966. Deutsch, Kar\. The Nerves o[Government, New York: The Free Press, 1962. Djilas, Milovan. The New Class. New York: Praeger, 1967. Dittmer, Lowell. Liu Shao-ch'i and Chinese Cultural Revolution. Berkeley: University of Berkeley, 1974. Easton, David. A Systems Analysis o[ Political Li[e, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965. Eckstein, Alexander, China's Economic Revolution. New York: Cambridge University, 1981. Editors. The Li[e o[ Zhou Enlai (Zhou Enlai de yisheng). Hong Kong: Xinzhong Books, 1977. Bibliography 215

Elkins, D. J. and R. E. B. Simeon, 'A Cause in Search of Its Effect, or What Does Political Culture Explain?' Comparative Politics 11, 2 (1979): 127--46. Ellison, H., ed. The Sino-Soviet Conflict. Seattle: University of Washington, 1982. Etheredge, Lloyd, Can government Learn: American Foreign Policy and Central American Revolutions. New York: Pergamon, 1985. Executive Yuan, trans. La pratique Diplomatique Chinoise Recente, by Phi lippe Ardant. Series of Translations on China Problems, 19. Taibei: Executive Yuan, 1970. Fairbank, John. The Chinese World Order. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1968. Fan, K., ed. Mao Tse-tung and Lin Piao. Garden City: Doubleday, 1972. Feindei, William, ed. Memory, Learning, and Language. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1960. Fu, Chi-hsueh. Chinese Diplomatic History (Zhongguo waijiaoshi). Taibei: The Commercial Press, 1983. Garver, John. China's Decision for Rapproachment with the United States, 1968-1971. Boulder: Westview Press, 1982. --. 'Chinese Foreign Policy in the 1970.' China Quarterly 82 (1980): 214-49. George, F. H. The Foundations of Cybernetics. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1977. Gilpin, Robert. War and Change in International Politics. New York: Cambridge University, 1981. Gittings, John. The World and China, 1922-1972. New York: Harper & Row, 1974. Gottlieb, Thomas. Chinese Foreign Policy Factionalism and the Origins of the Strategic Triangle. Rand Report R-1902-NA. Santa Monica: Rand (November, 1977). Government Information Office, ed. President Chiang Kai-shek's Selected Speeches and Messages. Taibei: Government Information Office, (n.d.). --, ed. President Chiang Kai-shek's Selected Speeches and Messages in 1968. Taibei: Government Information Office, (n.d.). Gurtov, Melvin, and Byong-Moo Hwang. China Under Threat. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, 1980. Harding, Harry, ed. China's Foreign Relations in the 1980s. New Haven: Yale University,1984. --. Organizing China, Stanford: Stanford University, 1981. Harrison, J ames. The Communist and Chinese Peasant Rebellions . New York: Atheneum, 1969. Headquarters of the Chinese People Opposing the America, Assisting the Korea Movement, ed. The Great 'Opposing the America, Assisting the Korea' Movement (Weida de kangmei yuanchao yundong). Beijing: New China Bookstore, 1954. Heaton, William. A United Front Against Hegemonism, National Security Affairs Monograph Series, 80-3. Washington D.C.: National Defense University, 1980. Helmann, D., ed. China and Japan. Lexington: Lexington, 1976. Helvey, T. C. The Age of Information, An Interdisciplinary Survey of Cybernetics. Englewood Cliffs: Education Technology, 1971. Hewitt, John. Self and Society. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1979. 216 Bibliography

Hightower, James. Topics in Chinese Literature, Cambridge: Harvard University, 1971. Hiniker, Paul, and J. Perlstein. 'Alternation of Charismatic and Bureaucratic Styles of Leadership in Revolutionary China.' Comparative Political Studies 10, 4 (January 1978): 529-53. Hinton, Harold. China's Turbulent Quest, Bloomington: Indiana University, 1972. Hirschhorn, Larry. Beyond Mechanization, Cambridge: MIT, 1984. Holm, Jack. Mood/Interest Theory of American Foreign Policy. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1985. --'President Reagan's counseling.' Political Psychology 5, 4 (1984). Holsti, Oie. 'The Belief System and National Images.' Journal of Conflict Resolution 6 (1962): 244-52. Holsti, K. J. 'National Role Conception in the Study of Foreign Policy.' International Studies Quarterly 14 (1970): 233-309. Holsti, Oie and J. Rosenau. American Leadership in World Affairs. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1984. Hsia, C. T. The Classic Chinese Novel. New York: Colombia University, 1968. Hsiao, Kung-chuan. 'Weng Tung-Ho and the Reform Movement of 1898.' Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies N.S. I (1957): 111-245. Hsiung, J., ed. The Taiwan Experience, The American Association of Chinese Studies, 1983. --, and S. Kim, eds. China in the Global Community, New York: Praeger, 1980. Hsu, ed. Five Guides to Sailing on the Sea of Officialdom (Huanhai zhinan wuzhong), n.p: n.p., 1859. Hsu, Francis. Under the Ancestor's Shadow. Stanford: Stanford University, 1971. Hsu, Immanuel. China After Mao. New York: Oxford University, 1983. Hsu, Kza-yu. Chou En-lai. Garden City: Doubleday, 1968. Hsu, Po-hsiung. Story of Struggling in the United Nations (Zai liandafengzhan de jingguo), Hong Kong: Newsdom, 1972. Hsueh, c., ed. Revolutionary Leaders of Modern China, New York: Oxford University, 1971. Huang, Hua. Areport of current international situation, collected in Fei Ching Yueh Pai 20, 5 (November 1977): pp. 66-88. Institute of International Relations ed. Collection of Original Materials Concerning the Disputes between the Bandits and Russia (Fei e zhengzhi yuanshi ziliao huibian), vols. 7-14, Taibei: Institute of International Relations, 1966-71. Intellectual Publication, ed. Sweet Wine, Beautiful Ladies and Thought Struggle (Chunjiu meiren yusixiang dozheng). Hong Kong: Southeast Press, 1968. Iriye, Akira. Across the Pacific. NewYork: HarcourtBraceJovanovich, 1967. Jansen, Marius B. The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen, Cambridge: Harvard University, 1954. Jervis, Robert. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: University of Princeton, 1976. Jian, B. Z., ed. The Boxers (Yihetuan) , 4. Shanghai: Xinzhongguo Shixuehui, 1951. Bibliography 217

Jiang, Qing, 'Chiang Ch'ing's Speech to Foreign Affairs Cadres, March 1975.' Chinese Law and Government 9,1-2 (Spring-Summer 1976): 49-61. Johnson, Chalmers. 'What's Wrong with Chinese Political Studies?' Asian Survey, 22, 10 (October, 1982): 919-33. Kaplan, Morton A. System and Process in International Politics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967. Kertzer, David. Rituals, Politics, and Power. New Haven: Yale University Press. Kim, Samuel, ed. China and the World. Boulder: Westview, 1984. --, 'Normative Foreign Policy.' InternationalInteractions 8,1-2 (1981): 51- 77. --, China, the United Nations and World Order. Princeton: Princeton University, 1979. Klir, Jiri, and M. Valach. Cybernetic Modeling. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1967. Knudsen, B. 'The Paramount Importance of Cultural Sources: American Foreign Poliey and Comparative Foreign Policy Research Reconsidered.' Cooperation and Conflict 22 (1987): 87-113. Krippendorff, Klous ed. Communication and Control in Society, New York: Gordon and Breach, 1979. Kuo, Tai-chun, and R. Myers. Understanding Communist China. Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1986. Lall, Arthur. How Communist China Negotiates. New York: Columbia University, 1968. Legge, J. (trans.). The Four Books. Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1930. Lei, Lu-ching. New Biography 01 Li Hongzhang (Li Hongzhang xinzhuan). Taibei: Wenhai Publication, n.d. Lerner, Ya. Fundamentals ofCybernetics. London: Chapman and Hall, 1972. Li, D., et al., eds. Papers on Modern History 01 China (Zhongguo jindaishi luncong). Taibei: Zhengzhong Bookstore, 1956. Li, Dun, ed. The Essence 01 Chinese Civilization. Princeton: D. Von Nostrand Company, 1967. Li, Tien-min. Liu Shao-ch'i. Taibei: Institute of International Relations, 1975. --. Chou En-lai. Taibei, Institute of International Relations, 1970. Liang, Ch'i-ch'ao. Collected Works 01 the Yin-ping Studio (Yinbingshi heji), Shanghai: n.p. 1926. Liao, Kuan-sheng. Anti-Ioreignism and Modernization in China, 1860-1980. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984. Lieberthai, Kenneth. 'The Foreign Policy Debate in Peking.' China Quarterly 71 (September 1977): 528-554. Lifton, Robert. Revolutionary 1mmortality. New York: Random House, 1969. Lin, Mousheng. Men and Ideas. New York: The John Day Company, 1942. Lindbiom, Charles. PolWcs and Markets. New York: Basic Books, 1977. Lindzey, G., and E. Aronson, ed. The Handbook 01 Social Psychology, vol. 7. Melon Park: Addison-Wesley, 1969. Liu, Shaoqi. 'Report on the Works of Central Committee of the Communist party of China to the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress.' Second Session 01 the Eighth National Congress 01 the Communist Party 01 China. Peking: Foreign Language Press, 1958. 218 Bibliography

Loh, Piehon. The Early Chiang Kai-shek, New York: Columbia University, 1971. Lord, C. 'Ameriean Strategie Culture,' Comparative Strategy 5, 3 (1985): 269-93. Louie, Kam. Critiques of Confucius in contemporary China. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980. MaeFarquhar, Roderiek. The Origins of Cultural Revolution 2. New York: Columbia University, 1983. Maltz, Maxwell. Psycho-Cybernetics. New York: Poeket Books, 1966. Maneall, Mark. China at the Center New York: The Free Press, 1984. --. 'The Persistenee of Tradition in Chinese Foreign Poliey.' Annals of the American Academy of Political Social Science 349 (September 1963): 14-26. Maneseu, M. Economic Cybernetics. Kent: Abaeus Press, 1984. Mannix, William Franeis. Memories of Li Hung Chang. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1923. Mareus, G. 'The Strueture of Emotional Response: 1984 Presidential Candidates.' American Political Science Review 82, 3 (1988) 737-62. Mao, Tse-tung. Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, 3, 5. Peking: People's Publishing House, 1977. Marra, Robin. 'A Cybernetie Model of the US Defense Expenditure Polieymaking Process.' International Studies Quarterly (1985): 357-84. Martin, Roberta. 'The Socialization of Children in China and on Taiwan: An Analysis ofElementary School Textbooks.' China Quarterly 62 (June 1975): 242-62. Mazlish, Burce. The Revolutionary Ascetic. New York: Basic Books, 1968. Meng, S. M. The Tsungli Yamen: Its Organization and Function. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1962. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A note to the Vietnamese Foreign Ministry on April 6, 1979, New China Monthly (Xinhua yuekan), 4 (1979): 156. --. 'Report and Request for Instructions Coneerning the Problem of Ch'iao Kuan-hua, December 3, 1976.' Chinese Law and Government 10, 1 (Spring 1977): 106-8. Ng-Quinn, Michael. 'The Analytic Study of Chinese Foreign Poliey.' International Studies Quarterly 27 (1983): 225-3l. --. 'Effects of Bipolarity on Chinese Foreign Poliey.' Survey 26, 2 (1982): 102-30. Nivison, D., and A. Wright, ed. Confucianism in Action. Stanford: Stanford University, 1966. North, Robert. The Foreign Relations of China. North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1978. Ojha, Ishwer. Chinese Foreign Policy in an Age of Transition. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971. Parsegian, V. L. (1972). This Cybernetic World of Men, Machine and Earth Systems. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1972. Pask, Gordan. The Cybernetics of Human Learning and Performance. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1975. Payne, Robert. Chiang Kai-shek. New York: Neybright & Talley, 1969. Pitkin, Hanna. Wittgenstein and Justice. Berkeley: University of California, 1972. Bibliography 219

Pollack, Jonathan. Seeurity, Strategy, and the Logie of Chinese Foreign Poliey. Berkeley: University of California, 1981. Price, R. F. 'Chinese Textbooks, Fourteen Years on.' China Quarterly 83 (September 1980): 535-50. Prusek, Jaroslav. Chinese History and Literature. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1970. Pye, Lucian. Chinese Commercial Negotiation Style. Cambridge: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain, 1982. --, 'Mao Tse-tung's Leadership Style.' Politieal Seienee Quarterly 91, 2 (Summer 1976): 219-35. --. The Spirit of Chinese Polities. Cambridge: MIT, 1968. Reeords of Barbarian Affairs (Duban yiwu shimo). n,p: n.p., n.d. Roots, John. Chou. Garden City: Doubleday, 1978. Rohrlich, P. E. 'Economic Culture and Foreign Policy.' International Organization 41 (1987): 61-92. Rosenzweig, M. R., and E. L. Bennett, ed. Neural Meehanisms of Learning and Memory. Cambridge: MIT, 1976. Ross, J., ed. Progress ofCybernetics, New York: Gordon and Breach, 1970. --, ed. Survey of Cyberneties, London: Iliffe Books, 1969. Sayre, Kenneth. Cyberneties and the Philosophy of Mind. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1976. Schlesinger, Arthur. The Cycles of Ameriean History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986. Schram, Stuart. The Politieal Thought of Mao Tse-tung. New York: Praeger, 1971. --. The Politieal Thought of Mao Tse-tung. Middlesex: Pelican, 1969. --, and A. D. Barnett, eds. Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung. New York: Praeger, 1967. Schurmann, F., and O. Schall, eds. Republiean China. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1968. Schwartz, Benjamin, ed. Refleetions on the May Fourth Movement. Cambridge, Harvard University, 1972. --. 'The Maoist Image of World Order.' Journal of International Affairs 21 (1967): 92-102. Schwartz, Harry. Tsars, Mandarins, and Commissars, Garden City: Anchor Books, 1973. Shen, Chang-huan. Seleeted Works of Shen Chang-huan. Taibei: Tati Press, 1962. Shen, Chien-hung. Notes on Eight-year Ambassador to the US (Shi mei ba nian ji yao). Taibei: Lianjin Publication, 1983. --. 'Yeh Ming-cheng and the Canton Incident.' Proeeedings of the 8th international Symposium on Asian Studies. Hong Kong: International Association of Asian Studies, 1986. Shih, Chih-yu. 'National Role Conception as Foreign Policy Motivation: The Psychocultural Bases of Chinese Diplomacy.' Politieal Psyehology 9, 4 (1988). Shih, Vincent. 'China's Cultural Heritage.' Proeeedings of the Conferenee of China's Cultural Heritage and Foreign Relations. San Francisco: Institute of Sino-American Studies, 1967, 1-8. 220 Bibliography

Simon, H. 'Motivational and emotional controls of Cognition.' Psyehologieal Review 74 (1967): 29-39. Smullyan, Raymond. The Tao is Silent. New York: Harper and Row, 1977. Solinger, D., ed. Three Visions of Chinese Soeialism. Boulder: Westview Press, 1983. Solomon, Richard. Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Politieal Culture. Berkeley: University of California, 1971. --. 'Educational Themes in China's Changing Culture.' China Quarterly 22 (April-June 1965): 154-70. Spector, Stanley. Li Hung Chang and the Huai Army. Seattle: University of Washington, 1964. Steinbruner, John. The Cybernetie Theory of Deeision. Princeton: University of Princeton, 1974. Stohl, M., and G. Lopez, eds. States as Terrorist. Westport: Greenwood, 1984. Stolper, Thomas. China, Taiwan, and the Offshore Islands. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1985. Sulzberger, C. L. The Coldest War, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovish, 1974. Sun, Yat-sen. The Three Principles of People. Taibei: Li-Ming Wen-Hua, 1982. Sutter, Robert. Chinese Foreign Poliey after the Cultural Revolution, 1966- 1977. Boulder: Westview, 1978. Tai, Hsuan-chih. The Study of the Boxers (Yihetuan yenjiu). Taibei: The Commercial, 1963. Thopson, K. W. Moral Dimensions of Ameriean Foreign Poliey. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1984. Tretlack, Daniel. The Chinese Cultural Revolution and Foreign Poliey, ASG Monograph, no. 2, Waltham: Westinghouse, 1970. Tsou, Tang, and M. Halperin 'Mao Tse-tung's Revolutionary Strategy and Peking's International Behaviors.' Ameriean Politieal Scienee Review 59 (March 1965): 80-99. Union Research Institute, ed. Colleeted Works of Liu Shao Ch'i 1958--1967. Hong Kong, 1968. US Senate Foreign Committee. US Relations with the People's Republie of China, July 20, 1972 Hearing. Washington D.C.: US Government. Van Ness, Peter. The Civilizer State. Denver: University of Denver, 1985 (mimeo). Walker, Stephen. Rote Theory and Foreign Poliey Analysis. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987. Wang Gungwu. China and the World Sinee 1949. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977. Wang, Y. W., ed. Chinese Diplomatie Doeuments (Qingji waijiao shiliao). n.p.: n.p., n.d. Wang, Yun-wu, ed. Ouyang Yong Xu Quanji. Taibei: The Commercial Press, 1968. Weber, Max. The Religion of China. Glencoe: Free Press, 1951. Whiting, Allen. The Chinese Caleulus of Deterrence. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1974. Wich, Richard. Sino-Soviet Crisis Polities. Cambridge; Harvard University, 1980. Bibliography 221

Wilson, Dick. Zhou Enlai. New York: Viking, 1984. Wilson, R., et al., eds. Value Change in Chinese Society. New York: Praeger, 1979. World Knowledge Publication, ed. The PRC Foreign Relations Documents (Zhonghua renmin gongheguo duiwai guanxi wenjianji), vols. 5, 9, 10. Beijing: World Knowledge Publication, 1959, 1963, 1964. Wright, A., ed. Confucianism and Chinese Civilization. New York: Atheneum, 1965. --, and D. Twitchett., eds. Confucian Personalities. Stanford: Stanford University, 1962. Wu, Hsiang-hsiang. The History of the Second Sino-Japanese War (Dierci zhongri zhanzhengshi). Taibei, Scooper Monthly, 1973. Wu, Tien-wei. Lin Biao and the Gang of Four. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, 1983. Wu, Xiu Quan. The PRC Representative, Wu Xiu Quan, in Supporting the Representative of the USSR in the UN Security Council to Charge the UN of Invading the PRC (Woguo daibiao wu xiuquan zhichi sulian daibiao zai lianheguo zhengweihui kongsu meiguo qinglue woguo de fayen). Beijing: People's Daily Publication, 1950. Yahuda, Michael. China's Foreign Policy After Mao. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. --, China's Role in World Affairs. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978. Yang, C. L., ed. Edition of Literature on the Sino-Japanese War (Zhougri Zhanzheng wenxian huibian). Taibei: Dingwen Bookstore, 1973. Yang, W., and C. Adkins. eds. Critical Essays on Chinese Fiction. Hong Kong: The Chinese University, 1980. Yeh, Pao-tang, 'An Analysis ofthe Sino-Vietnamese Negotiation' (Zhongyue tanpan zhi fenxi), Fei Ching Yueh Pao, 21, 12 (1979): pp. 9-13. Yen, Ho-ping. The Establishment of Qing's Foreign Embassies and Council (Qingji waijiao shiguan zhi jianli). Taibei: The Commercial Press, 1975. Yin, Ching-yao. On Negotiation in the Age of Negotiation (Tanpan shidai hua tanpan). Taibei: Youshi Monthly, 1972. Young, Ernest P. The Presidency ofYuan Shih-k' ai. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1977. Young, Kenneth T. Negotiating with the Chinese Communists. New York: McGraw-Hill Book, 1968. Yu, Peter. A Strategie Model of Chinese Checkers, New York: Peter Lang, 1984. Yu, Ying-shi. 'Confucian Thought and Economic Development.' The Chinese Intellectual2, 2 (Winter 1986): 3-45. Zagoria, D. ed Soviet Policy in East Asia. New Haven: Yale University, 1982. Zheng, Yefu, 'Views on Ancient China's Intellectuals.' The Chinese Intel• lectual2, 1 (Autumn 1985): 18-23. Zhou, Enlai. Speech of January 14, 1956. New China News Agency, 29 January, 1956. Glossary

Bailian WhiteLotus baolu protecting railway chen yi cultivate sincerity dangquanpai current power holders Daqi Great Uniform en favour by a superior fumuguan parent-official Gaibang Beggars' Party gongfu time and effort spared guanzi interpersonal connection guayu minimise desire Huangjing Yellow Turban jimi control and restrain li propriety lifan manage periphery Lulin Greenwoods Manchukuo State of Manchu qi air rangwai bixian annei consolidation within must be completed before the resistance against foreign power takes place ren benevolence Sanjiao Three Teachings shiyi chang jiyi zhiyi learn from the barbarian technology in order to restrain the barbarians Taiping Tainguo Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace tianxia gongzhu common master of underheaven tongmen with a common teacher tongzong with a common ancestor Waiwubu Ministry of Foreign Affairs Wudomi Five Pecks of Rice wusacanan May Thirtieth Disaster wuwei non-action wuxia swordsman xuechi c1eanse shame yi rightousness yin retire youdouwen a friend with knowledge youliang a friend who is considerate youzhi a friend who is straightforward Yongle Eternal Happiness YuGong Stubborn Old Man zhaoan call for peace ZhaoShang Inviting Commerce zheng xin correct mind zheng zhe zheng ye politics being rectification zimin son-citizen

222 Index

AJourney to the West, 49, 51 Chinese imperialism, 11 Afghanistan, 120 Chinese nationalism, 13, 166, 182 Albania, 115 Confueianism anti-Confueianism, 81 Han officials and, 99 anti-imperialism, 74-5, 82,104,106, leadership and, 68, 71,73,75 117,139 Marxism and, 54-5, 56 asymmetrie relationship norms of, 38, 39-42, 60,142 in diplomaey, 59, 64, 65, 72, 82, 85 rebellious relationship and, 48--51 maintenanee of, 42-3 Cultural Revolution norms of, 39-43,46,58,190 Den Xiaoping in, 90 Axis, 106, 168 diplomaeyin,9,118,136,141,187 rebellious style of, 81,84,93-4,190 Bandung Conferenee, 87, 110, 179 Sino-Soviet relations in, 184-5 Beggars party (Gaibang), 49,52 textbook writing after, 56 Boxer Rebellion Zhou Enlai and, 87 Confueian offieials and, 66, 99 eulture, 16,23,25,30,34,36 national self-image in, 101,102, eyberneties, 1, 17-20, 35-7, 62, 95 103,131 analytical eaveats of, 34-5 use offoree, 162-4, 188,192 eommand, 18, 19,24,26 Yuan Shikai and, 71 eritieal variables, 18, 19 Britain diplomatie eommand: Chiang Kai- anti-foreignism against, 96 shek, 79; Confueian offieials, Open Door poliey and, 102-3 66; Deng Xiaoping, 93; in in Opium War, 150--9 diplomatie organisation, 125, WarofResistaneeand, 165, 168--9 127,132,136,137-8, 140;Liu British-Freneh Allied Forces, %, Shaoqi, 87; Mao Zedong, 83; 159-60 May Fourth Movement, 75; Buek, Pearl, 49 national self-image as, 28; Buddhism, 38, 48, 49, 65 psyehoeultural eyberneties, Burma, 171 123; inPunitive War, 188; revolution image as, 186; Cairo Conferenee, 169 Zhou Enlai, 90 Cambodia, 119, 187 diplomatie environment and, 27, Canton,96,151,153,154,168 34,123,125,172 Capitalist Camp, 82, 107, 112, 113, diplomaticfeedbaek and, 123, 128 191 diplomatie image and, 123 Chang, Chun, 165 diplomatie monitor system and, 96, Chiang, Kai-shek 123,124-5,128,137 diplomatie strategy of, 105, 107 diplomatie schema and, 124, 157 leadership style of, 75-9, 93-4,190 diplomatie servomeehanism and, psyehoeulture and, 121-2 29,31,34,127-38,141 in WarofResistanee, 164-72 environment, 18,21,32,36,189 Chinese Communist Party, 51,57, feedbaek,1,18,20,31,34,189 79,84 feedforward,27

223 224 Index eybemeties - continued VVar, 97; byself• monitor system, 18,21,22,31,32 strengthening, 70,100; in PRC diplomatie eommand and, Sino-USnormalisation,117; 109,112,117-20 byuseofforee, 149, 188 PRC diplomatie environment and, Republiean diplomatie eommand, 109-13 104,105,107 PRC diplomatie monitor system Republiean diplomatie and,108 environment, 105 PRC diplomatie servomeehanism Republieation diplomatie and, 111, 117, 120 servomeehanism, 105 Qing diplomatie eommand and, servomeehanism, 18,21,24,26 97-9,102,162 see also psyeho-eyberneties, Qing diplomatie environment and, psyehoeultural eyberneties 97,98,100 Czeehoslovakia, 185-6 Qing diplomatie schema and, 96, 98,99 Daoguang, 150--9 Qing diplomatie servomeehanism Deng, Tingzheng, 150, 152 and, 98, 99,103 Deng, Xiaoping, managing the eommand: in in Cultural Revolution, 118 eybemeties, 19-20; Li diplomaeyof,114-5 Hongzhang, 100; national leadershipstyleof, 90--3,190,191 faee-saving, 31; by use of Liu Shaoqi and, 81, 112 force, 188 as areformist, 117 managing the environment: anti• Three-VVorld Theory by, 83, 116 foreignism and, 101; anti• drama imperialism and, 107; by ofBoxer Rebellion, 101 Confueian offieials, 70, 100; in eyberneties, 22, 23, 25, 27, 36 in eyberneties, 18,20; of diplomaey, 28, 62 diplomaey, 123; national in Korean VVar, 181 faee-saving, 30; in offshore in offshore islands erisis, 111 islandserisis, 183; in Opium politieal analysis and, 16, 17 VVar,156,162;searehin in revolution, 116 1940s, 112; in Sino-Indian Yuan Shikai, 73 VVar, 184; byuseofforee, Zhou Enlai, 113 121,148-9,191 Dream ofthe Red Chamber, The, 49 managing the monitor system: in Duan, Qirei, 105 eybemeties, 19-20; by Dulles, John Foster, 89 Confueian officials, 97, 100; de-Stalinisation and, 112; Eliot, 150--1 national faee-saving, 31; in Elliot, Admiral, 153 Opium VVar, 158; in Sino- Empress dowager, 71, 102, 162-3 J apanese VV ar, 101; in Sino• Engels, Friedrich, 109 US normalisation, 117-18; in warlord diplomaey, 107 face managing the servomeehanism: in faee diplomaey: Chiang Kai-shek, eyberneties, 19-20; by 78-9; Confucian offieials, 65; isolationsim, 115; national Li Hongzhang, 69-70; Liu faee-saving, 30; in offshore Shaoqi, 86-7; Mao Zedong, islands erisis, 183; in Opium 83; May Fourth Movement, Index 225

faee - continued ofMao Zedong, 80-2,122 75; in Opium War, 97; ofYuan Shikai, 72 psyehoeultural eyberneties of, HongKong 189-90; by self• BasieLawofHongKong, 147 strengthening, 100; Sino• in Opium War, 96,151,155,157 Indian War, 114; Sino- in War of Resistanee, 168, 171 J apanese War, 101; Hong, Shiuquan, 52 symmetrie norms and, 60; in Hu, Na, 119, 143 warlorddiplomaey, 104; HU,Shi,165 YuanShikai,73;ZhouEnali, Hua, Guofeng, 117 90 Huang, Chao, 50, 52 faee-saving, 1, 119, 145 Huang, Hua, 135 national face saving, 29-31,121, Hungarian revolution, 110 136-7,189 psyehoeultural eyberneties, 1,2, India 24,33 border dispute with, 89 folk novels, 39,47,55 Chiang Kai-shek in, 171 Formosa, see Taiwan Chinese attaek on, 10 FourModernisations, 142, 186-7 in Korean War, 173 FourNationalDeclaration, 169, 171 Sino-Indian War, 183-4 fumuguan, 39,77 Soviet Union and, 86 Tibet and, 113 GangofFour, 88, 117, 136 in World War 11,168 Gao, Gang, 179 see also Sino-Indian War GenevaConferenee,89,141 Germany in Open Door poliey, 103 intermediate zone, 107, 108 Peace Treaty with, 104 international system, 1,4,9,190 in War of Resistanee, 167, 168, invasion ofBeijing, 96, 98,160,163 170,171 isolationism, 43, 59, 61, 79,110,122 Gong, Prinee, 99,127 Italy, 168 Gordon, George, 66 Great Leap Forward Deng Xiaoping in, 91 Japan isolationism in, 115 anti-imperialism against, 75 Liu Shaoqi in, 85, 112, 113 Chiang Kai-shek in, 76 Mao Zedong and, 80-2, 84, 111 Chinaand, 78,160-2,164-72 offshore islands erisis and, 181-3 in Korea, 100-1 self-strengthening by, 122 in Korean War, 175 Sino-Indian War after, 10, 183 Li Hongzhangand, 144 Zhou Enlai in, 87 in Open Door poliey, 102-3 Guangxu, 130,162-3 seeaLsoSino-Japanese War, War guanxi, 40, 45 of Resistanee JiaBaoyu,49 hierarehieal style of Chiang Kai-shek, 77 Khrushehev ofConfucian officlals, 65, 96 China's self-image and, 109-12 in diplomatie organisation, 126 de-Stalinisation by, 181 asaleadershiptype, 63-5,93 peaceful eo-existence and, 114 226 Index

Korea Manehu,12,106,167, 169-72 Japanand,l00 Mao,Zedong in Korean War, 172-8 eomparison with Zhou Enlai, 88, NorthKorea, 109, 115 89 inSino-Japanese War, 161-2 Confueianism and, 55 in WarofResistanee, 169, 171 Deng Xiaoping and, 92 Yuan Shikai in, 70, 99 global strategy of, 11 see also Korean War intermediate zone and, 107-8, 110 KoreanWar Khrushehev and, 109 Capitalist Camp and, 112, 191 in Korean War, 173, 177 China in, 110, 172-81 leaders hip style of, 79-83, 93-4, Legalism and, 122 190 MaoZedongin, 79 Mao Zedong's Thought, 185 China's seit-image in, 188 on negotiation, 146 self-defenee in, 192 Nixon's visit to China and, 116 Soeialist Camp and, 109, 191 personal eult of, 181 rebellious norms of, 51,57 LangSon, 120 revolutionary image of, 115, 117, League of Nations, 106 191 legalism, 58, 60, 64, 77,122 Snow, Edgar and, 121-2 Lenin, 109 Two-Camp Theory by, 82, 86, 107- levels-of-analysis,4, 10, 13-15, 189 8,110 Li, 41 see also Maoism Li, Hongzhang Maoism, 11,34,80,84,117 Confueian offieials and, 65 Marx, 109 diplomatie eounsel and, 129 Marxism diplomatie strategy of, 68-70, 98-9 Confueianism and, 54-5 Japan and, 144, 161-2 folk novel and, 55 leadership style of, 66--70, 72, 93- normsof,11,55-8,74,80,84 4,190 Taoism and, 55 self-strengthening by, 67-8, 98, 122 Matsu,182 TreatyofYentaiand,141 May Fourth Movement, 73-5, 94, Yuan Shikai and, 70-1 104,190 Zongli Yamen and, 128 Middle-Kingdom eomplex Lin, Biao, 89,116,185 asymmetrie relationship in, 59 Lin, Zexu, 96, 97,150-3,158 declineof, 105, 131 Liu, Bei, 47 as foreign poliey motivation, 11-12 Liu, Shaoqi of Qing diplomats, 155 eomparison with Deng Xiaoping, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 92 in PRC, 115, 133, 136--7,142-3, eomparison with Zhou Enlai, 88 191 Confueianism of, 55 in Qing, 130-1 Deng Xiaoping and, 81,90, 112 in Republiean Period, 131, 132, in Great Leap Forward, 81,84, 166,191 112,114-15 Mongolia, 72, 120, 167 leadership style of, 83-7, 94,190 SovietUnionand,l13 national image eulture and, 33 MaeArthur, 108, 174 diplomaey and, 65,124,136 Index 227 national image - continued see also national image, seIt-image dramaof,28 Nationalist Party environmentof,94 in Civil War, 79 historyof, 25, 33, 28 factions within, 164 politics and, 63 new national self-image of, 133 ofQing,l02 publie statement by, 139 in rebellion, 73 in Taiwan, 137-8 during Republiean Period, 100 United Nations and, 115 see also national self-image in War of Resistance , 132 national self-image Nehru,89 in eybemetie regulation, 31,66 Neo-Buddhism, 52-4 diplomaey and, 28-31, 95,123,138 Neo-Confueianism, 52-4 in diplomatie organisation, 125, Neo-Taoism, 52-4 134,191 neuro-eybemeties, 21 disagreements about, 98 Nixon, Riehard, 9, 78, 89,116 dramaof,17 normaley style evolution of, 34 ofDengXiaoping,91 in Korean War, 179--80 as a leadership type, 63-5, 93-4 leadership and, 124 ofLi Hongzhang, 66-7 in negotiation, 144 of Liu Shaoqi, 84 ofPRC: anti-imperialism, 117; in ofZhouEnali,88 the beginningofPRC, 133; NorthemExpedition, 76,105 eonsisteneyof,136; NuclearTest Ban Treaty, 113, 114 differenee between Mao and Zhou, 110; as an equal, 113, 114-15, 121; in Sino-Soviet offshoreislands, 79,111,112,181-3 relations, 120; in Socialist see also Quemoy Camp, 109--10 Open Door poliey, 102, 106 psyehoculture and, 38 Opium War in psyehoeultural eybemeties, 25 Legalism and, 122 publie statement and, 139 Qing national self-image in, 97,98, of Qing: in boxer Rebellion, 103, 127 164; breakdown of, 128-31; in Sino-Japanese War and, 162 Opium War, 159, 162;inself• Treaty War and, 160 strengthening, 100; in Sino• useofforee, 149-59, 162, 170, 188, Japanese War, 162; under• 191 heaven and, 97, 127 in rebellion, 61 Paris Peaee Conference, 110 in Republiean period, anti• peaeeful eo-existenee, 84, 86,110, imperialism, 104, 106; as an 114 equal, 107; Nationalist Party Peng, Dehuai, 84, 176, 177 and, 132; searehforidentity, Peng, Zhen, 177 107; in War of Resistance, People's Liberation Army, 134, 173 171, 172; warlord polities and, Perspeetive 105 defined,5 in Sino-Indian War, 184 long-termlshort-term, 6, 7, 8, 9-14, ofTaiwan, 143 15,31 Taoism and, 60 perspeetives-of-analysis, 7,8,14, useofforeeand, 148-9, 188 15 228 Index

Perspective - continued role pre-decisionlpost-decision, 6, 7, of Chinese bureaucrats, 125 14,15,31 in a drama, 16 structuraVmotivational, 6, 8, 9-14, isolationism and, 43 15,31-2 norms and, 38 Philippines, 173, 175 see also national self-image, self• Pol Pot, 92,119,186 image, self-role psycho-cybemetics Romanceofthe Three Kingdoms, China and, 39 The,47,49 definition, 17,20-2,26 Russia, 69, 99,101,102,103, see also diplomacy and, 64,126 Soviet Union schema of, 21 Russio-JapaneseWar, 102 see also cybemetics, psychocultural cybemetics psychocultural cybemetics Scholar, The, 49 application of, 31, 32, 33, 34 self-concept definition, 22-8, 26 Chiang Kai-shek's call for self• diplomacy and, 97, 189 respect, 169 see also cybemetics, psycho• diplomats'sense of self-worth, 131, cybemetics 186 Punitive War, 10, 120, 122, 186-8, humiliation in negotiation, 144 192 as motivation, 1 Nationalist self-confidence, 140 self-actualisation: in negotiation, Qiao Guanghua, 136 146; public statement, 139 Qisham, 144, 153-4, 157 self-confirmation and, 126 Quemoy,78,122,182-3,188,192 use offorce and, 148 see also offshore islands see also self-image, self-role, self• strengthening self-cultivation, see self• Rao, Shushi, 173 strengthening rebellious relationship self-image in Cultural Revolution, 115-17 Confucianism and, 48 diplomacy and, 58, 60-1,122,190 diplomaticdramaand, 29,138 norms of, 48--52 isolationism and, 43 in Republican Period, 104 multiple self-images, 24-5 rebellious style national face-saving, 30-3 as aleadership type, 63-5 in psycho-cybemetics, 20-5, 94 ofMao Zedong, 80-3 in psychocultural cybemetics, 27 in May Fourth Movement, 73-5 of Qing officials, 101 ren in rebellious relationship, 57,58 Chiang Kai-shek and, 76 see also national self-image; self- Daoguang and, 153 concept; self-role definition of, 40 self-role, 17,135,189 diplomacy and, 58, 59, 97 see also role; self-concept; self• Li Hongzhang and, 67 image normsof,41-3 self-strengthening Republic of China see Taiwan by Chiang Kai-shek, 78 Republican Revolution, 103, 105 by Confucian officials, 99 Index 229 self-strengthening - continued Khrushehev and, 110 in cybemetic regulation, 54, 64,94, in Korean War, 181, 191 123 Sino--Soviet relations and, 112 diplomaey of, 61, 101, 103 Soviet Union in, 107,191 isolationism and, 61, 82 Stalin and, 82 by Li Hongzhang, 69-70, 98--101, Song, Jiang, 47,51,116 122,161-2 Soviet Union byMaoZedong, 110 asymmetrie norms and, 90,109-10 by Zongli Yamen, 128 in bipolar system, 9 Shandong, 73, 75 Chiang Kai-shek and, 77, 168 Shanghai Communique, 83, 89, 146 Chinese brotherhood and, 120, 121 Shaolin, 49, 52 in Korean War, 177-81 Sin

Taiji, 49, 52 under-heaven TaipingTianguo, 50, 52, 66, 98, disorderin,41 159--60 in Opium War, 156 Taiwan Qing's diplomatie organisation Chiang Kai-shek in, 78, 121, 122 and,127 eompulsory edueation in, 77 asQing'sself-image, 12,39,97,99, diplomatie organisation of, 126, 190 140-1 role ofthe Emperor in, 95, 121 diplomaey of, 143 Taoism and, 47 Khrushehevon,110 Uni ted Nations in Korean War, 173-6, 179-81 in Korean War, 139, 173-6 Mao's strategy towards, 82 Republiean China and, 132, 168, in Opium War, 154 170,171 Shanghai Communique and, 89 Taiwan's membership in, 78,137-8 in Sino-French War, 99 Three-World Theory and, 116 in Sino-Japanese War, 161, 169, United States 171 inCapitalistCamp, 107, 191 in US--Taiwan relations, 113, 117, Deng Xiaoping and, 91-2 119 friendship relationship with, 121-2 Taoism HuNain, 143 diplomaey and, 58, 60 in Korean War, 173-81 leadership style and, 64-5 Mao's strategy towards, 108 norms of, 46-8 normalisation with, 90,116-18, Marxism and, 55 122 in Three Teachings, 38 Open Doorpolieyof, 102-3 in wuxia,49 peaceful eoexistence with, 86 ThirdWorld Shanghai Communique with, 83 Chinaand, 116-19, 147 in Sino-Indian War, 183 in Punitive War, 187 Taiwan and, 111, 112, 147 in Sino-Indian War, 184 as a revolutionary target, 115 support to China, 115 visiting scholars in, 125, 135 world revolution and, 83 in WarofResistanee, 165, 168, Three Teachings (sanjiao), 38, 39 169,171-2 Three-World Theory, 83, 90, 93,116, 118 Versailles Treaty, 73 Tiananmen Massaere, 136 Vietnam Tibet, 72,140 brotherly relationship with, 121 TreatyofBeijing,l60 in Korean War, 173 TreatyofNanjing, 96,127,144,159 in Punitive War, 10,91,92,120, TreatyofShimonoseki,161 186-8 Treaty ofTianjin, 96, 127,159 in Sino-Soviet relations, 119, 185 TreatyofWhampao,159 United States and, 115 TreatyofXincou,163 Vietnam War, 114, 115, 119, 186 TreatyofYentai,141 TreatyWar, 122, 159-160, 188, 192 War of Resistance Truman, 173 eomparison with Korean War, 179 Twenty-one Demands, 71-2,104, impacts on China's self-image, 107, 105 122,188, 191 Two-Camp Theory, 82, 86, 107-8, impacts on diplomatie 173,178 organisation, 132 Index 231

War of Resistance - continued Yu, Hung-chun, 166 self-defence in, 192 Yu, Oien, 154 use offorce in, 164-172, 188, 191, Yuan, Shikai 192 comparison with Chiang Kai-shek, Warsaw,145 79 Washington Conference, 106, 165, diplomacy,71-3,94 167 Japanand,I04 WaterMargin, The,47,49,51, 116 in Korea, 99 Wei, Yuan, 96 leadershipof, 70-3, 190 West Point, 68 Wu,)Guquan, 139, 175 Wu, Yong,47 Zeng, Guofan, 66, 98, 99 Wudang,49,52 Zeng, Jize, 99 Wuergonger, 152 Zhang, Guotao, 86 wuwei, 44, 47,49,52,58 Zhang, Xueliang, 76 Zhao, Ziyang, 136 )Guanfeng,159-60 Zhenbao Islands, 9,10,115,184-6 )Gong Nu, 60 Zhenbao Islands incident, 188, 192 Xu, Guangjing, 96 Zhou,Enlai Xue, Baochai, 49 anti-Confucianism and, 116 comparison with Mao, 110 YaltaAgreement,l72 in Conference ofGeneva, 141 Yamen, see Zongli Yamen deathof,117 Yang, Fang, 154 diplomacyof,88-90, 109, 113, 114 YantziRiver, 108, 167 leadership style of, 87-90, 94, 190 yi,50-1,55,58,64,76 in Korean War, 173-4, 176 Yie, Mingchen, 96 Shanghai Communique and, 83 Yilibu,152 Zhuge, Liang, 47 yin,43,58 Zongli Yamen, 127-131, 191 Yishan, 154, 157 Zuo, Zongtang, 98, 99