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Effects of Bipolarity on Chinese Foreign Policy

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Effects of Bipolarity on Chinese Foreign Policy Notes CHAPTER 2 PERSPECfIVES ON CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY BEHAVIOUR 1. Michael Ng-Quinn, 'Effects of Bipolarity on Chinese Foreign Policy', Survey 26, 2 (1982): 102-30; Robert North, The Foreign Relations of China (North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1978); Peter Van Ness, 'Three Lines in Chinese Foreign Relations, 1950-1983', Three Visions of Chinese Soeialism, ed. D. Solinger (Boulder: Westview Press, 1983) pp. 113-42; Bruce Cumings, 'The Political Economy of Chinese Foreign Policy', Modern China 5, 4 (October, 1979): 411-61; Dwight Perkins, 'The Constraints on Chinese Foreign Policy', China and Japan, ed. D. Helmann (Lexington: Lexington, 1976) pp. 159-95; Peter Yu, A Strategie Model of Chinese Checkers (New York: Peter Lang, 1984); Richard Wich, Sino-Soviet Crisis Polities (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1980); Mark Mancall, 'The Persistence of Tradition in Chinese Foreign Policy', Annals of the Ameriean Aeademy of Politieal Social Seienee 349 (September, 1963): 14-26; Tang Tsou and M. Halperin, 'Mao Tse-tung's Revolutionary Strategy and Peking's Inter­ national Behaviours', Ameriean Politieal Scienee Review 59 (March, 1965: 80-99; Michael Hunt, 'Chinese Foreign Relations in Historical Perspective', China's Foreign Relations in the 1980s, ed. H. Harding (New Haven: Yale University, 1984) pp. 1-42; Dalijit Sen Adel, China and Her Neighbours (New DeJhi: Deep and Deep Publications, 1984); Davis Bobrow et al. , Understanding Foreign Poliey, (New York: The Free Press, 1979); Melvin Gurtov and Byong-Moo Hwang, China Under Threat (Baitimore: The John Hopkins University, 1980); Kenneth Lieberthai, 'The Background in Chinese Politics', The Sino-Soviet Confliet, ed. H. Ellison (Seattle: University of Washington , 1982) pp. 3- 28; John Garver, China's Deeision for Rapproehement with the United States, 1968-1971 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1982); Thomas Gottlieb, Chinese Foreign Poliey Faetionalism and the Origins of the Strategie Triangle (Santa Monica: Rand, R-1902-NA, November, 1977); Allen Whiting, The Chinese Caleulus of Deterrenee (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1974); Steve Chan, 'Chinese Conflict Calculus and Behavior', World Polities 30 (April, 1978): 391-410; Scott Boorman, The Protraeted Game, (New York: Oxford University, 1969); Kuan­ sheng Liao, Anti-foreignism and Modernization in China, 1860-1980 (New York: St Martins Press, 1984); Ishwer Ojha, Chinese Foreign Poliey in an Age of Transition (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971). 2. See Ng-Quinn, op. cit. 3. Also see Harold Hinton, China's Turbulent Quest (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1972). 4. Also see Yu, op. eit., p. 96; Wich, op. cit.; C. L. Sulzberger, The Coldest War (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974), p. 72; Harry Schwartz, Tsars, Mandarins, and Commissars (Garden City: Anchor Books, 1973) pp. 279-280. 193 194 Notes to pp. 5-16 5. Michael Ng-Quinn, 'International Systemie Constraints on Chinese Foreign Poliey', China and the World, ed. S. Kim (Boulder: Westview, 1984) p. 102. 6. Robert Scalapino, 'The Politieal Influenee of the USSR in Asia', Soviet Policy in East Asia, ed. D. Zagoria (New Haven: Yale University, 1982) p.65. 7. See Cumings, op. eit.; Van Ness, op. eit. 8. See North, op. eit. 9. See Perkins, op. eit. 10. Hunt, op. eit., pp. 19,39. 11. Adel, op. cit., pp. 1, 17, 199. 12. See Tsou and Halperin, op. eit. 13. Bobrow et al., op. eit.; also see Jonathan Pollack, Security, Strategy, and the Logic o[ Chinese Foreign Policy (Berkeley: U niversity of California, 1981). 14. Maneall, op. eit., p. 25. 15. John Cranmer-Byng, 'The Chinese View of Their Plaee in the World', China Quarterly 53 (1973): 78. 16. Lieberthai, op. eit., pp. ~. 17. Also see Garver, op. cit.; John Garver, 'Chinese Foreign Poliey in the 1970s', China Quarterly 82 (1980): 214-49; Gottlieb, op. cit.; Kenneth Lieberthai, 'The Foreign Poliey Debate in Peking; China Quarterly 71 (September, 1970): 528-54; and Roger Brown, 'Chinese Polities and Ameriean Poliey', Foreign Policy 23 (Summer, 1976) 2-24. 18. Gurtov and Hwang, op. eit. 19. James Husing, 'The Study of Chinese Foreign Poliey', China in the Global Community, eds. J. Husing and S. Kim (New York: Praeger, 1980) pp. 4-10. 20. Liao, op. eit.; also see Riehard Solomon, Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture (Berkeley: University of California, 1971) pp. 36~. 21. See Ojha, op. eit. 22. Whiting, op. cit.; Chan, op. eit. 23. Thomas Stopler, China, Taiwan, and the Offshore Islands (New York: M. E. Sharpe, Ine., 1985) p. 9. 24. Boorman, op. eit., pp. 167, 17(}-2. CHAPTER 3 SELF, CULTURE, AND DRAMA OF FOREIGN POLICY: A CYBERNETIC METAPHOR 1. See B. Knudsen, 'The Paramount Importanee of Cultural Sourees: Ameriean Foreign Poliey and Comparative Foreign Poliey Research Reeonsidered', Cooperation and Conflict 22 (1987): 87-113; J. P. LovelI, 'Cultural and Foreign Poliey', a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Assoeiation, Washington, D.C., April 16, 1987; C. Lord 'Ameriean Strategie Culture', Comparative Strategy 5, 3 (1985): 269-93; P. E. Rohrlieh, 'Eeonomie Culture and Foreign Poliey', International Organization 41 (1987): 61-92; L. Baritz, Notes to pp. 16-18 195 Backfire: A History of How American Culture Led Us into Vietnam and Made Us Fight the Way We Did (New York: Ballantine Books). 2. W. B. Earle, 'Conceptualization and Measurement of Drama in Foreign Policy', a paper presented at the 1988 Annual Meeting of the Inter­ national Society of Political Psychology, Meadowlands, N J (July 1-5, 1988). 3. See K. W. Thompson (ed.) Moral Dimensions of American Foreign Policy (New Brunswick: Transaction Books); Jack Holm, The Mood/ Interest Theory of American Foreign Policy (Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1985); Arthur Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986); Oie Hoisti andJ. Rosenau, American Leadership in World Affairs (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1984). 4. Martin Sampson, 'Culture and Foreign Policy Change', a paper presented at the 1988 Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Meadowlands, NJ (July 1-5, 1988); J. Walter, 'Nationalism and National Character', a paper presented at the 1988 Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology (July 1-5, 1988); D. J. Elkins and R. E. B Simeon, 'A Cause in Search of Its Effect, or Wh at Does Political Culture Explain?' Comparative Politics 11, 2 (1979): 127--46. 5. Lloyd Etheredge, 'Is American Foreign Policy Ethnocentric? Notes Toward a Propositional Inventory', a paper presented at the 1988 Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (September 1--4, 1988); 'Nuclear Deterrence Without the Rationality Assumption: Dramatic Requirements and the Agenda for Learning', a paper presented at the 1987 Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, San Francisco (7 July 1987); Can Government Learn: American Foreign Policy and Central American Revolutions (New York: Pergamon, 1985); 'President Reagan's Counseling', Political Psychology 5,4 (1984): 737--40; D. I. Kertzer, Ritual, Polities, and Power (New Haven: Yale University, 1988). 6. Chih-yu Shih, 'National Role Conception as Foreign Policy Motivation: The Psychocultural Bases of Chinese Diplomacy', Political Psychology 9,4 (1988); Martha Cottam, Foreign Policy Decision Making (Boulder: Westview, 1986); Stephen Walker (ed.), Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham: Duke University); C. Backman, 'Role Theory and International Relations', International Studies Quarterly 14 (1970): 310-19; John Stoessinger, Nations in Darkness (New York: Random House, 1978); K. Holsti, 'National Role Conceptions in the study of Foreign Policy', International Studies Quarterly 14 (1970): 233- 309. 7. M. Manescu, Economic Cybernetics (Kent: Abacus Press, 1984). 8. See John Steinbruner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision (Princeton: University of Princeton, 1974) p. 51; Maxwell Maltz, Psycho­ Cybernetics (New York: Pocket Books, 1966), p. 17. As to various definitions of cybernetics, see Jiri Klir and M. Valach, Cybernetic Modeling (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1967) pp. 65-69. 9. Robin Marra, 'A Cybernetic Model of the US Defense Expenditure Policymaking Process' , International Studies Quarterly 29,4 (1985): 361; Steinbruner, op. cit. p. 65. 196 Notes to pp. 18-22 10. Kenneth Sayre, Cybernetics and the Philosophy of Mind (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1976). 11. See ibid., pp. 36-45; V. L. Parsegian, This Cybernetic World of Men, Machine and Earth Systems (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, 1972) pp. 170-3; Klir and Valach, op. cit., pp. 60-2. 12. See Steinbruner, op. cit., p. 68; Morton A. Kaplan, System and Process in International Politics (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967), p. 9; Ross Ashby, A Design for a Brain (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1960) pp. 41-43. 13. Rolf Wigand, 'A Model of Interorganizational Communication among Complex Organizations', Communication and Control in Society, ed. K. Krippendorff (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1979) p. 376. 14. See Klous Krippendorff, 'Introduction', Communication, ed. Krippendorff, pp. 228-36; Doreen Steg and R. Schulman, 'Human Transaction and Adapting Behavior', Communication, ed. Krippendorff, pp. 318-9; Parsegian, op. cit., pp. 47-66; Ya Lerner, Fundamentals of Cybernetics (London: Chapman and Hall, 1972) pp. 77-86; Ross Ashby, An Introduction of Cybernetics (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1963) pp. 195-272. 15. Ashby, A Design, p. 62. 16. Steinbruner, op. cit., p. 60. 17. Larry Hirschhorn, Beyond Mechanization (Cambridge: MIT, 1984) p.1. 18. Ashby, A Design, pp. 87-93. 19. Maltz, op. cit., pp. 28-9. 20. William FeindeI, 'The Brian Considered as a Thinking Machine', Memory, Learning, and Language, ed. W. FeindeI (Toronto: University ofToronto, 1960) pp. 77-101. 21. F. H. George, The Foundations of Cybernetics (New York: Gordon and Breach, 199) p. 167. 22. See Kertzer, Rituals, op. cit., pp. 77-101. 23. T. C. He\vey, The Age of Information, An Interdisciplinary Survey of Cybernetics (Englewood Cliffs: Education Technology, 1971) p. 114. 24. George, op. cit., p. 157. 25. See James Taylor, 'Modeling the Task Group as a Partially Self Programming Communication Net: A Cybernetic Approach', Com­ munication, ed.
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