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The Industrial Revolution Help Shape Life in the North? DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-C Module 13 The North Essential Question How did the Industrial Revolution help shape life in the North? About the Photo: New machinery like In this module you will read about the changes that occurred in the lives this textile mill helped fuel the Industrial of Americans in the North as the result of rapid industrialization. You will Revolution. also learn about some of the new inventions of the period. What You Will Learn … Lesson 1: The Industrial Revolution in America . 424 Explore ONLINE! The Big Idea The Industrial Revolution transformed the way goods VIDEOS, including... were produced in the United States. • Industrial Revolution Lesson 2: Changes in Working Life . 430 The Big Idea The introduction of factories changed working life for • Train Technology many Americans. Lesson 3: The Transportation Revolution . 435 The Big Idea New forms of transportation improved business, travel, and communication in the United States. Lesson 4: More Technological Advances . 441 The Big Idea Advances in technology led to new inventions that Document-Based Investigations continued to change daily life and work. Graphic Organizers Interactive Games Image Carousel: Elements of Mass Production Image with Hotspots: Life of a Mill Girl Image with Hotspots: The Steam Train 420 Module 13 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Timeline of Events 1785–1860 Explore ONLINE! United States World 1785 1790 The first steam-powered mill opens in Great Britain. 1800 1807 Robert Fulton’s Clermont becomes the first commercially successful steamboat. 1815 1830 The Tom Thumb becomes the 1830 first locomotive in the United States to carry passengers. 1838 The Sirius becomes the first ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean entirely on steam power. 1840 Federal government employees receive a 10-hour workday. 1846 German astronomer 1845 Sarah G. Bagley is appointed 1845 Johann Galle observes that secretary of the New England Working Neptune is a planet. Men’s Association. 1851 London’s Great Exhibition 1856 Gail Borden displays patents a method inventions from of condensing milk around the so that it can safely world in the be stored in cans. Crystal Palace. 1860 The North 421 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Reading Social Studies THEME FOCUS: Science and Technology, Economics As you read this module, you will learn about how developments in science and technology brought about what is called the Industrial Revolution. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, you will see how American economic patterns changed. Next, you will read about how family life changed as more and more people went to work in factories. Finally, you will see how new methods of transportation changed where people lived and how new inventions affected daily life and work. READING FOCUS: Understand Causes and Effects in History Have you heard the saying, “We have to understand the past to avoid repeating it.”? That is one reason we look for causes and effects in history. Cause and Effect Chains You might say that all of history is one long chain of causes and effects. It may help you to understand the course of history better if you draw out such a chain as you read. Since the 1790s, wars between European powers had interfered with U.S. trade. American customers were no longer able to get all the manufactured goods they were used to buying from British and European Wars in Europe manufacturers . Americans began to buy the items they needed from American manufacturers instead of from foreign suppliers. As profits for American factories grew, manufacturers began to spend more Americans couldn’t get money expanding their factories. European goods. At the same time, many Americans began to realize that the United States had been relying too heavily on Americans bought foreign goods. from American manufacturers. Americans began American profits rose. to think they had relied too much on Europe. American factories expanded. 422 Module 13 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-B You Try It! Key Terms and People Lesson 1 Industrial Revolution The following passage is from the module you are about textiles to read. As you read each paragraph, ask yourself what Richard Arkwright Samuel Slater is the cause and what is the effect of what is being technology discussed. Eli Whitney interchangeable parts mass production Workers Organize Factories continued to spread in Lesson 2 the 1800s. Craftspeople, who made goods by hand, Rhode Island system felt threatened. Factories quickly produced low-priced Francis Cabot Lowell goods. To compete with factories, shop owners had to Lowell system trade unions hire more workers and pay them less. strikes The wages of factory workers also went down as Sarah G. Bagley people competed for jobs. A wave of immigration in Lesson 3 the 1840s brought people from other, poorer coun- Transportation Revolution tries. They were willing to work for low pay. More Robert Fulton Clermont immigrants came to the Northeast, where the mills Gibbons v. Ogden were located, than to the South. Competition for jobs Peter Cooper also came from people unemployed during the finan- Lesson 4 cial Panic of 1837. Samuel F. B. Morse telegraph Morse code John Deere After you have read the passage, answer the following Cyrus McCormick questions. Isaac Singer 1. What cause is being discussed in the first paragraph? What were its effects? 2. Draw a cause and effect chain that shows the events described in the first paragraph. 3. What main effect is discussed in the second para- graph? How many causes are given for it? 4. Draw a cause and effect chain that shows the events described in the second paragraph. As you read Module 13, look for words that signal causes or effects. Picture these causes and effects as the links in a cause and effect chain. The North 423 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Lesson 1 The Industrial Revolution in America If YOU were there . The Big Idea You live in a small Pennsylvania town in the 1780s. You earn money for your family by raising sheep and spin- The Industrial Revolution transformed the way goods were ning their wool into yarn. Your sisters knit the yarn into produced in the United States. gloves and mittens that you sell to city merchants. But now you hear that someone has invented machines that Main Ideas can spin thread and make cloth. ■■ The invention of new machines in Great Britain led to the Would you still be able to earn the same amount beginning of the Industrial of money for your family? Why? Revolution. ■■ The development of new The Industrial Revolution machines and processes brought the Industrial At the start of the 1700s, the majority of people in Europe and Revolution to the United the United States were farmers. They made most of what they States. needed by hand. For example, female family members usually ■■ Despite a slow start in manu- made clothing. First, they used a spinning wheel to spin raw facturing, the United States materials, such as cotton or wool, into thread. Then they used a made rapid improvements hand loom to weave the thread into cloth. during the War of 1812. Some families produced extra cloth to sell to merchants, who Key Terms and People sold it for a profit. In towns, a few skilled craftspeople made Industrial Revolution goods by hand in their own shops. Workers including black- textiles smiths, carpenters, and shoemakers specialized in their work Richard Arkwright and the goods that they produced. Their ways of life had stayed Samuel Slater the same for generations. technology Eli Whitney A Need for Change By the mid-1700s, however, changes in interchangeable parts Great Britain led to a greater demand for manufactured goods. mass production As agriculture and roads improved, cities and populations grew. Overseas trade also expanded. Traditional manufactur- ing methods did not produce enough goods to meet everyone’s needs. People began using machines to create processes that made Academic goods in more efficient ways. They also discovered new power Vocabulary resources to fuel the machines. These developments led to efficient productive and not wasteful the Industrial Revolution, a period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s. 424 Module 13 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-A Women workers in a textile mill Textile Industry The first important breakthrough of the Industrial Revo- lution took place in how textiles, or cloth items, were made. Before the Industrial Revolution, spinning thread took much more time than making cloth. Several skilled workers were needed to spin enough thread to supply a single weaver. In 1769 British entrepreneur Richard Arkwright invented a large spin- ning machine called a water frame. The water frame could produce dozens of cotton threads at the same time. It lowered the cost of cotton cloth and increased the speed of textile production. The water frame used flowing water as its source of power. Merchants began to build large textile mills, or factories, near rivers and streams. The Reading Check mills were filled with spinning machines. Merchants began hiring people Draw Conclusions to work in the mills. How did machines speed up textile Additional improvements also speeded up the spinning process. Britain manufacturing? soon had the world’s most productive textile manufacturing industry. New Machines and Processes New machines encouraged the rise of new processes in business and manu- facturing. As the machines used to make products became more efficient, the processes involved changed dramatically.
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