Esfera Celeste Tierra

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Esfera Celeste Tierra De La Tierra a La Esfera Celeste David Barrado Navascués INTA De La Tierra a La Esfera Celeste David Barrado Navascués INTA cDavid Barrado Navascués CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http/www.publicacionesoficiales.boe.es Los derechos de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. No podrá ser reproducida por medio alguno, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático, sin permiso previo de los titulares del © Copyright. © Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial «Esteban Terradas» (INTA) Edita: NIPO: Impreso: 078-14-006-6 En línea: 078-14-005-0 Depósito Legal: M-31696-2014 Diseño y Arte: Vicente Aparisi Tirada: 1000 ejemplares Fecha de edición: noviembre 2014 Imprime: Imprenta Nacional del Boletín Oficial del Estado. 4 De la Tierra a la Esfera Celesteb «Nec fasces nec opes, Sola Artis sceptra perennant» 1 Tycho Brahe 1.- «Ni los honores ni las riquezas: solo la perfección de la obra es lo que sobrevivirá», en su epitafio. 5 cDavid Barrado Navascués 6 De la Tierra a la Esfera Celesteb edicatoria D A Iñaki, Anabel y Mariní, por su fortaleza y ejemplo. A todos los que luchan contra un cáncer. También para Eva, Susana, Carlos, Maleni, Angelines, Víctor y Mari. 7 cDavid Barrado Navascués ndice n ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 n AGRADECIMIENTOS ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 Ín PROEMIO ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 n HÉROES, DIOSES Y CONSTELACIONES: ASTERISMOS Y CATASTERISMOS ……… 18 n NAVEGACIÓN Y ASTRONOMÍA EN LA PENUMBRA DE LOS TIEMPOS REMOTOS ………………………………………………………………………………… 20 n ERATÓSTENES: EL SEGUNDÓN QUE PUSO LÍMITES A LA TIERRA …………………… 22 n EL CÓDIGO DE ARQUÍMEDES O ARQUÍMEDES COMO PALIMPSESTO …………… 25 n BIBLIOTECAS DE LA ANTIGÜEDAD: EL LEGADO DEL MUNDO CLÁSICO ………… 28 n HIPATIA DE ALEJANDRÍA: EL FIN DEL CLASICISMOS GRECOLATINO ……………… 31 n MONASTERIOS, ESCUELAS DE TRADUCTORES Y UNIVERSIDADES: SUPERVIVENCIA CULTURAL EN LAS EDADES OSCURAS …………………………………… 32 n HISTORIA DE UN COMETA: LA ESTRELLA DE BELÉN, EL TAPIZ DE BAYEUX Y GIOTTO ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35 n OMAR JAYYAM: ASTRÓNOMO, MATEMÁTICO, FILÓSOFO, POETA ………………… 36 n DE NÚMEROS Y CALIGRAFÍAS ……………………………………………………………………………… 38 n LA ESPADA Y EL CUADRANTE: TIMUR Y ULUGH BEG ………………………………………… 39 n LA REPÚBLICA DE LAS LETRAS ……………………………………………………………………………… 41 n EL OCÉANO PACÍFICO: ALGO MÁS QUE EL «LAGO ESPAÑOL» ………………………… 43 n NO TAN OBVIO: LA TIERRA ROTA Y REVUELVE O EL HELIOCENTRISMO DESDE ARISTARCO HASTA COPÉRNICO …………………………………………………………… 51 n TYCHO BRAHE: ESTRELLAS Y HOMBRES NUEVOS ……………………………………………… 56 n LA INMOVILIDAD DE LA TIERRA, LA CONDENA DE LAS TEORÍAS DE COPÉRNICO Y LAS TRIBULACIONES DE GALILEO ………………………………………… 59 n UN ASTRÓNOMO LLAMADO CERVANTES: EL NOMBRE DE LOS SATÉLITES JOVIANOS ………………………………………………………… 62 8 De la Tierra a la Esfera Celesteb n CULTURA: ¿CIENCIA VERSUS HUMANIDADES? ………………………………………………… 66 n MIDIENDO LA VELOCIDAD DE LA LUZ ……………………………………………………………… 67 n LA MEDIDA DE LA LONGITUD DE SUR A NORTE: DESDE IBERIA A ALBIÓN …… 68 n UNA CUESTIÓN NACIONAL: PÉNDULOS, LA FORMA DE LA TIERRA Y LA GRAVEDAD ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 85 n PIRATAS CELESTES: NEWTON, HALLEY Y EL «ABORDAJE» DEL BUQUE INSIGNIA DE FLAMSTEED ………………………………………………………………… 90 n TRÁNSITOS PLANETARIOS Y EL TAMAÑO DEL SISTEMA SOLAR ……………………… 91 n LAS DESVENTURAS DE UN ASTRÓNOMO …………………………………………………………… 94 n POLICÍA CELESTE Y FILÓSOFOS: CERES Y SU «IMPOSIBLE» EXISTENCIA ……… 95 n SIMETRÍAS: CREANDO CONTINENTES ………………………………………………………………… 97 n NUEVOS LÍMITES PARA EL SISTEMA SOLAR: LOS DESCUBRIMIENTOS DE URANO Y NEPTUNO ……………………………………………… 100 n ¿QUÉ ES UN PLANETA? ………………………………………………………………………………………… 105 n EL ESTRECHO ANIÁN: EL MÍTICO PASO DE NOROESTE …………………………………… 107 n CARTÓGRAFOS Y EXPLORADORES: PTOLOMEO Y LAS FUENTES DEL NILO …… 112 n LOS ANILLOS DE URANO Y OTROS CASOS DE SERENDIPIA ……………………………… 115 n ANTROPÓLOGOS, MISIONEROS, MITOS Y FALSARIOS: SIRIO, LAS ENANAS BLANCAS Y LOS DOGON ……………………………………………………… 117 n NAVEGACIÓN INTERESTELAR: MENSAJES EN BOTELLAS LANZADAS AL OCÉANO DE LA GALAXIA …………………………………………………………… 119 n LA TRANSMISIÓN DE LA CULTURA: REVOLUCIONES, SESGOS CULTURALES Y SOPORTES FÍSICOS ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 120 n EPÍLOGO ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 124 n ALGUNAS LECTURAS SUGERIDAS ………………………………………………………………………… 125 9 cDavid Barrado Navascués ndice de figuras FIGURA 1. «ASÍ QUE NADIE ES SABIO SI NO DOMINA LAS ESTRELLAS». JERÓNIMO GIRAVA, 1570. …………………………………………………………………………… 17 FIGURA 2. COSMÓGRAFO TOMANDO MEDIDAS EN UN GLOBO TERRESTRE, 1693. ………… 17 ÍFIGURA 3. PERSEO, CON LA CABEZA DE LA MEDUSA, SEGÚN BAYER EN 1603. …………………… 18 FIGURA 4. LA NUEVA CONSTELACIÓN DEL SEXTANTE, SEGÚN HEVELIUS, CUYO ATLAS ES DE 1687. …………………………………………………………………………… 19 FIGURA 5. PLANISFERIO DEL HEMISFERIO AUSTRAL, PUBLICADO EN 1763 POR LACAILLE. … 20 FIGURA 6. EL DERROTERO DE ULISES, DESCRITO EN «LA ODISEA», SEGÚN E.H. BUNBURY, 1879. ……………………………………………………………………… 21 FIGURA 7. HORIZONTE MARINO DEBIDO A LA ESFERICIDAD DE LA TIERRA, 1545. ………… 22 FIGURA 8. LA TIERRA, SEGÚN ERATÓSTENES EN EL SIGLO III ANTES DE LA ERA COMÚN. … 22 FIGURA 9. GRABADO DE UNA ESFERA ARMILAR, 1683. …………………………………………………… 23 FIGURA 10. EXPOSICIÓN DEL MÉTODO DE ERATÓSTENES PARA CALCULAR LAS DIMENSIONES DE LA TIERRA, PUBLICADO EN 1543. ………………………………… 23 FIGURA 11. MAPAMUNDI DE POSIDONIO DE APAMEA, CORRESPONDIENTE AL SIGLO II ANTES DE LA ERA COMÚN, IMPRESO EN 1628. ……………………………… 24 FIGURA 12. UN FOLIO DEL PALIMPSESTO DE ARQUÍMEDES, FOTOGRAFIADO EN LUZ VISIBLE. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 26 FIGURA 13. LA MISMA PÁGINA DESPUÉS DE SU TRATAMIENTO DIGITAL. ………………………… 27 FIGURA 14. PLANO DEL LA VILLA DE LOS PAPIROS DE HERCULANO, TRAS LAS EXCAVACIONES DEL SIGLO XVIII. ………………………………………………… 28 FIGURA 15. FACSÍMIL DE UN PAPIRO RECUPERADO EN EL SIGLO XIX EN HERCULANO. …… 29 FIGURA 16. PAPIRO CARBONIZADO PROVENIENTE DE LA VILLA DE LOS PAPIROS, EN HERCULANO. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 30 FIGURA 17. MAPA DE LA CIUDAD DE ALEJANDRÍA EN EL SIGLO XIX SUPERPUESTO AL TRAZADO HELENÍSTICO. ……………………………………………………………………… 31 FIGURA 18. GRABADO DE O. VON CORVEN DE LA BIBLIOTECA DE ALEJANDRÍA, EJECUTADO EN EL SIGLO XIX. …………………………………………………………………… 32 FIGURA 19. UN ECLIPSE SOLAR, SEGÚN JUAN DAMASCENO, QUE VIVIÓ EN EL SIGLO VIII, EN UN MANUSCRITO EN GRIEGO DEL SIGLO XIII PROCEDENTE PROBABLEMENTE DE CONSTANTINOPLA. …………………………………………………… 33 FIGURA 20. MANUSCRITO EN LATÍN CON UNA OBSERVACIÓN ASTRONÓMICA DEL AÑO 798. …………………………………………………………………… 33 FIGURA 21. EVOLUCIÓN DE LA TIPOGRAFÍA. ………………………………………………………………… 34 FIGURA 22. LAS FASES DE LA LUNA SEGÚN JOHANNES DE SACROBOSCO, QUE VIVIÓ EN EL SIGLO XIII, EN UN MANUSCRITO DE LA PRIMERA MITAD DEL SIGLO XV. ………… 34 FIGURA 23. SECCIÓN DEL TAPIZ DE BAYEUX QUE DESCRIBE LA BATALLA DE HASTING EN 1066. ……………………………………………………………………………………35 FIGURA 24. PRIMERA PÁGINA DE UN MANUSCRITO DE OMAR JAYYAM, SIN TÍTULO. ………… 36 FIGURA 25. «ALGORISMUS», DE JOHANNES DE SACROBOSCO, QUE FUE ESCRITO ALREDEDOR DEL AÑO 1225, EN MANUSCRITO DEL MEDIADOS DEL SIGLO XVI. 38 FIGURE 26. EJEMPLOS DE NÚMEROS CORRESPONDIENTES A DIVERSOS AUTORES EN DISTINTOS MOMENTOS. …………………………………………………………………………… 38 FIGURA 27. EL MAUSOLEO DE TIMUR Y ULUGH BEG, EN SAMARCANDA. ………………………… 39 FIGURA 28. WALTERUS, TYCHO BRAHE, ULUGH BEG, TIMOCARES DE ALEJANDRÍA, HIPARCOS, PTOLOMEO, AL-BATTANI, REGIOMONTANO Y COPÉRNICO. ……… 40 10 De la Tierra a la Esfera Celesteb FIGURA 29. LO QUE RESTA DEL CUADRANTE MURAL DEL OBSERVATORIO DE ULUGH BEG. 40 FIGURA 30. EDICIÓN BILINGÜE, EN LATÍN Y PERSA, DE «TABULAE LONGITUDINIS ET TATITUDINIS STELLARUM TIXARUM EX OBSERVATIONE ULUGBEIGHI)». ……… 41 FIGURA 31. PORTADA DEL PRIMER NÚMERO DE «JOURNAL DES SÇAVANS», DEL 5 DE ENERO DE 1665. ………………………………………………………………………… 42 FIGURA 32. EL PLANISFERIO DE CANTINO DE 1502. ……………………………………………………… 43 FIGURA 33. PADRÓN REAL O GENERAL DE DIEGO RIBERO, DE 1529. ……………………………… 44 FIGURA 34. EL TERRITORIO ASIGNADO A ESPAÑA POR LOS TRATADOS DE TORDESILLAS Y ZARAGOZA, EN UN MAPA PUBLICADO EN 1622. ………………………………………… 45 FIGURA 35. BALLESTILLA Y DESCRIPCIÓN DEL USO DE LA MISMA. …………………………………… 45 FIGURA 36. DESCRIPCIÓN EN ESPAÑOL DEL USO DE UN ANILLO ASTRONÓMICO Y UN «EQUATORIOUM». …………………………………………………………………………… 46 FIGURA 37. LAS INDIAS ORIENTALES EN 1622, CON EL ANTIMERIDIANO Y LAS FILIPINAS, ERRÓNEAMENTE DENTRO DEL ÁREA HISPANA. …………………………………………… 47 FIGURA 38. INSTRUCCIONES SOBRE CÓMO MANEJAR UN ASTROLABIO, EN 1556. …………… 48 FIGURA 39. EL MAR DEL SUR SEGÚN JOHANNES JANSSONIUS, 1682. ………………………………… 49 FIGURA 40. LAS RUTAS PORTUGUESAS QUEDARON AL DESCUBIERTO EN 1595. ………………… 49 FIGURA 41. MAPA DEL SURESTE ASIÁTICO, 1598. …………………………………………………………… 50 FIGURA 42. LA COSMOLOGÍA HELIOCÉNTRICA DE COPÉRNICO, EN EL MANUSCRITO ORIGINAL DE «DE REVOLUTIONIBUS». ……………………………………………………… 52 FIGURA 43. DIAGRAMA DE NICHOLAS DE FER, PUBLICADO EN 1699, CON LAS COSMOLOGÍAS DE PTOLOMEO, COPÉRNICO Y BRAHE. ………………… 53 FIGURA 44. PÁGINA MANUSCRITA POR COPÉRNICO, CORRESPONDIENTE AL PRIMER ORIGINAL DE «DE REVOLUTIONIBUS», CON CORRECCIONES Y EN DONDE SE CITA A ARISTARCO DE SAMOS AL INICIO DE LA LÍNEA DECIMO SEXTA. ……………………………………………………………………… 54 FIGURA 45. «DE MAGNITUDINIBUS, ET DISTANTIIS SOLIS, ET LUNAE» DE ARISTARCO DE SAMOS, QUE VIVIÓ EN EL SIGLO III ANTES DE LA ERA COMÚN, EN UNA VERSIÓN IMPRESA EN 1572. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 56 FIGURA 46. DESCRIPCIÓN DE 1532 DE UN CUADRANTE MURAL. ……………………………………… 57 FIGURA 47. DIBUJO DE TYCHO BRAHE DE LA SUPERNOVA DE 1572. ………………………………… 57 FIGURA 48. PORTADA DE LA EDICIÓN
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