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A Case Study of How Recreationists Value the Craigieburn and Castle Hill Conservation Areas, Canterbury, New Zealand

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A Case Study of How Recreationists Value the Craigieburn and Castle Hill Conservation Areas, Canterbury, New Zealand Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Interpreting the significance of protected areas: A case study of how recreationists value the Craigieburn and Castle Hill conservation areas, Canterbury, New Zealand A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management at Lincoln University by Merrilyn E. Grey Lincoln University 2012 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management. Abstract Interpreting the significance of protected areas: A case study of how recreationists value the Craigieburn and Castle Hill conservation areas, Canterbury, New Zealand by M. E. Grey The Craigieburn and Castle Hill (Kura Tawhiti) conservation areas, located 100 kilometres west of Christchurch, are situated in a region characterised by snow-capped mountains, shingle slides, beech forest and limestone rock formations. These conservation areas are protected by the Department of Conservation for their natural and cultural worth and as popular destinations for a variety of outdoor recreation activities. These conservation sites are subject to multiple and competing demands, some of which have the potential to undermine the future integrity of the natural resource and quality of the recreation experience. The overall aim of this research was to explore the recreational significance of these specific protected areas through investigating the values reported by users of these settings. A qualitative methods approach was employed, consisting of semi-structured interviews and analysis of key Department of Conservation policy documents. In total, 23 past and present recreational users were interviewed, and two Department of Conservation staff members acted as ‘key informants’ regarding the management of these conservation areas. Study participants emphasised the value of proximity of the conservation areas to Christchurch, and the importance of variety in both scenery and recreational opportunity. The majority of participants displayed a strong attachment to these places and perceived them as more accommodating of recreational diversity than nearby Arthur’s Pass National Park. Although many recreationists expressed an interest in the enhancement of specific recreational opportunities within the Craigieburn area, a clear desire to minimise development was apparent. In particular, concern was expressed by some regarding the expansion of the ii Porter Heights ski area and its possible impacts. This research highlights the importance of understanding how stakeholder groups use and value protected areas, and how this information could be used to inform future management of such areas. Keywords: Recreational values, people-park relationship, parks, protected areas, outdoor recreation, place attachment, sense of place, place meanings, Craigieburn, New Zealand. iii Acknowledgements I would like to extend my thanks and appreciation to a number of people who have supported and assisted me on my journey to completing this thesis. First, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Stephen Espiner and Dr. Emma Stewart, whose expertise, advice, support and encouragement have been an important part of my postgraduate experience and the development of this thesis. To my fellow postgraduate students on Forbes Level 5, thank you for your support, friendship, and all the lunchtime laughs. Thank you also to all Lincoln University staff who took time to discuss my research ideas with me. To everyone at IT services who helped me with my formatting, particuarly Brenda Lord, thank you so much for your time. To Poma Palmer, Chris Stewart, and Jim Henderson, Peter Brady and Bruce Webster of the Department of Conservation, this thesis would not have taken shape without your help. Thank you so much for taking the time to share your expertise and knowledge, and helping me establish backgound context for my research. Sincere thanks are due also to the convenors of the L.W. McCaskill Scholarship, who granted me funding for my research. This financial assistance is much appreciated. I wish also to express my most profound thanks to my friends for their support and encouragement, and to my devoted family, who have believed in my abilities from day one. You have helped me through one of the most challenging, yet rewarding times of my life. Finally, a vote of sincere thanks to all who gave up time from their personal lives and allowed me to interview them for my research. Without them sharing their views and experiences, this thesis would not have been possible. I hope my interpreation of your words has done them justice. iv Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Values for protected areas ................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Historical protection of landscapes ....................................................................... 2 1.1.2 The contemporary significance of protected areas ................................................ 3 1.2 Protected areas in New Zealand ........................................................................................ 4 1.2.1 Outdoor recreation: People in protected areas....................................................... 4 1.2.2 Endangered wildlife and resource development.................................................... 4 1.3 Study context ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Terminology ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Thesis structure ................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Values ................................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Exploring stakeholder values for protected areas ........................................................... 11 2.2.1 People-park relationships .................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 The influence of the ‘place attachment’ concept................................................. 14 2.2.3 Environmental concern........................................................................................ 17 2.2.4 Environmental concern and outdoor recreationists ............................................. 18 2.2.5 Recreational motivation....................................................................................... 19 2.3 Chapter summary ............................................................................................................ 22 Chapter 3 Study Setting ......................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Protected areas in New Zealand: Past and present .......................................................... 24 3.2.1 Early conservation in “God’s Own Country”...................................................... 24 3.2.2 Structural changes in conservation land management......................................... 25 3.2.3 The New Zealand public conservation land system ............................................ 26 3.3 Study location.................................................................................................................. 28 3.4 Physical environment ...................................................................................................... 29 3.4.1 Geology ............................................................................................................... 29 3.4.2 Climate ................................................................................................................ 30 3.4.3 Flora and fauna ...................................................................................................
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