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The Borneo Research Bulletin is published twiceyearly (Apri and September) by the Borneo Research Council. Pleaa address all inquiries and contributions for publication t Vinson' H. Sutlive, Jr., Editor, Borneo Research Bulletin Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, U.S.A. Single issues ar avai USS2.50. NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
It is with great sadness that we inform readers of the deaths of RESEARCH NOTES Peter Cowing, Marius Jacobs, and David McCredie. Each made memorable contributionsto Southeast Asian studies, and their untimelv deaths are great losses. An obituary of Marius Jacobs is contained in this issue and appropriate memorialson Peter Gowing and David McCredie will appear in the next. Allen R. Maxwell There will be a business meeting of the Borneo Research Council The University of Alabama during the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Associationin Denver. If there is a sufficient number of persons interested in participating in an organized session, we shall organizea program for the INTRODUCTION Associationof Asian Studies in Philadelphia. To this end, the Editor urges the submissionof proposed papers. One of the most striking phonologicalcharacteristics of the Kadayan We are grateful to the following persons and institutions for, their subdialect of Brunei Malay is the presence of the voicelessglottal frFative, h, in positions in which it has been lost in most other Malay dialects. contributionsto the work of the Council: Robert Austin, J. B. Ave, Tim - Dyen has drawnattention to the significanceof this consonantfor historical G. Rabcock, Martin Baier, Richard Baldauf, Jr., Barr Smith Library, Austronesian phonology inhis monographon Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Adelaide, Basler Mission, Paul Beavitt, Stanley Bedlington, Luke Beidler, (PAN) laryngeals(19531, and more recently hasupdated his discussion E. 3. H. Berwick, Ian Black, Peter Brosius, E. F. Briinig, P. K. Cassels, by including Banjarese evidence(1971). Glen Chandler, R. G. P. Claydon, William L. Collier, E. J. H. Corner, Conrad P. Cotter, Earl of Cranbrook, David Crawford, Colin N. Crisswell, In an earlier note, Kimball suggested that intervocalic is in the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Gale Dixon, Michael R. Dove, Richard Allen h process of being lost in Brunei Malay, citing evidencefrom the Barunay Drake, Fred Eggah, John Elliott, Field Museum of Natural History, Mary subdialect (1979). I will discuss the occurrence of word medial I! based B. Fulcher, Jack Golson; P. Rion Griffin, J. St. J. Groome, Universityof on my work w-ith the other subdialect of Brunei Malay,Kadayan (see Hawaii Library, C. J. Healey, A. John Hepburn, Timothy C. Jessup, Maxwell 1980). The evidence presented w~llsuggest that it IS premature Institute of Ethnology, Basel, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, to conclude that is being lost in Brunei Malay. From the perspective Singapore, Inter Mission Language Center, Randung, D. C. Johnston, Lars + of the Kadayan evidence, Brunei Malayis better understood an h-retaining Kaskija, Linda Kimball, Dietrich Kiihne, Donald H. Lambert, John L. as dialect, especiallyin root internal intervocalicposition, but also in initial Landgraf, Matthias Laubscher, MichaelLeigh, Cynthia Mackie, Wolfgang position (ch. Dyen 1971:42). While Kimball deals with only morpheme- Marschall, Rex Marshall, Peter Martin, Peter Metcalf, A. R. G. Morrison, internalphenomena, I will discuss an additional class of cases of intervocalic John Musgrave, Shuichi Nagata, Rodney Needham,Robert Nicholl, H. Arlo h, namely thosewhich occur word- but not morpheme-internally,at morpheme Nimmo, Stanley O'Connor, Ethnographical Museum, Oslo, Christine - J. boundaries. Padoch, J. R. Palmer; J. Q. Phillipps, Hillman Library,Pittsburgh, Ifor B. Powell, Primate Information Center, Seattle, A. N. Richards, C. W. S. J. BRUNEI MALAY Robinson, Raymond R. Rudes, Sabah Parks, Kota Kinabalu, Clifford Sather, Anne Louise Schiller, Werner Schneeberger,William M. Schneider, The Brunei dialect of Malay can be distinguished from othervarieties Bernard 3. L. Sellato, Richard Shutler, Jr., Heather Strange, Jack Stuster, of Malay on both ethnographic and linguisticgrounds. Bruneians as well University of Sussex, Heather Sutherland, David Szanton, Peter Thomas, asnon-Bruneian Malay-speakers recognizeBrunei Malayto be a distinct Donna Mayo Vargas, Patricia Vondal, Carol Warren, Tadayo Watabe,Peter speech form, differingfrom other types of Malay in its phonological D. Weldon, R. 0. Whyte, Cynthia Wilder, WilliamD. Wilder, Inger Wulff. inventory,intonation, speech rhythm, derivationalmorphology, lexicon, and syntax. Locally this form of speech may be referred to as Bahasa Brunei or Bahasa Melayu Brunei. In addition, the two native Malay-speaking groups in the country, the Kadayan and the Barunay, recognize more specific subdialectaldifferences betweentheir wn respective forms of speech, cakap kadayan and kurapak barunax? Thisdistinction applies primarily to characteristic patternsof linguistic usage, and not necessarily to the specific performancesof individual Kadayan and Barunay as representative 2. in connectedspeech, infree variation with [dl , e.g., for membersof these two ethnic groups. This qualificationis important the previous exam les, [ , ba.g] , [tila. ra ] , and [ma, a.d: A I , because many individualshave competencein both subdialects and switch res ectively; alro&uhun/ 'proximal end;tree', particularly codes often. Many, if not most speakerscan identify particular utterances in &uhun+kayu/ [Ipu. R : u nlka.y:u7] % ('pu.~n,La.y:u 7 ] as "Kadayan" or "Barunay" if asked to do so (see Maxwell 1980:Appendix). 'tree', /sudah+dihantat-wah/ ['su.d:a _hdi, ~a.n;t A t' wilf;l % ['su.d: a :di,a.n.ta t' w Xf;] '(s.t.) has already beentaken SYNCHRONICEVIDENCE away' The evidencefo be considered concernsprimarily root medial h, [h] voicelessglottal fricative,in free variation with [TI , and, with some attentionto word rnedial h occurring at morphemeboundaries. but lesscommonly, [0], occurring There are a number of reasons for making this choice. In word final in initial position, Ihantapl [ ,ha.n.t ap) ] % [ ,ia.n.t A ] and root final positions, the occurrenceof h is least problematic. Kadayan % [ ,a.n.t~p'l 'really, truely', /hujan/ [ 'hu.p 8n:] .L exhibitsa clear set of phonologicallysignificant contrasts between s, [ ,?u.f: 8 n: ] * [,u.? 5 n:] 'rain', /hitam/ ['hi.t: m:] -Vh, and -VQ (e.g., patik'I--when addressing the Sultan', &'A TRADITIONAL % [ ,T.t: C m: ] 'L [ 'i.t: 5 m:] 'black' -RITUAL OFFICE', pati'box, chest'; balak'boards', balah'break in two', [h] glottal fricativecommencing voiced and ending voiceless, bala 'affliction'; paluk'embracet,.* 'perspiration',@ 'sago-pith' occurring -chopper'). In utterance final posltlon, is always reallzed phonetically as 2 Word final h in utterancemedial position participates in a number 1. in final position /payah/ [ ,pa.y:afi] 'tired; difficult', of morphophonemicshifts which are too numerous to examine exhaustively /sudah/ [ , su.d:afi .I 'MODAL--expressing completedaction', here. Some of these will he discussed below. Generally speaking, in /putihl [, pu.t: 161 'white', /paluh/ [ ,pa.l:vfil 'perspiration' initial position hV-% w, and contrasts with kV-(e.g., haran 2. aran .L ilan'lose', kilarJ 'food processing plant'; 'charcoal1,karao 'later'; 2. in free variation with [@I in connected speech, e.g., for hulu s ulu'upstrearn',@& 'k.0. bird, the Giant Pitta'; but also *hucir~/kuciu the previous examples, /payah-wahl [ ,, pa.y:ajjwXhl ucJ ucJ % -s 'cat1,*halah/kalah $& 'be defeated,lose'). In utterance initial 2. [ , pa.y: a:w i; f; I '(it's) difficult', /sudah-wah/ [ ,su.d:a_hwi;h] position, 0 is always realizedas 2. % [ su.d: a :w X fi ] 'SOME COMPLETEDACTION', /putih- wah/ [, pu.t:i "5wXfi] % [,,pu.t:i:wX~i] '(s.t. is) white, At this point it is importantto understand how the data cited herein (not some othercolor)', /ba-paluh-wah/ [ ba, pa.1:~hwXh] were collected. Unless otherwisequalified, all of the forms derive from 2. [bal pa.l:u:wX fi ] '(s.o.) is all sweaty', respect:Tely overheard naturalspeech in conversationsarnong Kadayan. They donot derive from elicitedanswers to questions aboutsound shape, meaning, Morpheme Structured-h- or phonologicaland lexicalalternation. These distinctionsare important for two reasons. First, the data exhibiting phonological variation are Just as nature abhorsa vacuum, Kadayan languagestructure seems not contrived, that is, they do not representresponses to questions such to abhor monosyllabic words(excepting, of course, such forms as enclitics, as, "1s it possible to say x?".Second, due to the highly developedcultural interjections,prepositions, etc.). Phonologicalpattern congruity converts patternsof politeness found in Southeast Asia generally, and among Malay a number of borrowedwords of the type CV'C to CV'hV'C, for example, speakersspeciXicanyj it is often difficultto determineif an informant Ar. j& > jihin 'L g@ > gihin 'type of ghost', Ch. cat > -'paint1, is applyirig his native speakerfaculties critically in responding to questions Pers. jam > jaham 'hour, clock', Eng. & > and !& > buhuk about permissible variations between alternatinglinguistic forms. 'book', and a Malay wordnun > nuhun 'yonder'. The Malay word for 'evil, naughty', jahat,occasionally undergoesthe sameprocess in reverse, PhonologicalCharacteristics of h appearing as @. In addition to these examples with+, the reluctance to admit monosyllabic wordsinto the language is realizedin variant As a preliminary to the rest of this discussion, it will he useful forms in a number of other words borrowed from English lacking&, to describe thephonetic characteristicsof the Kadayan glottal fricative I especially thosehaving an initial consonantcluster beginning with3 first. For purposes of succinctnessI utilize a traditional structuraust in which variant forms havetaken ona protheticvowel, k;for example, statementof allophonic and free variation within a phoneme class. iskup% skup'shovel', istim.I, stim s sitirn 'postage stamp',istur s stur '(storage) shed', and also raray % tray'try'. Ihl : [R] voiced glottal fricative, occasionally with a voiceless onset, - occuring Alternationof -h- @ - 7 -
1. in medial position, intervocalically, /bahay/ [ 1ba.fiG1 There is at least one example in which intervocalich alternates 'a k.0. woven baskets, /tiharap/ jti,Ra. rnp'] 'fall down freely with 2, the man's name nahat -na3at. For a number of other prone', /mahadap/ [ma ,Ra.d: A p ] 'cememoniouslygreet the Sultan' lexemes informantsaccepted commutedforms, differingonly in the substitutionof -3- for -h-. intervocalicallv., , as the same. Someexam~les 'king', karajahan % karajaan 'monarchical government'; 'forget', are pa?at% &'chisel'; ja'at ?. jahat 'evil, naughty', pu?una & kalupahan % kalupaan 'be unintentionally forgotten'.In derived verbs 'proximal end, tree',nu7un 1, nuhun 'yonder', ba7u 2, bahu 'shoulder', containingthe element& 1, &, three alternateforms are found, sidia'make ready', iiidiahakan % iiidiaakan %iiidiakan'make something ta7an % tahan'endure', pa7ao .-,, pahaD 'taste of the pa IJalaban fruit'. ready for some purpose'; !xaJ .I, bli 'buy', mbalihakan % mbaliakan% Thematic-h- Morpheme Boundaries mblikan 'buy somethingfor someone'; w'setafire', nunuhakan % nunuakan % nunukan 'burn somethingfor someone'. In connectedspeech Kadayan exhibitsa plethora of facultatively introducedEs at intervocalic morphemeboundaries, The description Lexical -h- of these eventsat the root initial boundary, while complex, is straightforward. After citing a number of examples, Kimball offers a number of (1) Bound elements, whether prefixesor initial items in circumfixes, generalizatinsto explain the "loss" or retention of & in Brunei Malay, which in peninsular (Malay have the shape ba r- or pa r-, commonly occur depending on the different phonologicalenvironments in which.it is found without1 in Kadayan; thus ba- and pa- (e.g., ialan'walk, travel', bajalan (1979:40-41). These explanations, however,suffer frombeing either 'be walking, traveling',pajalanan 'journey'. impreciselystated, oreasily disprovable. While the examplesare given which purportedlyreflect the well-known loss of -h- as the reflex of a laryngeal reconstructed forproto-~ustronesianTee Dyen 1953, 19711, (2) In root initial position, a 2 % &. Consequently,the "h" which occurs stem internallybut simultaneouslyroot initially in derived forins and othershaving uncertain etymologiesin which & simply drops out, can be explained by the shape of an alternateform of the root, or by it is not always clear which generalization is applicableto some of the the facultativeintroduction of a glottal fricativeat the intervocalic examples cited (e.g., Kimball 1979:40). morphemeboundary. The result is the same, and there is presently no apparent way to resolve this question synchronicallyby means of a critical The difficulties for any explanationof the loss or retention of test case (see Popper 1959:277). Some examples are hatap s ?atap 1, =h- based on.typesof phonologicalenvironments are the following. Kadayan atap 'roof', bahatap'roofed'; 3apa? % apa? 'what', bahapakan 'whatis has only three phonologically contrastivevowels: a high front, J, a low it?'; hujan a "ujan .% uja~'rain', kahujanan'be accidentallycaught in central, 2, and a high back, 1, giving total of only nine possibly different the rain'. The question becomes moot, however, when the comparative intervocalic environments.Lexeme internalh occurs in all of these. evidence of other Austronesiandialects is considered. Kadayan h properly belongs to a word base when it reflects a laryngeal reconstructedin a PAN root (see DIACHRONICEVIDENCE, below),and is properly thematic pahat 'chisel' tuhur 'shallow' when no comparative evidencesupports its inclusion in a root.
The situation is different, however, at the root final morpheme lihat 'see' jahil 'rod with buhat 'carpenter bee' boundaries of derived forms. In this position, a facultative is introduced pendant noose' !-I -ruhit 'barb' before postposed bound elements, whether suffixes or finaliterns in circumfixes, mihun 'fried noodles' tahun'year' which have an initial vowelor a phonologicalalternate with an initial - vowel. An h is not introduced if the root ends in a consonant, or if a phonologicalalternate of a postposed bound element begins with a consonant. A sirnilar phenomenonin which acts as a sandhi consonant inTagalog In the same environments inother lexemes, or in phonologicallyalternate has been notedby Dy,en (1947:55, 1953:29). Blust underscoresDyen's versions of lexemes with&, the & is absent. suspicion'I. . . that suffixialh in Tg. has been qzneralizedto roots in which it has no etymological basis"(1976:227). piit 'pinch' saat 'instant' puun 'tree' niat 'vow'
I 'bitter' pahit payt :: < parft 'ditch' CONCLUSION
'evil' jatama jaat :: iaat < jarat 'snare' I The evidenceof Kadayan shows clearly that theglottal fricative 1 is not being lost from the Brunei dialect of Malay. It is a prominent 'understand' paham Q paam :: paam < param 'store fruit till ripe' phonetic propertyof Kadayan speechutterances. ConsequentlyKimball's claims regarding theloss of & can apply only to the Barunay subdialect 'tree' puhun Q puun :: puun < purun 'k.0. grass' of the Brunei dialect of Malay. It is probably an oversimplificationto pose this question in terms of the "loss" of h in Brunei Malay. Kadayan 'Dahat Island' dahat a daat :: daat < darat 'land' -h is best described by a series of obligatory and lexically-specified optional rules which accountfor the large amount of variation in the phonetic 'shoulder' WQ haw :: baw < baru 'new' and phonologicalrepresentations of this dialect (Maxwell n.d.1.
'PLACE NAME' biaD :: biaq < biraq 'lie, tell falsehoods' 'fruit' bush :: buah < burah 'untie' 'shock' (< Eng.) & :: --siuk < siruk 'inhale deeply' and detail than is necessary for present purposes--to establish that I! is not being lost from Brunei Kadayan, and that Kadayan is betterunderstood Key: as an h-preserving Malay dialect. Generativephonological theory will Kadayan also provide a perspective to assess the view that Malay h ". . . is losing consonant its phonemic character . . ." (Dahl 1973:35). (See key followingconclusion.) unreleased stop consonant phonetically de-emphasized(shorter, weaker) consonant 5. Occurrenceof this thematic in Tagalog haspresented certain primary stressed syllable problems for the reconstructionof the PAN laryngealswhen tqfcharacter secondarystressed syllable of the Tagalog evidence is critical(cf. Rlust 1969:92-93, 100 n 1. vowel i lowered vowel 6. Kadayan and Banjareseare typologicallyvery similarMalay dialects. phonetically de-emphasized(shorter, weaker) vowel In addition to their agreementon modern reflexesof the PAN laryngeals, v nasalized vowel both exhibitthe same three-vowel systern of & 5, and u, which lacks vv phonetic diphthong a phonologically (but not phonetically) distinct schwaGf. Ras 1968). - phonetically half-long vowel,or consonant There are additionalshared phonologicaland lexical similaritieswhich v., C. V:, C: phonetically longvowel, or consonant 1 seem to distinguish these two Borneo dialects from Malay dialectsfound I elsewhere. Some examplesinclude NOTES Banjarese Kadayan PeninsularMalay 1. Research in Brunei was supported by National Instituteof Health Grant 1 TOL MH 11,231-01, and Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological I 'VERB SUFFIX' -akan -akan -kan ResearchPre-Doctoral Fellowship No. 2173, and locally by the Dewan i 'flood' baah baah bah Bahasa dan Pustaka, Brunei. Additional support was also received from 'swim' ba-nanag ba-nanag ba-ranag
The University of Alabama Research GrantsCommittee. I would like I 'mirror' caramin caramin carmin to thank Tamati M. Reedy for his commentson an earlier version of I 'adze handle' paradah paradah pardah this paper. 'Oncos erma tigillaria' hanibug hanibug nibug 'housePpost' tihag t ihag t iag 2. For purposes of brevity, I will use "the Malay language"or "Malay be relatives' ba-dag 1sanak ba-dagan sanak bar-sawdara dialects" to includeBahasa Malaysia, BahasaIndonesia, and Bahasa Malayu pool, deep' luhuk luuk lobo', Brunei, that is, the national languagesof the Federation of Malaysia, j Ithrow net' rambat rambat Jala the Republic of Indonesia, and the Sultanateof Brunei, respectively; hanging line' sampir-an sampir-an sarnpay-an as well as local variantsor dialects of these. 'luminous gemstone' kumala kumala kamalalgamala 'bezoar stone' 3. The reasons forreferring to Kadayan and Barunay as subdialects I' of the Brunei dialect of Malay are thefollowing. Preliminary comparison of 197-word basic irocabularylists for Kadayan andBarunay conservatively shows 94+ per cent cognates (187+of 197 words). This percentageis considerably higherthan the, admittedly arbitrary, butnonetheless useful, These similaritiesshould not be assumed to necessarilyrepresent shared 70 per cent figure suggested by Dyen as the lowest percentageof cognates inheritances. The Banjarese and Kadayanforms for'be relatives', 'handing between dialectsof the same language(1965:18, 28ff.). On the other line', and 'luminous gemstone' maywell reflect Javanese or Old 3avanese hand, comparisonof Kadayan and Standard Malay lists shows 78 per cent influence(cf. Maxwell 1982). cognates(154 of 197 words), a figure.closerto Dyen's cutoff figureof 70 per cent. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Blust, Robert A. 1969. Some new Proto-Austronesian The Brunei dialect of Malay is widely spoken alonga several hundred trisyllables. OceanicLinguistics 8.2:85-104. 1976. Review of Proto- mile stretch of the coast of Borneo north and south of Bandar Seri Bergawan. Austronesian, by 0. C. Dahl. Language52.1:221-237. Dahl, Otto Christian. Depending onthe river concerned,it also extendsupriver into the interior 1973. Proto-Anstronesian. ScandinavianInstitute of Asian StudiesMonograph of the island to varying distances. No. 15. Lund. Dernpwolff, Otto. 1938. AustronesischesWtkterverzeichnis. VergleichendeLautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes,Band 3. 4. 1 had originally intended to append a descriptionof the Kadayan Zeitschrift fiir Eingeborenen-Sprachen,Beiheft 19. Berlin: Dietrich -h within the framework of generativephonology. This will be presented Reimer. Dyen, Isidore. 1947. The Malayo-Polynesian wordfor 'two'. at a later date as it requires a greater amount of abstract formalism Language 23.1:50-55. 1253. The Malayo-Polynesian laryngeals. Baltimore: LinguisticSociety of America. 1965. A lexicostatistical classification of the A'ustronesian languages. International Journalof American Linguistics 31.1 Supplement. (Indiana University Publicationsin Anthropology and Linguistics, Memoir19.). 1971. The Austronesian languages and Proto- Austronesian. InCurrent Trends in Linguistics, VIII: Linguisticsin Oceana. Thomas A. Sebeok et al, eds., pp. 5-54. The Hague: Mouton. Kimball, Linda Amy. 1979. A note on the loss of intervocalic& in Brunei Malay. Borneo Research Bulletin 11.2:40-42. Maxwell, AllenR. 1980. Urang Darat, an ethnographic studyof the Kadayan of Labu Valley, Brunei. -Ph.D. dissertation in anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms. 1982. Lexical evidence and Brunei ethnohistory. Paper presented at the annual meetingof the American Society for Ethnohistory, Nashville, TN, Oct. 14, 1982. n.d. Phonological vs. phonetic representationin Brunei Kadayan. Ms. in preparation. Popper, Karl R. 1959. The logic of scientific discovery. New York: Science Editions. Ras, 3. J. 1968. Hikajat Bandjar, a study in Malay historiography. Koninklijk lnstituut voorTaal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Bibliotheca lndonesica 1. The Hague: MartinusNijhoff. Uhlenbeck, E. M. 1955-56. Review of I. Dyen, The Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Laryngeals. Lingua5:308-318.
TRADITIONALMIGRATION IN BORNEO: THE KENYAH CASE
A. J. Guerreiroand B. J. L. Sellato (CeDrasemiParis)
In 1978 a paper in Indonesian by Jan Zwirs, a Dutch missionary of the Holy Family Mission (MSF), was published inSamarinda inthe Catholic bulletin KONTAK, under the original title "Perpindahanorang Long Sungai Barang ke Ritan Baru." It recounts the long and difficult migration undertaken jn 1978 by a group of 170 people with alltheir belongings, as the newcomers'headmen told it to Father Zwirs in Ritan (see Map I). We are presenting here a translation of this paper becausewe consider this text to be an important human and ethnographic document,of a kind rarely reported by anthropologists; Later we provide some commentson the events described in the text \ and sorne tentative explanations as t'o what migrations werein the past CENTRAL \ and what theyare today. Finally,on the basis of tables showing published ALIMANTAN \ or unpublished population figures, .weestimate the flux of people, especially various Kenyah sub-groups, who, since the beginning of this century, have left Apo Kayan and entered the Mahakam River drainage basin (see Map 2).
DATA BILANG h lRAM MAP I KENYAH MIGRATION SCALE 1.500,000 DOCUMENT
The Migration of the People of Long SungaiBarang to Ritan Baru
I. The Kenyah Leave Their Homeland
In Kalimantan there are quite a few areasfar inland which cannot be easily reached. One of these is the Apokayan Plateau closeto Sarawak, the homeland of the large Kenyah tribe. Becauseof its remoteness, the Kenyah have no marketplacefor their farm products andall manufactured goods suchas gasoline, salt, soap, clothhaveto be brought in from afar on a long and dangerousroute and are thus very expensiv~Furthermore, there are no colleges, hospitals, oilor timber companies.
For a long time they had felt like leavingtheir homelyd and moving toward the modern world. The first group, the Uma'Timai , moved over the watershed to the Belayan River at the beginning of this century. But the bulk of these migrations took place during the last ten years, and by now (!978)thousands of Kenyah have left Apokayan.
Long Sungai Barang was until1968 one of the biggest settlementson Apokayan. Then a few families dared leave and settle at Ritan, on the Belayan River (some 350 km from Samarinda),after a walk lasting several months across the mountains. The land there was fertile and not overcrowded.
A few more familieswho had left Apokayan earlier buthad not yet settled, joined them, and, by the beginning of 1973, 300 Kenyah were living at Ritan Baru. In 1972, a large group left Long Sungai Barang and moved over to Ritan, paddling down the perilous rapid-broken Boh and Mahakam Rivers. This year the total population isover 1000 persons.
Then the provincial government launched a rese lement program and Ritan becamea district by itself, withits own cama?, and it received technical instruction by a staff of government advisors for health, agriculture, plantations,etc. During the following years, the people of Ritan were busy building houses, a school, a meeting hall, a medical center, streets, a bridge, a church, while still working at their basic farming occupations. Another group left Long Sungai Barang in August 1977 for Ritan and the following story may give an idea of their long and difficult migration. g long Dawn h Long Iram i Idelak 2. From Long Sungai Barang (LSB) to Lebusan: i Tabane KM. BULUNGAN k Xernbang Janggut 1 Muara Ancalong a Kayan Hulu KAB. BERAU One hundred and seventy persons, old and young, male and female, I m' Wara Wahau b Kayan Hilir left in August 1977, under the leadership of Amai Pajak (fatherof Pajak). n htuara Bengkal c Long Pujungan e Segah Prior to leaving they had built five 12-meter long canoes on the upper Boh o htuara Kman d Long Peso f Kelai river and had left them at Dumu, a one-day walk from LSB. Then, after all their valuable goods and heirlooms, (such as jars, gongs, sewing- machines, coffers, cooking implements, tools andalso rice supplies) had been carried overlandto Dumu, the group started from this once populous Ritan went up the Belayan with more than one ton of rice to meet the villa e of Long Sungai Barang (which hasnow no more than a few hundred group. A sad event befell the group at Temaru: one of the four women soul$. Amai Pajak, however, hadto stay behind because one of his who had given birth at Lebusan died, leaving her husband and seven little children wasill. children. After the burial, Amai Pajak and his group begantheir long walk across to the Belayan River. From Dumu, all five canoes had to be paddled downstream four times, twice loaded with goods andtwice more with people. Each two- 4. Across the Mountainsfrom Ternaru to Belayan: way trip took four days. Within three weeks, the whole group and their belongings hadbeen taken down to Lebusan. But the Boh river overflowed The five boats wereabandoned at Temaru. While the five men were and they could go no farther because of waves and whirlpools in the on their way to Ritan, the other strong and resistantmen of the group rapids. Their food supplies dwindled, so they settlpd there and helped began to carry the goods and luggage overland,at the same timeclearing clean the villagers' fields in Lebusan, Mahak and Lisi , to receive paddy in the path. The first day, they stopped at 2 p.m. and built a rough hut return. That paddy, after they had pounded it, yielded more than one ton where they left the luggage; then they went back to Temaru. The of rice. following days they repeated the same process until all luggage had reached the hut. Only then the group left Temaru. The men who had The people of Lebusan offered them a c$ne plantation, from which carried the luggage were now carrying cooking implements,food, sleeping they made more than23 tins of brown sugar. In the meantime, a few mats and a few old persons who could not walk. The whole group walked members of the group went back to Long Sungai Barang and picked up past the hut and stopped at the end of the afternoon to build a large camp Amai Pajak and his family. Four babies were born during this period, so like the one in Temaru. The next day the men went backto the hut, took the number of the group increased, and Christmaswas celebrated there in the luggage and carried it past the camp to a place farther where they Lebusan. After the New Year, the river level went down and they were built anotherhut. able to continuetheir journey. So the group moved on,up and down the mountains, across marshe 5 ?3 3. From Lebusan ThroughPunan-Top to the Upper Temaru River: along small streams, harassed by thousands of mosquitoes and leeches. They also had to build bridges to get across three larger streams. While After having thanked the people of Lebusan for their help, the group the group was at the third camp, the five men who had been sent to Ritan left and went again on its way. The next stop was to be in the area of arrived, alongwith the 32 men from Ritan and somerice. The rest of the Punan-Top, aboutone hour down the Boh River and then two days up the rice had been left here and there on the path between Belayan and the Uhu' River, a left tributary of the Boh. Every morning the five large third camp so that the group could pick it up easily whenever needed. canoes carriedgoods or people and everyafternoon they were back After There were thusmore men who could carry luggage, so the rest of the trip one month of this all goods and people were at Punan-Top. should have been faster. During this leg of the journey, some people died, and some babies wereborn. When the group left Long Sungai Barang,it was sowing time; when in Lebusan, it was weeding time, and when they reached Punan-Top, it was At the sixth carnp an old woman died andthe second day after the already harvest time. Another flood and ensuing food shortage forced burial the group was again on its way. At the seventh camp an old man them to remain there and help the Punan-Top to harvest their paddy. The also died. These two elders had had to be carried on other people's backs Punan-Top gave them 400 tins of paddy, more than their due in return for since LSB, but it was sad that they were not able to see the place they their work. They pounded the paddy and wrappedthe rice. were heading for. During the walk between the seventhand eighth camps, they had to seek shelter in the hut because of heavy rains and there a Then they left again for the Upper Temaru River, located but half a woman gave birth to a baby girl who was later given the name of Maria day's trip upstream. Likebefore they had to make several trips up and Icin. down until everybody and every piece of luggage had reached Temaru. 5. At Last They Arrive: They built a camp on the bank of the Temaru and sent five strong and fast-walkingmen to Ritan to convey the news that Amai Pajak and his From the sixth camp they had sent again four meri to Ritan to tell group were heading for there and had begun their walk across the the people there that the group was approaching the Belayan River. The mountains to the Upper Belayan River. After a two-week trek acrossthe Ritan people were busy gathering rice and buying gasoline, and, after one jungle, the five men reached Ritan. The people of Ritan, hearing that week, 6 men from Ritan went up river on board 33 canoes equipped with their relatives werearriving, began to gather rice to meet the needs of engines? bringing750 kg of rice. After twoand a half days of navigation, Amai Pajak's group. The following week, all five men with 32 others from they reached the place where they had to leave their boats, on the Upper 5. Temaru: Rhinoceros(Didermocerus sumatrensis,Fischer). Belayan ~iver.~'Seventeen of them stayed there to build a large camp and watch the canoes. The other men went overland and met Amai 6. The route crosses a large basaltic plateau, veryflat and marshy, Pajak's group after one-day walk. The following day everybody walked a called Apo Kiau (Plateau of the Kiau River). down to the place where the canoes had been left and spent the night there, at the ninth and last camp which had been prepared for them. 7. They are 'long-tail' engines, locallycalled ketintin~or E. From there they took the canoes down to Pedohon, whose population 8. At the confluence of the Tepele' River. Upstream from there, had previously come from Long Sungai Barang and presumably preferred canoes cannot beused up the Belayan River. to sta3 at Pedohon as a small group rather than to join the people of Ritan, for fear that the farming land around Ritan would be rapidly 9. According to our data, the Kenyah in Pedohonare Uma'Timai and exhausted after a few years because of such a large population. For the not Uma'Tukung: this very fact could be the actual reason for their same reeaon another group from Long Sungai Barang had chosen to settle reluctance to join the people in Ritan. at Alan. 10. In the village of Batu Majang, on the Alan River. These Uma'Tukung At last thisgroup, who hadleft Long Sungai Barang inthe middle of had comedown the Boh river to the Upper Mahakam. In Batu Majang are August 1977, reached theirdestination by the middle of May 1978. They also found a large number of UmalBaka andthree Uma'Timai families. were received by the people of Ritan with great joy for they had not met since 1968 or 1972.
This trip took them no less than nine months because of various After having read this account,we now realize that theplanning and events such as diseases or deaths, but mostly because of frequent floods. logisticsfor such a mass migration are not easy tasks. After the decision They had been lucky to receive so much help from the people of Lebusan of moving has been made (we shall see below why and how), all the and Punan-Top, and they achieved theirlong and difficult journey safely, families involved in the migration commence working a much larger plot thanksto the help from their relativesin Ritan Baru. of land than usual. They may take a year or two until the rice supply is considered sufficient to begin the journey. Then a date is set for the The following night the population of Ritan Baru and the newcomers departure. On the middle and lower course of main rivers, swidden thanked God together for having protected the group the way He had cultivation begins with the slashing of the undergrowth in May-June and protected the Tribes of Israel long ago in their journey to Promised the ends in 3anuary-Februaryor sometimesMarch. We would then expect the Land. Then welcoming rituals performed and finally dances were people to try to complete their trip betweenMarch and May (actually performed, those artistic manifestations of the Kenyah, where even the a journey such as the one described above couldhave been completedin less author was not left outand had to show what he could do. I prayed to God that these people who had just moved rnay find in this village the peaceful than three months), so that they could begin their new agriculturalyear on time. But in elevated plateau areas, like Apo Kayan, the rice cycle is and prosperous life they had been hoping for. longer and thus the harvest may last until the end of May (Colfer 1983). In any the March to May period is usually rainy, and the rivers flood NOTES OF THE TRANSLATORS case, and the jungles are not practicable. 1. Thus no salaried jobs are available. A physician has been based in Long Nawang since 1981, but transportation fromother villages to Long The people of Long Sungai'Barangchose to leave in August, which is Nawang is not easy. the dry season, the period when they usually burn the fields (July-August). The rivers are at their lowest, paddling and walking are easy. Leaving in 2. See Tableof Kenyah sub-groups. August, the moving group should be ideally self-sufficient in rice until they can harvest a crop at their new village, one and a half years later. 3. Cafnat: head of district. Selected locations for important Their relatives in Ritan had probably also cultivated larger rice-fields resettlementsare given a special camat RESPEN during the period of the than usual in the meantimeto meet thenewcomers' needs. resettlementprogram, then the village is normally incorporatedas a &a (village) into a kecamatan(district). Before leaving, the people of Long Sungai Barang had to build canoes to be ready for them over the watershed. The making of five twelve- meter dugouts may well keep twenty menbusy for more than month, 4. The Dutch introduced the use of large metal tins for carrying and a storing paddy and rice. Such a tin (East-Kalimantan lingua franca maybe two months (that is between the end of harvest and the departure). We have seen in Father Zwirs' text how they move: first the goods, then holds about 13 kg of paddy or about 15kg of pounded rice and its lid is waterproof. It can also be used for sugar. the people, both by boat and on foot; how they utilize an interesting system of alternating resting places and storage huts; how they send process of large villages consisting of several longhouses (uma'). people ahead to call for help from their relatives overin Ritan and how Fission then occurred mainly because of competition for leadership the last leg of the journey is organized. between families ofhigh aristocrats(paran).3 It seems that theneed for new farm land has never really been an actual reason for Kenyah moves It appears that, mainly due to unexpected floods, their journey was out of the Apo Kayan, for this area still provides plenty of good land. delayed several times. The first time was in Long Lebusan. The Uma'Tau of Long Lebusan and Lisi are, like the Uma'Tukung of Long Sungai Barang It is easier to figure out the currentreasons for such a move. A new and ye Uma'Bakung of Mahak, under the authority of the Uma'Tau (or stimulus is now at work, namely the attraction to economic networks. Lepo Tau) rajah (paranbio) of Long Nawang. In spite of differences in Transportation is easy between new village sites and the towns of &&. language and former long-lasting enmities, they are all Kenyah and now Kutai, so trading and shopping activities are stimulated and productsare help one another. So the migrating people, stuck there because ofthe easily marketed. Facilities also play a key role now: schooling (SMP, flood, couldobtain paddy in return for their work in their fellowKenyah's SMA) and medical care, for instance, are more readily available in the fields. middle Mahakam area. Furthermore, the prices for the basic staples (sernbilan bahan pokok) may, in remote upstream villages, be five- to The Punan-Top (a sub-group of the Lisum), living in Long-Top, are twenty-fold those in Samarinda. The possibility even for unskilled workers direct vassals to the village rajah (paran Izpo) of Long Lebusan and could to find a salaried job in a timber company is also a very strongincentive. not refuse to help the migrants if the rajah had ordered them to do so, to The middle Mahakam area has become a melting pot, with upriver people the point of giving them more than was due. moving downstream andMuslims (Bugis, Kutai, Banjar)moving upstream from the coast. Cash economynow prevails and upriver peopleare well Holding together a large group in difficult circumstances is a aware of it. They wish to become moreinvolved in pe economy of their challenge to a leader. It appears that a party of about twenty (personal region and benefit from development programs. The Indonesian data) split off from the group led by Amai Pajak (it seems that his name is Government encouragesthem in this respect. Furthermore, the provincial actually Ajak, or EAjak, being a contractionof fi,grand-father, and government, with its RESPEN (Resetelmen Penduduk, or Population a respectful addressto an elder) and went straight down to Batu Majang, Resettlement) program, provides special administrativestructures and where other Uma'Tukung were already living. Similarly it is reported that facilities for new village sites at the same time managing to gather the Umat3a1an from Long Ampung on their way down the Boh River in formerly scattered populations. However, it remains that most Kenyah 1974 split up into twq groups: one led by Kepala Kampung Udou went to chose to move over to the E. Kutai rather than down the Kayan River. Data Bilang, while the other led by the Kepala Adat.wentto Long Segar. The obvious reason appears to be that, in spite of what has just been said about economic factors, the need for farm land is still an important In an appendix, we provide tables of population figures for Kenyah criterion to the Icenyah. They are still primarily farmers and would not (and some Kayan) newcomers' villagesin the Mahakarn basin. These move to an area where land is hardly available, as in the lower kayan sometimes contradictory figuresnevertheless enable a gross estimate of River area. Farmland is still plentiful on the wide drainage basins of the the migrations from the Apo Kayan (Kabupaten Bulungan: Kecamatan northern tributaries of the Mahakam River (Belayan, Kelinjau, Telen, Kayan Hulu and Kayan Hilir) to the Mahakam River Basin (Kab. Kutai). Wahau Rivers). Although incomplete andinaccurate, the data are striking: between ten and thirteen thousand people have poured into w. Kutai, among whom Concerning Kayan migrations, J. Rousseau (1978) says, "Wars seem about ten thousand over the last fifteen years, and the process is still to have beenboth a cause anda consequenceof migration." Let us try to going on. Another table shows the absolute declineof total population in determine how an ethnic group colonizes a new river basin. Of those the Apo Kayan area: there are 8,000 yill living there, while the Kenyah Kayan who split up and left Apo Kayan, a group went over to the upper total over 20,000 in the Mahakam area. Mahakam. We have read of 'invasion', of 'conquest'. The Kayan certainly had to capture the upper Mahakam area from its inhabitants (numerous The Kenyah migratory processmight well be the major movement of but apparently not warlike groupsrelated to the present Ot-Danum and population in Borneo since the Kayan and Modang groups left the Apo Tunjung). The Kayan are famous warriors, and some of these Ot-Danum Kayan area during the 13th century (excepting the Iban penetration into and Tunjung fled down the Mahakam, some fled over to the Barito and the Sarawak and the recent Javaneseimmigration). rest wereenslaved andassimilated by the Kayan who controlled the whole course of the Mahakam upstream from the rapids. Then came the Bahau What are the reasons for such a massive process that began around and Busang groups (also Kayans.l.1, also from Apo Kayan. The Bahau only 1900? Before the migratory wave of the late 19601s, migration could Rave had to force the remainder of the autochthonouspopulation farther down been causedby quarrellingand even wars between Kenyah sub-groupsover the Mahakam, while the Busang had the Kayan make room for them. The territories for instance, or for political leadership, or by the splitting Long-Celat, arrivingin the Mahakarn later, gathered mostof the Busang sub-groups undgr their leadership and waged war on and subdued the Once a bridgehead is established and a continuous flow of reluctant ones. The latest to arrive on the upper Mahakam,the Kayan newcomers strengthensthe group settled on a new river basin, a new type Uma'Suling, settled in the midst of their predecessors. of pressure begins on the next group downstream: an economic and demographicpressure. The weapon for 'conquest' is no longer the mandau It thus seems that, if the pioneering group had a real war of or the sumpit (although they may be used in some cases), but a high conquest to wage in order to settle on new headwaters, the following population growth, linked to a high standard of farming. The sheer groups of the same origin had much less to do, for instance, pushing back number of the Kenyah on the upper Belayan and the number of their already half-vanquished enemies. Theirarrival strengthenedthe pioneer offspring, related to the size of their swiddens and the huge amount of group's positions, and increased the pressure upon former inhabitants. their paddy supplies might have been enough to force the Modang as far Those who came later could use the established bridgehead of their downstream as %. Kembang Janggut. It may be that the same process predecessors and settle with little trouble. explains the earlier Bahau expansion down the middle Mahakam at the expense of the Tunjung-Benua' groups. Even the 'war of conquest' waged by the pioneer groupmay not be an all-out war but only a continuous harassmentwith but a few skirmishes. Today the Kenyah expansion goes on without violence. The Kenyah The Kereho (orPunan-Penyavung) 'conquered' the upper Busang River area are massively colonizing the Mahakam. Kenyah, likeKayan, have a (Barito) from the Ot-Danum: they created such a state of insecurity in strongly stratified society, but while middle Mahakam Bahau society has the area by harassing the farmers in their fields and then retreating in been slowly disintegrating, especially during the last half-century, deep jungles that theOt-Danum could no longer farm. Finding no enemy location in a remote upriver area has preserved thisfeature in the social to face or retaliate upon, they chose to leave for the Juloi River, far organization of the Kenyah. When moving to new areas of settlement, downstream. they maintain their socio-political unity, where the power of traditional headmen is not challenged. While Bahau society gives way to The same pattern applies to the colonization of the headwaters of individualistic attitudes and a clear weathering of traditional power, the several tributariesof the Mahakam by the Kenyah. Kenyahraiders, based Kenyah decision-making process is still firmly controlledby a council of on the upper Kayan River, so frequently launched head-hunting raids to elders and high aristocrats and this very fact holds together the the upper Mahakam that the Busang abandoned control of the Ogah and community andgives Kenyah an advantage over their Dayak and Muslim upper Boh Rivers, where the Kenyah began to settle. Much bloodier neighbours. Gregarious, hard-working, excellent farmers, the Kenyah events occurred when the Kenyah first ventured in the northern appear to be also an enterprising and pragmatic people. Their villages tributariesof the middle Mahakam. The Kenyah Uma'Tirnai had to defeat form by and large the biggest mono-ethnic Dayak settlements on the and expel the Modang from the upper Belayan. There was a bloodbath as Mahakam basin (Ritan Baru, Data Bilang, Long Segar), at places bigger early as 1906 why the Kenyah Uma'Kulit ventured into the Modang than the local district head-village. These villages attract markets, shops, territory of Wahau. companies, and attract also population from smaller surrounding villages and assimilate them. Although not the numerically dominant ethnic It seems that the Kayan on the upper Mahakam, like the Kenyah on group, the Kenyah are, by their sense of unity and their economic the Belayan and Wahau, first sent an expeditionary force ahead to wage dynamism, a major Dayak entity in E. Kutai, especiallyif they prove as war on the group_which was holding the territory they wanted to conquer. successful at wet rice cultivatiy, (which the government is now Depending on the result of the ensuing 'war of conquest', the civilian promoting), as they are at swiddens. population would follow or not. What happened subsequentlyis of a differentnature: once the Kayan had a hold on the upper Mahakam,other NOTES Kayan sub-groups such as the Busang could more easily pour into the area. Likewise, once the Uma'Tirnai had established themselveson the upper 1. When names of groups are concerned,@ = m. On this point, see Belayan, other Kenyah groups began to pour over from Apo Kayan. Some Whittier, 1973, 232-234. even used the Kenyah bases on the Belayan to conquer territories farther East. 2. 'The total number of Kenyah in East-Kalimantan (all three Kabupaten) is estimated at 32,000 to 40,000 (Whittier, 1973, 13-15; Such a late migration, (sometime after the bridgehead is established Conley, 1976, 15). and the situation is back to normal), involvedthe whole group and must have been very muchlike Jan Zwirs' descriptionof the 1978 migration: a 3. See Headley, 1980, 19; Whittier, 1973, 25; Conley, 1976, 25. flow of people including women and children, with their worldly goods. Besides relying on paddlesand poles instead of outboard motors, they 4. See Jessup, 1981, 23-25; Colfer (1983, 84) stresses the flexibility, needed warriorsfor constantprotection. Pioneer warriors were scouting creativity, rationality and opportunismof (these) ruralpeople. ahead on the path(what we suspect they still do to-day just in case). 5. Resettlemen't programs in East-Kalimantan, begun in 1971 and van Borneo. T.A.D., 1977, Population and Social Structure, Report No. 8, aimed at 'stabilizing' Dayak swidden cultivators, are considered a --Sarnarinda. id., 1982, Kalimantan TimurPetunjuk Statistik 1980 (East- potential threat to the primary forest, as timber is one of the major -- ide 19801, Samarinda. Tillema,H. F., 1929, @ economic resources of this province. But in 1972 the provincial Whittier. H. L.. 1973. Social Ornanization and government launched a new policy to prevent border areas (daerah erbatasan) from being deserted. People must stay in their districts Where local village regrouping is advocated. However, (Ed.) Essays on ~orneo~Gieties, ~ull/bxford, pp. 92-122. h)Kenyah people tend to move out without permission to downriver areas where RESPEN. programs take care of them upon arrival. See T.A.D., 1977, 74-84. Notes to Tables I and 2
6. See Nieuwenhuis, 1904-1907, vol. 11, 278-279; Whittier, 1973, 24. 1. Leaving from Long Sungai Barang, these Uma'Tukung lived at Long Mujut (lower Boh River), before settling at Batu Majang, on the Alan 7. See Swart, 1906, 29. The hostility between Kenyah Uma'Kulit and River. They were recently (1983) resettled by the administration at Modang was long lasting. The Uma'Kulit and Urna'Jalan movingover in Muara Alan. A Uma'Timai group from Long Huroh has lived at Batu the late 1960's to Long Segar and Long Noran had to make a formal peace Majang from 1924, to 1965-67, when they left to join another Uma'Timai with the Modang at Ben Has (upper Telen River)before continuing their group at Beluk Sen, on the Belayan. Only three Uma'Timai families have journey downstream. stayed at Batu Majang until now.
8. Wherever ecological conditions are propitious to wet rice 2. The Uma'Jalan groupfrom Long Ampung stayed one year at Data cultivation. In some areas it has proven less rewardingthan swidden Bunyoh (lower Boh), where they numbered 642 (1971), and gathered with cultivation. See Colfer, 1980, 2-3; 1983, 81. the Bahau and Bekumpai of Lutan. The Uma'Bakung from Long Metulang lived some time with the Bahau and the Punan-Ratah at Muara Ratah, BIBLIOGRAPHY: Colfer, C. J. P., 1983, "Change and Indigenous then joined the Uma'Jalan to found Data Bilang (over 3,000 persons in Agroforestry in East-Kalimantan," Borneo Research Bulletin, vol. 19831, while the remaining population at Muara Ratah (which still holds a 15(2):70-87. Colfer, C. P., Herwasono, S., Albar, A., 1980, Some Policy statusdesa) numbers120. recommendations from the bottom up: Resettlement in Long -, -- Sarnarinda. Conley, W., 1976, TheKalimantan Kenyah: A Study of Tribal 3. Several groupshave come since the first settlementin 1970(see Jan Conversion in Terms of Dynamic-- CulturalThemes, Nutley. Headley, S. Zwirs' document). The total populationis approaching 3,500 (1983). C., 1980, Report of A Mission to East-Kalimantan: The Mahakam River Basin, Paris, CeDRASEMI. Jessup, T. C., 1981, "Why Do Apo Kayan 4. This Urna'Timai group was previously knownas Uma'Bekuai, for it Shifting Cultivators Move?", E, vol. 13(1):16-32. Kantor Statistik inhabited a village of this name on the Bengen River. The present village Penduduk Propinsi KalimantanTimur: PendudukKalirnantan Timar 1981, is located at the confluenceof the Bengen and Belayan Rivers. Samarinda.-- -. , -1982. Kartawinata. K.. Jessu~.T. C., Herwasono, S., 1982, The Impact Of Development3'1nteractioh; ~etweenPeople and Forest in 5. This group, coming from Long Jemahang(Tanah Putih) wasknown as Et-Kalimantan, Bogor, Man and Biosphere. Laporan Pelita 1, Sub- Kenyah Long Pujalin, from the name of their village before they moved to Direktorat Pemban~unan Masyarakat Desa, Samarinda, 1973. nearby Uma'Dian. Nieuwenhuis, A. W., 1304-1907, ~ukrdurch Borneo, Leiden. Peluso, N. L., 1980, The Ones Who Stay Behind: The Ins and Outs of Temporary 6. A group of about 40 Uma'Tau from Long Lebusan arrived in 1983. Migrations for Trade and Employment Among the Apo Kayan Kenyah, Sarnarinda, MAB, 1980. Pemerintah Daerah Propinsi Kalimantan Timur: Petunjuk RESPEN Kalimantan u, Samarinda, December 1973. id., 1973, Rencana Lima Tahun Resetelmen Penduduk Kalimantan m, Samarinda, December. RESPEN, 1980, Beberapa inforrnasi lokasi resetelmen penduduk, Pemda Kaltim, tahun pembinaan 1980-1983, Long Nawane (Kec. KavanHulu), Samarinda. Rousseau,J., 1978, "The Kayan" in-~l~;(ed.) ~s&~son ~&neo Societies, Hull/Oxford, pp. 78-91. Rudes, R., 1965, 'A General Description ofPeoples and Places onthe Kayan River of East-Kalimantan, Indonesia,' Ms, July. Swart, H.N.A., 1906, Memorie van overgave van het bestuur der Residentie Zuider- en Oosterafdeeling 2.5.C .= 111 1.>11 3 3 1 13 21131 ; $ $2 ; $5 $2;;; ccccc cccc cc c cc .c.. ,,, amnam amma aa hhhh,. hhhh hh ?.., 332 emmmm am .,?.?..,a uxr P YYYYY YYYY YY Y ;; 2;;;;
5;; ; 5;;;; 3555 5; ;;;i;;iiiii "Y4 U UUYYY UUUY "0 UUUUUUUUYUV YYX Y YYYYY YYYY YY YYYYYYYYYYY Table 3: Population of the Apo Kayan Area subjects, converted to Islam. Other lines of documentaryand epigraphical evidence show or strongly suggest that Islam was present in Brunei a century or two earlier, and at least some Rruneis understand their own 1929 1970 1971 1976 1981 traditions to indicateconversion of the ruler well before the arrival of the District (1) (2) (3) (4 (5) Portuguese in Southeast Asia. It is quite certain that in the 1500s the Bruneis proselytized vigorously, particularly in the southern Philippines. While many Bruneis acknowledge a pagan backgroundfor their kingdom, Kayan Hulu 8,551 7,866 5,527 5,223 and all acknowledgethat many of their ancestral groups were pagan, the 15,892 general opinion is that Brunei has been Muslim for a very long time. The Kayan Hilir 3,970 3,997 3,834 2,544 identification with Islam is unequivocal.
Total 15,892 12,521 10,863 9,361 7,767 Rrunei has been the only officially Islamicstate in SoutheastAsia in recent times; I presume it remains an Islamic state after independence. Sources: This has two importantimplications. For one, it imposes the problem of Column I enforcing Islamic law, probablymore on a par with the situation in the Tillema, in Whittier, 1973, p. 21. Only 19 villages Near East than in the other countries in Southeast Asia that are Column 2 predominantlybut not officially Muslim (i.e. Indonesia and Malaysia). The Whittier, 1973, p. 19. Number of villages: 29. problem develops, on the one hand, from the differing degrees of Column 3 orthodoxy among mus slimsin Brunei. While there are few if any genuinely T.A.D. Report, 1977, Annex 3, p. 145. Number of villages skeptical Brunei Muslims, many of those who have been educated abroad unknown. practice a form of Islam seen as offensively laxby the more orthodox or Column 4 conservative. The less orthodox object to curbs on their eating and Ibid. drinking habits, for example, but the orthodox are insistent that Column 5 government must regulaterestaurants in such a manner that no Muslim Penduduk Propinsi Kaltim, 1982. Number of villages: 24. could have the opportunityof violating Muslim food and drink prohibitions in public. On the other hand, the problem arises betweenthe Muslims and NB: Most of these figures includea few hundred of Punan. the others living in the State, sometimes overthe same issues, for example, the regulation of eating establishments. I should add that this problem is not peculiar to Brunei: in Malaysia or Indonesia the same problems take the form of demands that the state become officially Muslim, so that enforcing Muslim law will be a constitutionalrequirement. PATTERNSIN BRUNEI HISTORY ANDCULTURE It might be said that such matters as the regulation of restaurantsare not (A Paper Readto the Associationfor Asian Studies,March, 1984) really significant, but sometimes the issues are larger. For example, being a Muslim confers distinct advantagesin Brunei law, such as the privilege enjoyedonly by Muslims to serve in the Brunei Malay Regiment. - Donald E. Brown Departmentof Anthropology Universityof California, Santa Barbara The second implicationof Brunei beingan independent and officially Muslim state is that there is now increasing pressure on Malaysia and Indonesia to become officially Muslim, pressure that has led to serious I want to talk about those patterns of culture and history in Brunei friction even before the Brunei precedent. There could conceivably bea that are most likely to affect Brunei's future. The principal long-term sort of contest between the Muslim elements of Brunei, Malaysia, elements of Brunei's heritage are Islam, monarchy,hereditary rank, and Indonesia, and even the Philippines, each trying to be more Muslim than ethnic plurality. The most importantshort-term elements are small size, the other. extraordinary wealth, and the impact of British colonialism; the last three, short-term elementsare hard to separatefrom eachother. MONARCHY
ISLAM In Brunei tradition Islam and monarchyare closely connected: their very first ruler was converted to Islam (and there was no State before Shortly after Malacca was taken by the Portuguese, in 1511, it was there was a ruler). According to Chinese records,however, monarchy in reported that the Brunei ruler, hitherto a pagan but having many Muslim Brunei goes back to the tenth century. For the considerable majorityof Bruneis their country is almostunthinkable as anything but a monarchy An important test of the extent to which Bruneihas been able to set (we might note that the word for state in Malay, kerajaan, is equivalent to aside the claimsof noble descent, andin other ways escape from its past kingdom). I have found no trace of formal democraticinstitutions in concern with traditional criteria of rank, is presumably taking placeright Brunei society or history, even at the village level. There is no clear now. For at least the last 130 years at every importantgovernmental evidence of a regular state council in pre-colonial Brunei, although the turning point--particularly at successions to the throne, but also when ideal of consultation waswell-established. Therewere certain limitations Brunei received internal independence in1959--large number of persons on the monarch, in addition to those materially imposed by the very were appointed to traditional offices (which are closely tiedto traditional limited resourcesat his command. For example, healone appointed all (or stratification) as part of the celebrations. Thuseach change was an most) offices, but he had to make his choices from specificsectors of the affirmation of the traditional patterns. As near as I could tell last populace. Traditionally, he seemed almost never to demote his summer, when I visited Brunei, there were no plans this time to rejuvenate appointees. Hisability to interfere in the domains of great nobles, who the traditional system of offices, which, as is usual between turning controlled much of Brunei's territory and people, was very limited. points, has been in decline lately. If the traditional offices are not Finally, the idea that the ruler should not oppress the people (and that rejuvenated, it will mark a substantial decline in the power of they should not rebell) was well understood--although without the right to traditionally titled persons, or persons who expect titles on traditional rebell against an oppressive ruler this limitationwas essentially moral grounds. If the channels of vertical mobility areopen, rank-consciousness only. need not be a bad thing at all, since it may all the more inspire peopleto achieve and rise. In the colonial periodthe Sultan's powersgreatly circumscribed visa vis the British Resident, but vis a vis his inferiors, nobleand commoner This topic--rank in Brunei--is not likely to get much press inside or alike, his powers greatly increased. In the long run, monarchical power outside of Brunei, but 1 would not underemphasize its importance to has been considerably augmented, though its authority may in fact be less Brunei's internal stability. now. The authority of the Sultan has been eroded in two ways. One is that western ideas, clearly enunciatedas aims for Brunei in the final years ETHNIC PLURALITY of colonialism, have given some Bruneis a desire for democracy. The other is that some formsof Islam are democratic, and these forms havea In Brunei tradition the state was ethnically plural from earliest considerable pop'ular appeal among some Muslims today. While these times. There is no reason to doubt the tradition. In every period for Muslim democratic idealsare not necessarily anti-monarchic--sometimes which we have evidence it has been thus, and Brunei remains a plural they are, sometimesthey are not--they do imply a more limited role for society today. Nineteenth-century evidencesuggests that those persons the monarch, something less absolutist, more limited or constitutional. counted as ethnic Bruneis--in contrast to the Kedayan, Belaits, Tutong, Thus although monarchyhas deep rootsin Brunei culture and history, it Dusun, Murut, Kayan, Iban, etc.--were in some senseconsidered superior. now exists under conditionsquite dissimilar from those of the past. The evidence also suggests that those who were Muslim (Kedayan, Melanau, and Sarawak Malay, as well as the Brunei Malays) were in some HEREDITARYRANK sense considered superiortoo. How this all worked out is now very obscure. But at any rate, from the viewpoint of the Bruneis, ethnic groups When the Brunei social system began to be understood by outsiders could be ranked, and the Brunei Malays(i.e., the bangsa Brunei) were at or in the nineteenth cehtury, Brunei was found to have a hereditary nobility near the top. When the British Resident was established in 1906 the (pengiran-pengiran). Chinese evidence suggests that it existed for ethnic Bruneis were given a sort of first-class citizenship, others centuries. The nobles had considerable power and authority, much of it somethingless. At present some of the old attitudesmay well persist, but retained at least until the 1960s. Since the 1960s there is some evidence there is a strong tendency for all the indigenous Muslim elements to that educated elements of the population, regardless of their birth rank, identify as Malays (Melayu Brunei) rather than as Bruneis, Kedayans or have moved into relatively high positions,that in the past have beenheld whatever, and there is some tendency for the indigenous peoples to largely by nobles. It is not at all clear whether this indicatesa wider identify themselvesin opposition to the immigrantgroups: the Chinese on dispersal of power in Brunei society, or a narrowing of it by curbing those the one hand (many of whom may have deep roots in Brunei) and on the most likely to rival the Sultan's power. But it is my impression that rank- other hand all the more or less temporary foreign residents of Brunei. conxiousness remains strongin Brunei. The Sultan's address to the 21st While it is rarely if ever discussed in public, ethnic Bruneis--i.e. the session of the StateLegislative Council in late December, 1983, contained bangsa Brunei, as opposed to the Kedayans, Tutongs, Belaits, etc.--are an admonition to "titled people to concentrate moreon their duties and aware that they do not forma majority in the State, and probably never obligations to the State and not to be overconcerned 'with privileges, did. status and prestige'' (Borneo BulletinDec. 24). This suggests that those with traditional rankare not all quietly acceptinga new order. The amalgamationof indigenous groupsinto a single ethnic group, stay, though contacts with countriesother than Britain are almost certain often accompanied by conversions to Islam; and the status of those to become more important now. Chinese born in Brunei but lacking Brunei (or any other) citizenship,are the two aspects of ethnicity currentlywarranting themost attention. Bruneis are unquestionably able to afford western goods. Since 1929 Brunei's oil industry has been ever more profitable. After the Near THE SHORT TERM ELEMENTS: SIZE, WEALTH,AND COLONIALISM Eastern oil embargo Brunei's wealth skyrocketed, so that it is now one of the few wealthiest countries in the world on a per-capita basis. Precisely Although Brunei is now a small country the memory of its one-time how to best use the country's wealth,as a hedge againstthe time when the dominion over the peoples and territory included in the present-day states oil gives out, has been a vexing problem. Overseas investment currently of Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia, is quite strong in Brunei, and is not brings in a considerableamount of the nation's revenues, and no doubt can forgotten among its neighbors either. The indigenous Malays (including be a source of income well into the future. But likeother small countries Kedayan)or Sarawak and Sabahare perhaps particularlymindful of the old living high on oil wealth, the expensive tastes now being acquired may connectionsbetween themand the Brunei Sultanate. Malays in Brunei are become a problem in the future. Rather than wealth being a stimulus to often tied by kinship to families in Sarawak and Sabah. These ties will sustainable development,it may be dissipated in showcase projectsthat in increasingly remain an ingredient in the social, political, and economic themselves are not profitable. life of the region. At present Brunei's small size has at least one benefit--the wealth Insofar as it makes sense to think of a Muslim, Malay-speaking need not be spread so far. But as recently as 1978 Brunei livedunder a population in northern Borneo that to some degree feelsa sense of unity, constant threat from its much larger neighbors(in that yearIndonesia and its spiritual center may well be Brunei's capital. On the folk level the Malaysia renounced any designs onBrunei, and subsequently invitedBrunei embodiment of this unity's center is Kampong Ayer, the collection of into ASEAN). But when does a small, wealthy countryever entirely free wards surviving from the old capital built over the water of the Brunei itself of such threats? And while great wealth from oil presently obviates River. Kampong Ayer has long been the target of Malay immigration the problem, how does a small country establish a secure and self- from Sarawak and Sabah,generally facilitatedby kin ties. In turn, a great sustaining economy? Noone seemsto know. There must scarcely pass a many Malays were resettled ashore from Kampong Ayer during the moment when Bruneis do not wonder if one of the old patterns--that ofa decades in which government attemptedto eradicate thecommunity. But greater Brunei--might not be the long-term solution, but that pattern may more people came to replace them, so that Kampong Ayer grew faster well be gone forever. than resettlement schemescould reduce it. No doubt Kampong Ayer will continueto grow, and continueto be a culturallyvital part of Brunei.
The new capital, that is, the various structures built up on the land adjacent to the old capital, is both a folk and elite center. Parts of it CORRECTIONS undoubtedly look foreign from the viewpoint of Malay tradition, but parts of it have enormous symbolic valueto the Bruneis. The gold-domed mosque and new palace are tangible signs of Brunei's religion, .government, Please note the following corrections in Antonio J. Guerreiro's and prosperity. Allthese are meaningful to the Brunei consciousness, and article, "A Note on Pronouns in the Long Galat and Busang Languages," must also enhancewhatever pan-north Bornean Malay feeling there may (BRB 15:2): be. p. 100 But there is much in the capital to remind one of Brunei's long years One should read he/instead of under British control, and an even longer period of close ties with Britain. English is very widely spoken, many Bruneis were educatedin Britain, and p. 101-102 virtually all the trappings of western civilization are available in Brunei. Kala e ii instead of Ka lei; Moreover they are considered a normal part of life. Anti-British sentiment ran high in Brunei in the 1950s, and was still'strong in the p. 102 1960s. And yet I don't think I ever personally heard a complaintabout the muyn instead of various aspects of British or western culture. There are of course objections to alcoholicbeverages and foods preparedin a non-Muslim way, p. 103, 104 and 105 and to immodest feminine attire or behavior, but there is nothing sgmbroek instead of ssmbroek specifically anti-western in this. The westernization of Brunei is here to p. 104, note 13 The Long Galat terms are not well placed, theyshould be The write-up of the language surveyresults is in the form of 22 as follows: articlesauthored by 9 SIL members. These will appear along with the Smitharticle in a volumeto be published byPacific Linguistics samas6n oar\ koy In-depth study of 9 Sabah languages is now in progress. These samaqow koy includeIdalan/Begahak spoken in Lahad Datu District;* Eastern Kadazan, a Dusunic language spoken in Labuk-Sugut District; Nabay, a Murutic sahula~zkay languagespoken in Keningau District; Tatana, Dusunic languagespoken in Kuala Penyu District; Tambanua,a Paitanic language spoken in Labuk- Sugut District; Upper Kinabatangan, a Paitanic languagespoken in Kinabatangan District;Timugon, a Murutic languagespoken in Tenom District; andCoastal Kadazan, spoken in Penampangand Papar Districts. A number of articles have been submittedfor publication on various BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS aspects of these languages. In addition to linguistic research in these languages,further ethnographicdata will be collected forthese groups. It is hoped that within the near future, investigationof several more Sabah languageswill have begun. Updateon LinguisticResearch inSabah In addition to the above-mentioned articles, also of interest to Borneanscholars will be two forthcomingpapers by SIL members. One by In the September1980 (Vol. 12, No. 2) issue of the Borneo Research Michael and Alanna Boutinentitled "Indigenous Groups of Sabah: An Bulletin, a brief report on"Linguistic Research in Sabah by the Summer Annotated Bibliography of Linguisticand AnthropologicalSources" lists Institute of Linguistics" waspresented. In that report it was stated: books and articlesdealing withthe languages andpeoples of Sabah. It is "Four basic proceduresare being employedby the instituteto investigate intended to be a referenceguide and also to contain information onthe the distinctivenessof the languagesand dialectsfound in Sabah: (1) the availability of such resourcesin Sabah. This paper is to be published by collection and comparisonof lexical items,(2) the study of ethnographic the SabahState Museum. data, (3) intelligibility-testing, and(4) in-depth studies of certain local dialects." The first and third of these procedures have been pursued A second paper to be published bythe Sabah StateMuseum is "Sabah extensively, and a collection of findings from field researchers hasbeen Peoples' Who's Who: A Glossary of the TermsUsed for the People and submittedto PacificLinguistics for publication. Languagesof Sabah, East Malaysia" by Phyllis Dunn. This glossaryis an attempt to define the various terms found in the literatureavailable in The collection andcomparison of lexical items has resulted in a Sabah, as well as the termsemployed by still otherauthors. Such a listing lexico-statistic classificationof the languages anddialects in Sabah by should be of great assistance to anyone undertakingresearch in Sabah Kenneth D. Smith. Smith considers speech communitiesto share a becauseit helps to identify groupswhich have been referredto by a great commonlanguag.~ if at least 80% of the lexical items are traceableto a variety of names and spellingsin publicationsthat have appearedin the common source. On the basis of lexical comparisons,he identifies51 past describingthe languagesand peoplesof Sabah. (John D. Miller) languages, 33 of which are consideredto have their cultural centers in Sabah. He also identifies83 dialectsspoken in the state. *Banggi spoken on Banggilsland in Kudat District To test the lexicostatisticclassifications, intelligibility testing was carried outthroughout the state. The results of this testinghave altered some of the classificationswhich Smith proposed solelyon thebasis of the lexicostatisticdata. In some cases, groups which Smith considered to A Reactionto "Kedayanin the Shair KenTambuhan" speak different dialects of one language were found on the basis of intelligibilitytesting to speak different languages, whilesome which he I am writing in connection with the article of Allen R. Maxwell considered to speak differentlanguages were found to speak dialectsof "Kedayan in the Shair Ken Tambuhan and Kadayan in Brunei" which the same language. Ri most cases, however, Smith'sconclusions were appeared in the BRBVol. 15, No. 2 of September 1983. You may already confirmedby the resultsof the intelligibility testing. have had reactions to this from others, but 1 would like to use this opportunityto oppose the view put forwardon p. 92, namely that kedayan is probablynot derivedfrom Javanese. To my mind, there is not the slightest doubtthat we are dealing with A Commenton "P. J. Veth's "Origin of the Name Dayak"' a Javanese word here. I refer to P. 3. Zoetmulder's Old Javanese-English Dictionary (TheHague, 1982), where under dyah"young man or woman of gentle birth1' we find, amongst others, the form kad ahan "corps of pages1' I'm puzzled by the strange etymology for "Dayak". Veth's which first occursin the kakawin GhattotkacZ;rayi i.e. circa A.D. 1200. alternativeview (p. 120) that it means "inland" is largely ignored. But in In accordance withthe usual process, fi becomes g 0, and so we get in northern Luzon, i-daya generally refers to l'upstream" or (usually) inland Middle Javanese kadehan "corps of pages, suite of young noblemen", found dwelling or mountaindwelling peoples, whomay also have specific names. passim in the kidung literature, e.g. Kidung Harsa-Wijaya and Wangbang (See Reid, Phil. Minor Languages, Oceanic Linguisitics, Special Wideya, The change from kadehan to kadevan is merely a matter of Publication No. 8, 1971, p. 74. No. 88 - east.Xdaya and cognates, spelling; both are listed in Cericke & Roorda's Javaansch-Nederlandsch including Kankanaydaya. (East is, of course, only relevant where the Handwoordenboek (vol. I, p. 598). In Modern Javanese it occurs only in streams flow generallywest.) In some regions it refers to "downstream". the expression kadang-kedgYan, meaningsimply "relatives", as listed in (Fred Eggan) the dictionariesof Pigeaud and Horne.
As with a number of other words from the romance literature of early Java, kadeyanwas borrowed by Malay and used in areas influenced by Java, be they in Borneo or Sumatra. REPLY TO FRED EGGAN
I hope the above has been sufficient to make my view of this Mea culpa to Prof. Fred Eggan for my use of an infelicitous question clear. (Dr. 5. 0. Robson) phrasing: "Semantically, Veth articulatesan alternativeview of the origin of the word 'Dayak' to one very commonly encountered in the English language literature on Borneo; namely, that it derives from something like 'inland' (see, e.g., Baring-Gould and Bampfylde 1909:24, 33) "---Maxwell, BRB 15.2:120. A clearer rendering of the meaning is: "Semantically,Veth -articulates a view of the origin of the word 'Dayak' which is an alternative REPLY TO S. 0. ROBSON to the one very commonlyencountered in the English language literature on Borneo; namely, . ..I' etc. In no way did I mean to suggest that Veth Dr. S. O., Robson's comment on my "keda an in the Shair Ken had indicated the word 'Dayak' to be in any manner connected with a Tambuhan and Kadayan inBrunei" 15.2:8*" which he states he meaning 'inland'. My sole intention was to make a relatively unknown ". . . would like to use this opportunity to oppose the view put forward on view--which, however unacceptable to us now, is not without historical p. 92, namely that kedayan is probably not derived from Javanese.", interest--more widely known. Prof. Eggan is, of course, correct in mistakes my position. On page 92 I wrote, "Consequently Wilkinson's identifying Philippinecognates as pertinentto the formulationof a proper suggestion that kedayan derives historically from kadyahan shouldnot be etymologyof 'Dayak'. I will have more to say on Bornean etymologiesfor accepted, at least until it can be attested in Old Javanese or Old Malay this form in the future. (Allen R. Maxwell) and given a plausible semantic interpretation" (emphasis added). Dr. -Robson has done just this--Q.E.D. My citations were regrettably limited to sources availablelocally to me. I greatly appreciatehis explanationof Mal. keda an from OJ kad ahan. I will say more on the etymology of 'Kaday*nei) in the f*Allen R. Maxwell) OBITUARY
MARIUS JACOBS (1929-1983)
It is with great chagrin that I have to venture on a brief personal narrative of the life and work of Marius Jacobs, with whom I was in close contact over three decades, and to whom I -- and so many others -- are so. much indebted. From his youth Marius was obviously attracted by plants, for in spite of a difficult time he had after being obliged to leave grammar school throughfinancial circumstances, he managed to attend an supervising work of students and in assisting other collaborators with agricultural collegefor three years, followedby a few months voluntary arranging LMSSand initiationof new projects. assistance at the Rijksherbarium in 1949. He could then enroll as a student at the University of Leiden for the state degree KIV (biology). He Soon Marius became a member of the Netherlands Commission for InternationalNature Protectionand was instrumentalin the exploration of took an active part in students life. After obtaining his degree he was temporarily attached to the Flora Malesiana Foundation, working on the Leuser complex in North Sumatra. With one of his students he various small botanical subjects,pending taking up a post in Herbarium compiled a large, selected, well annotated "Conservation Literature on Bogoriense, for three years, from January 1954. Indonesia", a bibliography especially aimingto disclose the work done in earlier timesbut hidden in a large number of periodicals and pamphletsin During this three years' stay at Bogor he pursued taxonomic studies, Dutch. In those capacities he was also one of the principal advisersto the He was the Secretary of the amongst others on Capparis, later the subject of his thesis, but above all World Wild Life Fund in the Netherlands. he became acquainted with tropicalvegetation on various expeditionsin Ecology and Development Croup of the Netherlands Commission, which Java, Sumatra and North Borneo, praising the mentorship of Dr. persuaded the Dutch Government to apply ecological considerations in When the Netherlands government Kostermans. Thisstay in the tropics laid the definite basis for his their overseas developmentpolicy. established an official advisory committee on Ecology and Development devotion to tropical plant life and the necessity and virtue of conservation. From February 1959 he joined the Flora Malesiana staff, this task was completed and Marius Jacobs handed over the Secretaryship working out the taxonomy of Salicaceae, Malpighiaceae, Capparidaceae, at a meeting on 21 April, during which he was struck by a fatal heart attack. Juglandaceae, andfinally Violaceae. He also worked on the variability of the tree genus Pometia (Sapindaceae), his paper becoming a classic in His involvement in nature conservation in the tropics led to his exposing the masses of 'paper species' describedfrom the tropics. All the work he performed was well-considered, meticulous unto detail, and assisting ecologicalexplorators in Indonesia and educating students by colloquia and courses, in order ,to raise interest in youngsters. When he complete, and has stoodthe test of time, due to the exemplary devotion was, some fifteen years ago, still chiefly involved in taxonomy, he passed and carein all he did, whether it was a taxonomicalproblem, the making to me a huge MS for perusal, intended as a 'Manual' or Introduction to of the itinerary of A.F.G. Kerr in Siam, an inventory of abbreviations in Taxonomy, for students. It appeared far too bulky for publication. Later, IdentificationLists, the setting up of experimentsfor explaining domatia when he was chiefly involved in conservation, he felt he had to prepare a in plants, selecting-theequipment and preparation for an expedition-- similar educative 'Manual' in this field by working out students' course especially that to Persia or filling the co-editorship of Flora Malesiana a -- he gave on all aspects of rain-forests in tropics resulting in book Bulletin from n. 17 (1962) onwards, not worrying too much about the the a distinction between major and minor issues. All things he found "The Tropical Rainforest- a first introduction" inspiring other people, for which he had a singular capacity, bothby his witty and matter of fact way interesting andof good purpose in the fields he would support, often at the of writing and his great ability for lecturing. As such he was a scientific expense of his own time, and this led frequently to great help to public relations officer of the highest standing. colleagues whose work was causing frustration. In some way he felt attracted to defend lame ducks and was challenged by lost or Thus far I have touched only on his motivationfor biological science, controversial cases. Resourcefulas he was, he could often make clever suggestionsand find ways and means, amongstothers for opening later the plant taxonomy, his ambitions andhis interest, in which only glimpses of possibilityof publishing the Mountain Flora of Java. his versatile personality came to the fore. From his studentyears Marius viewed life as an adventure fora lone individual, to digest experienceand The period 1962-1965 was busy, he preparing himself for academic contacts and as a challenge to his development, to spread his wingsby his degrees, withthe doctor's degree awarded in 1965. own power, probably himselfcurious to what this would lead and what hidden capacities hehad in store. He preferred to work alone, in his own In later years he pursued his taxonomicwork, but remained keenon nightworker time-schedule; all he wrote was in a stylish way. He did not field work, with expeditions to Luzon, South Sumatra, New Guinea, and fit into teamwork. As his friend, Mr. Van Peype, saidduring the memorial East Celebes, graduallycoming under the spell of nature conservation service at Warmond, Marius viewed life as a play on the theatre Earth, in which he found more important. This supersededhis personal taxonomical which all persons fulfilleda role. research, which soon came to a standstill. Though a conservationist myself -- show me any tropical botanist who is not! -- I never approved of For quite some years Marius was a member of the editorial this sine qua non decision and would have preferred a more harmonious committeeof the LUB, a University newsletter, which he peppered with output; Jacobs confined his share in promoting taxonomicalwork to witty, not seldom opinionated, and often provocative comments on all sorts of subjects, his contributionsbeing for many the only readable matter in this dull weekly. His interest was also in biography onwhich he first embarked in a slightly arrogant view of "Linnaeus -- the Man and his psychiatric literature. He welcomes any information on Koro-like Worku (1957). He was fascinated by personalities and history and enjoyed syndromes, aphrodisiacsand sex tonics, spirits which castrate or destroy learning personal details and anecdotes from old times at Bogor. He vital energy, in Bornean societies. His address is 18 Prospect Place, confided to me that he regretted that somuch of such information, Brooklyn, N.Y., 11217, U.S.A. revealing personalities, got lost, and was never puton record. In this respect he made good and compiled, after many sesisons, a book on the KWITON JONG, the U.K. Scientific Coordinator of the Programme, life and work of his former teacher, my predecessor, Professor Lam, visited Malaysia in July and early August 1982. The primary purposeof which, it is hoped, will be published by Rodopi, Amsterdam, this year. his visit was to find out what the scientists there thought about the latest This interest in history is part of the distinct -facet in his interests. He proposals of the Royal Society for a joint scientific research programme was for example well versedin the philosophy of Descartes on which he on rain forest ecology, and to consult with individuals and organizations once gave me an unpreparedprivate tutorial. It appeared also ina lecture interested in the programme. he gave before the staff on the role of plants in antique Roman art and The programme will concentrate initially on studies which would culture. It is less well known that his interest in the life and thinkingsof bring a better understanding of the recovery processesinvolved when a man and the structureof society led him to write many essays outsidethe species-rich rain forest is disturbed through natural causes or by man. biological field, some very substantial. He was also a member of the The Danum Valley Conservation Area in Sabah is an area of primary mixed fraternity of freemasonsand was heavily interested in the psychological dipterocarpforest some 438 squarekilometres in extent with neighbouring works of Professor Van den Berg at Leiden, whose works on 'metabletica' areas of logged-over forest, and is considered a promising site for the he greatly admired and avidly propagated. Always questioningwhat he programme. This area is in fact part of the Sabah Foundation timber was doing, and trying to dig into the sources of motivation, he pondered concession, and all indicationsare that it will be kept in pristine condition also on conservationand recently, in one of his last writings, he developed for a long time to come. Kwiton was able to make a "flying" visit to the a conservationphilosophy under the title "Spirits of Bali." site with Dr. Clive Marsh (the Wildlife Officer of the Sabah Foundation), which included his first ever helicopter flight, on one of the Sabah Scanning part of his written work, which 1 hopewill some time be Foundations regularaerial surveillance flightsto check on the boundaries compiled into a bibliography, shows the breadth of his interests, and of their timberconcession areas in eastern Sabah. witnesses the panorama of his many-sided gifted personality, zealous, \ inventive, resourceful, provocative,but also sensitive to criticism and JOSEPH LAFERRIERE,Department of General Biology, University rather convinced of- the correctness of his opinion, ambitious for good of Arizona, is planning an ethnobotanical studyof native peoples of causes but rather inflexible, always ready to help, a man full of original Borneo startingsometime late next year, as his dissertation project. ideas from whom much could be expected. 1985-86 ASIAN SCHOLARS-In-RESIDENCE- Under the Fulbright For those who had the privilege of knowing him well his death comes Program, American colleges and universities are invited to submit as a great personal loss. For international conservationof nature and of proposals to bring foreign scholars to lecture on their campuses. The tropical rain-forestsin particular his disappearance makesa gap that will purpose of the program is to strengthen the international dimension of prove to be hard to fill. Flora Malesiana lost withhim one of its earliest U.S. scholarship by enabling colleges and universities to bring scholars and ardent collaborators- and supporters-- (C. G. G. J. van Steenis). from Asia to: --- teach courses on Asia from a comparative or foreign area perspective with emphasis on the humanities and social sciences. BORNEO NEWS --- serve as a resource for students and faculty. Regional News --- participate in the general development of international aspectsof the curriculum. MISS BARBRO AXELIUS collected and studied Xanthophytum and Lerchea (Rubiaceae)in Sarawak, Kalimantanand Sumatra, August 1982- Applicants may name a particular scholar or request assistancein February 1983. recruitment fromthe Fulbright Commissionor USlS Post Abroad. The United States Information Agency, the government agency responsible for JAMES W. EDWARDS, a Ph.D. candidate in medical anthropologyat the Fulbright Program, provides the funding for grants to cover Columbia University isstudying the syndrome of Koro in the transcultural international travel,maintenance stipends of approximately $60 a day and basic medical insurance. Host institutions are asked to provide Maila Stivens (University College, London). 'The political economy supplementaryfunding or in-kind support, such as housing. of kinship in Rembau, NegeriSembilan, Malaysia'. The Council for International Exchange of Scholars(CIES) assists the Willem Wolters (Erasmus Universityof Rotterdam). 'The political Agency in the administration of the Fulbright Program. All inquiries or mobilization of kin ties in the peasant communitiesof Central Luzon requests for applicationsshould be sent to: Mrs. Mary Ernst, CIES, I1 and Java. DuPont Circle, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, D.C. 20036. Session I11 - Kinship and Community Seminar on Cognatic Kinship in Southeast Asia: Amsterdam Janet Carsten(London School of Economics). 'Bisan, equality and communityin Pulau Langkawi,Malaysia'. A seminar on 'Cognatic forms of social organization in Southeast Jeremy Kemp (University of Kent). 'Processes of kinship and Asia' was held in Amsterdam from 6 to 8 January 1983. The seminar was communityin North Central Thailand'. intended to be a survey and discussionof new developmentsin the study of Will Lundstr'dm (University of Coteborg). 'Kin and non-kin in cognatic kinship in the Southeast Asian context by bringing together Minahasa'. people who have done recent research in this field. Josiane Nassard (CeDRASEMI, Paris). 'Kinshipand exchange Originally the seminar was to have been held by mid-June 1982 practices in a Malay village'. under the auspices of the Department of South and Southeast Asian Bill Wilder (University of Durham). 'Kinship, community and the Studies at the University of Amsterdam. The organizing committee structureof Pahang Malay kindreds'. consisted of Frans Husken (University of Amsterdam) and Jeremy Kemp Diana Wong (University of ~ielefeld). 'The family development (University of Kent at Canterbury). In December 1981 invitations were cycle andsocial differentiationin a Kedah village'. sent to thirteen anthropologistsworking on Southeast Asia in Britain, France and the Netherlands. Nearly all of them responded favourably. SessionIV - Genealogy, Rankand Household Later on several others showed an interest in participatingin the seminar Larry Hirschfeld (Columbia University/University of Paris). and they were subsequently invited as well. Funds for the organizationof 'Filiation, exchange and stabilityin North Sumatra'. the seminar were obtained from the University of Amsterdam Terry King (University of Hull). 'Cognation and rankin Borneo'. (Subfaculteit Sociologie, Culturele Antropologie en Niet-westerse Stephen Morris (University of Cambridge). 'Kinship and rank among Sociologie), the British Institute in South-East Asia(Singapore), the Dutch the coastal Melanau of Sarawak'. Organization for Puf-e Scientific Research (ZWO) and the Dutch Bernard Sellato (CeDRASEMI, Paris). 'Nomadism, utrolocal Foundation for Anthropology (Wassenaar). residence and affinal terminologyin Borneo'. In tota1,;eighteen papers were submittedand discussed thoroughly over the three daysof the seminar. An opening address was delivered by Discussions in the seminar proved to be vivid, interesting and Professor Dr. Otto van den Muijzenburgand the papers were presentedas valuable. Most contributors profitedfrom the commentsand remarks that follows: the chairpersons and the other participants made on their respective papers. Session I - The Contentand Boundariesof Kinship Several topics turned out to be of primary interest during all Stephen Headley(CeDRASEMI, Paris). 'Housesin Java: the missing sessions: the specificity of cognation as comparedto unilineal systems of kin'. descent; kinship and the 'axiom of amity' in village community life; and Mark Hobart (SOAS, London). 'The art of measuring mirages', or 'Is the relation between kinship and social stratification and political there kinship in Bali?' mobilization. Next to this, general problems withregard to the definition Charles MacDonald (CeDRASEMI, ParisIManila). 'Thestatus of kin and relevanceof such concepts as 'kindred', 'stock' and 'generalized' versus terms and kin terms forstatus'. 'balanced reciprocity'were discussed. Bill Watson (University of Kent). "cognatic or matrilineal: Kerinci The concluding session on Saturday 8 January was to have been socialorganization in Escher perspective'. chaired by Professor Barbara Ward, who had agreed to give a general overview of the results of the seminar. Three days before the startof the SessionI1 - Kinship and Political Economy seminar, however, she suddenly died. In her place, Dr. Victor King made Frans Hiisken (University of Amsterdam). 'Kinship, economics and the concluding remarks on the papers and the seminar discussions. As the politics in a Central Javanesevillage'. seminar contributionsdealt with an important butrather neglected field Rosanne Rutten (University of Amsterdam). 'Kin solidarity and of study in the anthropology of SoutheastAsian societies, the participants worker solidarity in a Philippine sugarcane hacienda'. agreed to give the papers a much wider distribution. The organizers of the seminar are now editing most of the papers and are writing an introductory essayin which they develop a more general frameworkfor the analysis of cogriatic kinship in Southeast Asia, as well as give a review The best represented families are Annonaceae, Burseraceae, of the seminar discusisons. The provisional title of this publication is Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae,Meliaceae, Moraceae(with C. 49 spp. of Ficus, Cognation and SocialOrganization fi Southeast Asia. in many sarnples), Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, while many Anacardiaceae, Bombacaceae, Dilleniaceae, RATTAN INFORMATION CENTRE. This centre was established and Dipterocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Guttiferae, Melastomataceae and Vitaceae started operation at the Central Library of Forest Research Institute, were also taken. After sets had been split off for the BO and DAV Kepong in May 1982 where sourcesof referencesare readily available. It Herbaria, the collection was received 'raw' at Leiden, where the essential is financially supported by IDRC (International Developjent Research curating work was done, errors in the numbering corrected, identification Centre, Canada) the grant of which is expected to cover a period of 3 work was organized (with the kind assistance of many specialists), and years. standard labels were added. The qualityof the materialwas uneven; at L Generally the objectiveof RIC is to seek, acquire, classify andstore were retained c. 400 numbers, with 180 alcohol samples;the remainder all relevant informationon rattan and disseminate this information in and duplicates were sent to the Arnold Arboretum, where Dr. Leighton is various forms to those interested. now on the staff as a rain-forest ecologist. A quarterly newsletter/bulletin on rattan will provide current awareness on allaspects of rattan research; the first bulletin came out From 15 March-5 April 1982, MESSRS. T. PARTOMIHARDJO, S. September1982, the second in December. SUNARTl and A. MA'ROEF visited Wanariset Forest, Samboja, in connection withthe continuation of ecologicalstudy in this forest. During this visit, they collected2000 numbers of vouchers and live plants, incl. Proceedings of the 8th World Forestry Congress, Jakarta, October Durio kutejensis, D. lanceolatus, D. aquatifolius and D.oxeylanus. 1978, can be ordered from: Direktorat JenderalKehutanan, P.O. Box MESSRS. ROCHADI A., T. PARTOMIHARDJOand A. MA'ROEF 3668, Jakarta, Indonesia. There are seven volumes, ranging from 700 to (80) visited Lempake Forest Samarinda, East Kalimantanon 10-22 May 2600 pages. Price $250, separate volumes $50, including postage by 1982. They collected 700 nos of vouchers; at the same time, MISS E. A. surface mail. WlDJAJA explored Apokayan forest, near the boundary with Sarawak,for collecting bamboos. She collected 135 numbers of herbarium specimens and 124 numbers of live plants. Brunei On 20 Sept. - 20 Oct. 1982, MESSRS. S. ABDULKADIR(Treub Lab.), 5. SUNARTI and RAMLANTO'(B0)visited WanarisetForest, Samboja for Brunei. The. University of Leeds, U.K. organized an eight weeks continuing ecologicalstudy. During this study, they collected55 numbers expedition to Brunei to carry out a comparative study of primary and of live plants, 46 of herbarium specimensand 284 of vouchers. selectively-felledmixed Dipterocarpforest. MR. SOEDARSONORISWAN returned to BO, Indonesia, after having completed at Aberdeen hisPh.D. thesis on Ecologicalstudies on primary, Kalimantan -- secondary and experimentally cleared mixed Dipterocarp forest and kerangas forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. InBogor he will continue BIRUTE GhLDIKAS (also a BRC member) and I would appreciate to work on the ecology of Dipterocarp forests. your letting peopleknow that people will be able to visit and work on her orangutan research projectfor three week periods between June 1 and ANNE SCHILLER, a Ph.D. candidate in Anthropology at Cornell December 31, 1984 under the sponsorshipof Earthwatch (10 Juniper Road, University, has just completed the first year of a research project on Belmont, MA 02178). By December 1, 1983 about half of the 90 available ritual innovation and doctrinal change among the adherents of Hindu- spaces werefilled. Sufficient inquiries probably will lead to repetition of Kaharingan. Kaharingan isthe religion of the Ngaju Dayaks of Central the opportunityin future. Costs are $1,290 + airfare, which many will be Kalimantan. The research is supportedby funding from Fulbright-Hays able to use as a tax deducation. (Dave Churchman) and Wenner-Gren.
DR. MARK LEIGHTON spent considerableefforts during the years From 16 Oct. - Nov. 1982, MR. H. WIRIADINATA (BO), R. 1977-1979 to make a botanical collection,in the East Kutai Reserve,by HARAHAP (Bogor Botanical Garden)and NOERDJITO (Bogor Zoological the Sengata and Mentoko Rivers, i.e. on the northern side of it. His Museum) visited Palangkaraya, KualaKurun and Kuala Kapuas, Central numbersrun from 1 to 1141 (the compound numbers like OB13.40E5 on the Kalimantan. They collected 199 numbers of live plants, 19 of seeds, 1062 handwritten labelsrefer to plots and have no other standing), but not all numbers of herbarium specimensand 28 of ethnobotanicalartefacts. of these numberswere used. Only trees and climbers werecollected, with On 25 Oct.- 20 Nov. 1981, MESSRS. ROCHADI A, S. SUNARTI and special attentionpaid to fruits, many of which were preserved in alcohol. A. MA'ROEF (BO), MR. TAHAN UJ1 (Bogor Botanical Garden) and S. Sabah ABDULKADIR(~rgub Lab.) visited Wanariset forest, East Kalimantanfor continuing ecological studyin this forest. More than 1200 numbers of live Hunting for Ne enthes in Sabah, DR. R. SCHMID-HOLLINGER plants, voucher and herbarium specimens and also ethnobotanical (Unterentfelden,Swk, who works since many years on Nepenthes artefacts werecollected. and made formerly explorationsin Madagascar and the Seychelles on Forests at Kersik Luwai Nature Reserveand Melak Mahakam IJlu, I which he published, has received Swiss grant enabling him to stay for East Kalimantan were visitedby MESSRS. EKO B. WALUJO, KARTINI a f some months (May 1983 onwards) in Sabah for collecting plants and KRAMADIBRATA(00) and E. R: RASMANDI, Dulhaer (Bogor Zoological I gaining field knowledge on the genus. Museum) on 21 Dec. 198 ti1 26 Jan. 1982. Durinp.this trip they. collected 196 numbers of live plantsand 1069 of herbarium-specimens. I Independently MR. J. MARABINI of the University of t Herzogenaurach (Germany)spent over one month (mid-March to end May) MESSRS. ROCHADI A,, R. YUSUF, S. SUNARTI, A. MA'ROEF and I in Sabah. He reported to have found a new hybrid (N. Lowii x N. MASKURI (00) and S. ABDULKADIR (Treub Lab.) visited Wanariset edwardsiana) onMt. Trusmadi. He grows Nepenthesin greenhouses and Forests, East Kalimantan on 15 Jan. 18 Feb. 1982 for continuing - studies their germination. He could also locate a second locality of N. ecological study in this area. They collected 3500 numbersof voucher and macrovulgaris describedas new few years ago by Turnbull& Middleton. 25 of herbarium specimens. a On 16 Feb. - 6 March 1982, MR. D. GANDAWIDJAJA (Bogor In the Danum Valley a Field Study Centre is being developed as an Botanical Garden), U. WARSITA and J. J. AFRIASTINI (BO) explored Sampit and Palangkaraya Areas, Central Kalimantan. During this educationalcentre for Sabahans. It is hoped that the Danum Valley area, exploration, they collected248 numbers of live plants and 330 numbers of which has some fine undisturbed tracts of forest, will be available for herbarium specimens. joint research and training under the Royal Society's Rain Forest Programme. The Bukit Raya Ex edition, financially sponsoredby WOTRO, Dir. Gen. Wetenschapsbele*f Ext. Affairs) and Bureau Buitenland (Leiden University)was carried out between Nov. 1982 and March 1983, by Sarawak an interdisciplinary team consisting of the following persons: DR. H. P. NOOTEBOOM (1, leader), the only full time member of the expedition; PETER BROSIUS plans to investigate the subsistence ecology and MR. A. BRADER and PROF. R. A. A. OLDEMAN (Wageningen);MR. H. social organizationof Penan foragers in the Belaga District, Sarawak, VAN REULER (MAB Unesco); MR. J. P. MOGEA and MR. H. Malaysia, with a view toward understanding the impact of Penan exploitation on the long-term availability of the sago palm Eugeissona WIRlADINATA (both 80); DR. I. G. M. TANTRA (For. Res. Inst. Bogor); DR. E. TORQUEBIAU(Riotrop); DR. J. F. VELDKAMP andDR. W. J. J. 0. m. Evidence suggeststhat exploitation mayhave a profound effect on DE WILDE (both 1). the demographiccharacteristics of this resource, with implicationsfor the Purpose of the joint undertaking was to establish an integrated long-term efficiency of exploitation. Thissuggests that ecological models image of the lowland forest in the Bukit Raya Nature Reservebased on derived from optimal foraging assumptions maybe inadequate to account aerial photographs and groundobservations, and to make a preliminary for key features of Penan social organization. Optimal foraging models inventory of plant species. Hardlyany botanical collectinghas been done are context specific, and thus static. They lack a time function and in the area so far. A soil reconnaissance wascarried out in a number of cannot account for changethrough time. What is optimal or efficient in plots laid out to study regenerationpatterns and tree architecture. the short-term maynot be optimal given a longer time range. Further, The team had to overcome considerable logistic problems at the exploitation mayin the long-term enhance the productivity of a resource, start. As a result of extremely low rainfall in the last five months the with implications for (1) future edible biomass availableto foragers, and rivers were nearly dry, making transportationby boat next to impossible. (2) the efficiency of future exploitation. Models for assessing efficiency must be incorporated with those which assess availabilityover time, i.e. The area studied ranges from 50 m a.s.1 to 2278 rn(the summit of Bukit Rays). The vegetation consists of various types of rain-forest optimal yield. In-depth demographic analysisof a single resource is a except in the summit area which is convered by small-leaved Ericaceous necessary first step in developing more complex interactive models of shrubbery. At least part of the lowland forest is destined to disappear in resource demographyand hunter-gatherer socioecology. Such modelsmay the near future by logging. Most of the forest in the lower regionsgrows clarify aspects of settlement and social organization notadequately on rugged terrain. During the rainy season even under forest cover explained by optimal foraging assumptions. Aspects of social organization erosion takes place and would assume desastrousproportions should the considered will be group size, spacing behavior,mobility and territoriality. forest be removed. The herbarium specimens collectednumber about 3500, and appear MR. P. P. K. CHAI, senior forest botanist at SAR, was awarded a to include several species newto Kariinantan or even to science. A Ph.D. degree at the University of Malaya, June 1982. His thesis was preliminary report was producedby Dr. Nooteboom. entitled Ecological Studies of Mangrove Forest in Sarawak. MR. ABANG MOHAMMAD MOHTARjoined Research Officeof the Bukat, Malays and chin& are found in other political and administrative the ForestDepartment, Kuching, Sarawak, as forestbotanist. divisionsof Borneo,viz. in Sarawak,Brunei, and Sabah, and in Kalimantan Tengah (Central),Selatan (South) and Timur (East). Some areas outside Orang-utan Sanctuary Established- In March 1983 Malaysia established Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, the country's largest KalimananBarat havehad especially close relationshipswith our region of interest. For instance, Kotawaringindistrict in the present province of protected area. It covers 168,760 ha of rugged hill country in Sarawak, home of the orangutanPongo pygmaeus. The Sanctuarywill also protect Kalimantan Tengahhas had intimateeconomic and politicallinks with the Pinoh river area in Kalimantan Barat; and result of the past Sarawak's state emblem, the rhinoceroshornbill Buceros rhinocerosand as a migrationsof such peoples as the Iban, Selako and Bidayuh, and indeed the catchmentsof eight major rivers. the Chineseof the West Borneo goldfields,various regionsof Sarawakare historicallyand even to the present day ethnically connectedto parts of Several botanical expeditionswere made by the Kuching herbarium West Kalimantan. Furthermore, some referencesto plants, animals, (SAR). They visited Bunhog Range, Ulu Engkilili, Bukit Kana, Gunong forestry,fisheries and minerals, andsome aspectsof material culturesuch Murud, Niah F. R. , Bukit Sadok and Ulu Belaga. This yieldedc. 1300 as the penis pin ( alan ) and the ham aton (carved wooden statues of collections. sacral significanceerelevancenotPonly ?o West Borneobut to other parts of the island as well. To overcome someof these problemswe have included material, where wethink it appropriate, which is not strictly confinedto West Kalimantan. We also hope to begin bibliographicalwork on the remainingparts of Kalirnantanin the not-too-distantfuture. BOOK REVIEWS, ABSTRACTS & BIBLIOGRAPHY Fruit resources and patterns of feeding, spacingand grouping among sympatric Bornean hornbills(Buceiotidae), xv + 246- pp., 28 fig., Ph.D. West Kalimantan: A Bibliography,Jan B. AV< Victor T. King, and Joke G. thesis Mark Leighton(1981, Anthropology,University of California,Davis, W. DeWit, Leiden, Koninklijklnstituut Voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, CA 95616). 1983 From August 1977 he and wife Dede(who studied monkeys)worked This bibliography, compiled over the last six years, attempts to in the northernpart of the East KutaiReserve, at 30-300 maltitude. In a place on recbrd most of the available literature on the Indonesian 300 -ha plot they established30 km of trails, and built a platform in a big administrativediviiion of Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan),which tree now identified as Shorea platyclados. Except for old hand-logging covers the same area as the former Dutch'Westerafdeeling van Borneo'. swaths, the forest was pristine, and during the period, an estimated900 We include,inour project the Karimata archipelagoand islands close to speciesof trees andlianas bore fruit. the coast such a5 Pulau Bawal, Maya,Laut and Lemukutan. The Natuna, Hornbills, ofwhich 7 speciesinhabit the area, differ conspicuouslyin Anambasand Tambelanisland groups are excluded,belonging as they doto habit, sex and age, andnot having much to fear, are noisy creatures, the Indonesianprovince of Riau. easily located and follow~jd.Territories are c. 1h km D);the birds live in The bibliography was originally intended as a reference work for densitiesof a few perkm and operatein groupsof 3-6, ranging c. 5.6-9.7 anthropologists,but as the project proceeded it became apparent that km a day. Althoughthey are omnivorous-- 2 cm beetles to 60 cm snakes, many writingr which contained materialof relevance to anthropologists centipedes,and even smallbirds onthe wing are snappedup -- fruitsmake ranged over other subject matter as well, or indeed were primarily an essentialpart of their diet. directed towards other disciplines. Therefore, we expandedthe enterprise Leighton speaks of 'fruiting patches'of trees or lianas as units in into a generalbibliography for all disciplines,covering suchcategories as hornbill ecology. These patchesare scattered: those amounting to 5 physical andcultural anthropology, exploration and travel, history, natural grams dry weight of lipid-rich flesh were detected with an averageof 3.5 sciences (including such subjects as physical geography, topography, in 15 ha, patches of 20 grams with 0.92 in 15 ha, which means a mere geology, zoology and botany), technology, economy, demography, 1.17-1.23 grams of dry weight on a given day. Circa 265 spp. of hornbill government, education,health, hygiene, medicine,'missiology', language fruit speciesare tabulated,among them c. 37 Ficus, which is an important and ethnic classification and belles-lettres. In order to keep the component throughthe year. Meliaceae,44 large trees ratherclose to the bibliography within manageableproportions we limited ourselvesinitially river, and Myristicaceae, 32large trees farther away, were other to West Kalimantan. We felt it to be within our competenceto compilea important constituents,yet their combined densityamounts to 1 tree in 4 bibliography on an area in which we both havean academic interestand ha on average. which we know personally. Of course, this spatial restrictionproduces Among the fruits 3 diameter classes are distinguished: to 10 mm, several difficulties. For example, various ethnic groupings in West 10-20 and up, with 29 mm as the biggest item to be swallowed,but this is Kalimantan suchas the Iban, Kayan,Ot Danum, Bidayuh, Selako, Punan, no match forthe widest hornbillgape of 42-55 MM. The birds handle any kind of fruit, including the husked ones,with facility in no more than 30 seconds. Reside this category, that of the lipid-rich is distinguished;their flesh is hardand oily, like in Canarium andElaeocarpus. A third category Hattori of the Japan Academy, with over fifty consulting editors and is the carbohydrate-rich,i.e. the sweetish or mealy ones,among which the editorial advisors from various countries assisting in providing and co- figs are most prominent. While monkeys like figs better, the hornbills ordinatingthe information on which the atlas maps and the text materials rather go for the lipid-rich ones, which contain more calories. Leighton's are based. pet hornbill, Cyrano, showed signs of ill health after two days on an all-fig The understanding of the complex languagesituation in the Pacific diet (90.3 grams dry weight a day, in 411 figs); an all-round diet restored area is of relevance to a very wide variety of interests, many of them not him quickly. directly linked with language work and scholarly endeavourin general. The birds weight 1-3 kg, depending on species. Meal size is 100-300 The atlas is thereforeof value, for scientificand pragmaticpurposes, to a cc. After c. 1 hour, the seeds are regurgitated. Behaviour is determined broad range of scholars such as linguists, anthropologists, archaeologists, by group-size -- foraging in small groups makes locationof patches geographers, demographers, sociologists, historians, political scientists, easier -- and a balance between distance to be covered and fruit economists and many natural scientists whose fields of interest are availability. Factors like these are analyzed statistically for allthe directly or indirectlyconnected with human beings. Such scholars would species, with hypotheses examined, in dry, technical prose. Seasonal be, for instance, physical anthropologists, geneticists, ethnobotanists, differences in fruiting account for fluctuations in hornbill grouping and agriculturalists, ethnozoologists,as well as geomorphologists, geologists behaviour; but it is the constant basic supply of fruits, a kind of mosaic- and oceanographers interested in the effects of past geological and in-time, that makes this co-existence of species and the important role of climatological events upon human populations and their migraitons. hornbills as seed dispersers,possible. (M. Jacobs) Scholars in medical sciences, suchas epidemiologists, may also find this .atlas of value. The atlas provides easily understandable, detailed graphic Language Atlas of the Pacific Area, StephenA. Wurm and Shiro Hattori, information whose lack has until now created serious problems in Editors understanding a great range of situations. The Language Atlas of the The Australian Academy of the Humanitiesin collaborationwith the Pacific Area reaches out also to a wide variety of governmental, Japan Academy, and assistedby the Departments of Linguistics and of administrative and other agencies and persons with applied interests of Human Geography in the Research School of Pacific Studies, The relevance to the Pacific area: foreign affairs departments, media Australian National University. 47 multicoloured maps; 500 x360 mm, six services, politicians, educationists, bodiesconcerned with economic and to nine colour, with text giving demographic, bibliographicaland other developmental aid, health organizations, other United Nations and relevant information. Part 1: New Guinea Area, Oceania and Australia, UNESCO agencies, and last,but not least, to the peoples of the Pacific 24 maps, with text. Part 11: Japan Area, Philippines and Formosa, and area themselves, notably those of tknewly independentnations. Mainland and Insular South-East Asia, 23 maps, with text. Printed by The price of each partis DM250, or DM500 for the completeAtlas. Kiimmerly and Frey AG, Bern, Switzerland. Distributors: Geocenter, Stuttgart, West Germany. The Pacific area is linguistically the rnost complex part of the world. About two thousand distinct languages, with a Ecological Studies on Primary, Secondary and ExperimentallyCleared very large number of dialects, are located in the Pacific islands area and Mixed Dipterocarp Forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, Soedarsono in marginal regionsto the west of the Pacific area proper. Mostof these Riswan, Ph.D. Thesis. Universityof Aberdeen. two thousand languages are concentrated in the south-western part of the Ecological studies on primary, secondaryand experimentallycleared overall Pacific area. There are three main large language groups-- Mixed Dipterocarp Forest and Kerangas Forest in East Kalimantan, Austronesian, Papuan (or non-Austronesian), and Australian. Mostof the Indonesia is the subject of research carriedout by Mr. SoedarsonoRiswan languages in the southeast Asian marginal areas belong to groups other and the title of his thesis (Aberdeen). The project was designed in than these three. In addition, there are a number of pidgin and trade conjunction with Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme Project No. 1 languages in the Pacific area. During the last twenty-five years or so, a to provide scientific data on the effects of tropical forest clearancewith tremendous amount of research work has been carried out into the a view to future long-term 'management of kerangas and mixed language situation in the Pacific area, andthe immensely complicated dipterocarp forest. language picture in practically all its parts has been clarified andits Control plots from both forest types were described in detail nature fully recognized. This new understanding of the distribution, together with secondary forest established for 35 years. Experimentally grouping and classificationof the languagesof the entire Pacific area has treated plots were clear-cut and burnt andthe changes in soil and now made it possible to compile thiscomprehensive Language Atlas of the vegetationfollowed and describedin detail for 1.5 years. Pacific Area which provides the fullest possible up-to-date information on The two initial forest types representeda range of forestformations the language situation in the Pacific area. The atlas is under the joint in the tropics from poor to rich conditions. Fluctuations in the control editorship of Professor S. A. Wurm of the Australian Academy of the plots were followed for 1 year. The whole process of recovery was Humanities andthe Australian NationalUniversity, and of Professor Shiro different in the two forests: in the strategyof individual tree species, the speciescomposition and changesin soilnutrients. A variety of conclusions about the trees, saplings, seedlings, shrubs There is significant damage to natural regenerationand advance growth' and herbs components, turn-over periods, biomass, natural regeneration (p. 309). and species composition of these forests are dealt with and further Canadians air-photographedthe whole state in 1969-1972 at scale conclusionsoutside the scope of this thesiswill be published later. 1 : 25,000 and 1 : 40,000, resulting in a 1 :350,000 map. Co~mercial forests were classifiediyto 8900 or more m /ha (area29900 km 1, 6200- Ethnobotanyin Sarawak 8900 (area 20,770 Krn ), 3500-6200 (area 4620 krn 1, subdivided by Compilation of ethnobotanicaldata of plants native to Sarawak, is province. Extensive breakdownsare made of stands, virgin and after one of the priority projects of SAR. About 100 species were logging. Ynlogged natural forest under concessionamounted in 1980 to collected in 1982, making the total c. 450 species. 20,290 km , under a total of 1766 licenses, most of these valid for I year only, others for 21 years at most. Dipterocarps make up 77.6% of the Ferns of Borneo total volupne. Log production reached peaks in the late 1970's of c. 13 K. Iwatsuki and M. Kato (TI) are compiling their results of field million m and 12expected todecline towards 7.5 million by 1985. At that surveys in East Kalimantan. 1979-1981. Thev intend to corn~ilea time 14,700 krn of virg~nforest will be left, plus 14,300 of logged over checklist of the pteridophytdsof Borneo. forest, 1,750 under legal protection, and 16,000 under shifting cultivation. Intensively managed forest is apparently not projected. Forest Resources of Tropical Asia, FAO, 1981 "Sabah: The Forest Plantations are intended for a larger role in the wood supply; 1880 Situation" km having been establishedin 1980. It was decided to plant agricultural The FA0 study Forest Resources of Tropical Asia (1981) contains crops like cocoa under valuable forest tree species, and interest hasgrown materials for an u~datedoverview. Main features are a) the western in rattan planting in the logged-over forest. lowlands, narrow i" extent but inhabited by c. 70% of the population; b) the Crocker range, with Mt. Kinabalu but mostly only 1200-1800 m high; c) the Central Uplands, with Mt. Trusmadi and some vulcanism in the NE; Brunei: The Forest Situation d) the Eastern Lowlands with some swampsbehind the coast. From Forest Resources of Tropical (FA0 1980) 143-149, we Population in 1976 was c. 800,000, with annual growth of 4.7%. take a few data. Pooulation in 1971 c. 136.000 of which 65% urban. Many thrive in- the timber boom, but c. 350,000 are poor shifting annual increase 4.5%' (1.2% due to immigration). 2500 families are cultivators. shifting cultivators: many figures are I0 or more yearsold. For the forests ihe classification of Fox (Tropical Ecology 19. 1978) Undisturbed mixeddipterocarp forests cover2293 im2 virtuallyall is followed. Lowland and hill dipterocarpforest by 1980 covered 54% of accessible; this may be 1990 in 1985; lqged over is 120 km2: this may be total fo st al-ea; montane dipterocarp forest, 14%2 Mangroves cover 170 in 1985. Secondary is 2370 km expected to be 2620 in 1985. Cf 3500 km or 7% of the total forestarea; the 650 krn peat swamp forest Undisturbed peat swamvcover 410 krn , 50 of whifh has been logge4 in have mostly been exploited. Beach, freshwater, and kerangasforests are 1985 this may be 100 km . Kerangascovers 220 km , mangrove 70 km . small in extent. There isalmost no reserved forest nor has much forestry planning or inventory work been Qle. Air photographsmay be available. Logging has Low'4. nd and hill dipterocarbforest areaswere estimatedin 1975 at 29,300 km , In 1977 at 26,520 km , and in 1980 'incorporatingchanges on increased: 37,000 m In 1961-65, 81,000 in 1966-70, 92,000 in 1971-76, account of shifting cultivation,transfer of land to permanent agriculture, 140,000 in 1976-80. In this oil producing country with the highest per and reclassification of part pf inaccessible montane forest into capita income of Asia after Japan, 390 tons of fuelwood and 412 tons of commercial forest' at 32,000 km , of which 19,200 wfs undisturbed and charcoal wereconsumed annuallyin 1975, but the trend was downward. 12,900 logged. Under secondaryforest was 13,900 km , under grass 1550 Most logging is concentratedinlhe western part where 90% of the lands is km below 60 m. About 290 km wy concessioned for logging in 1975. . 2 As protected is listed 1200 krn national park, 390 of which 'virgin Deforestation, esyatedat 70 km /year during 1976-80, is expected to forest', and 150 'amenity forests'. decrease2to50 km /year during 1981-85. Nevertheless,yith this rate, the 2 Landownership is throu h Reserves (27,700 km ), State Lands 2290 km of MDF in 1980 will be reduced to 1990 km in 1985 and will (27,680). and Alienated Lands88,560). Most of the existing forests are have gone in less than 40 years, i.e, by anno 2034. The magnificent either locafed in 'Forest Reserves' or in StateLands. Forest reserves(now forestsof Brunei! 36,380 km ) are supported to be dedicated to sustained yield management and thus are of greatest potential for timber production or greatest value MAY, B. & P. MOMAL, Forest for Food. Report prepared for the for watershed protection. The situation of the State Lands is rather transmigration area development project East Kalimantan (June1981) 67 confusingand far from satisfactory(p. 299). pp. mimeographed, appendices, tables. Damage caused by logging is extensive: 'areas of forest ranging A background report for the U.S./Indonesian Man and Biosphere from 14-40% are made bareby tractor tracks and landings (loadingareas). (MAB/Unesco) project 'Interactions between People and Forests in East Kalimantan'. The reportby Dr. May, teamleader, andDr. Momal, program 'The Tatana language.' 10 pp., typed, to appear in Languages coordinator, givesa well-worded, substantial survey of the various forest -- of Sabah (q.v.) products in the forests of East Kalimantan, their value, uses, modes of -- maintenance and status in the original vegetaion, together with Hurlbut, HopeM. information onhow they should be accoinmodatedin the home-gardens of 'Do as I say: A study of selected features of hortatory the immigrants, which species should be encouraged, etc. Information is discourse in Eastern Kadazan.' 67 pp., typed, to appear in given about the various forest types and their relationto soil types. The Discourse Studies in Selected Philippine and Malaysian report also indicates how forest can be managed for game production. Languages (m~hxi~pines) The idea of the project is to come to a supporting scientific organization for the transmigration project and settlement tied up with experimental King, Julie K. (nee Blorn) trials in the field, especially for fruit trees, while it is realized that local 'The Durnpas language.' 9 pp., typed, to appear in Languages forest reserves, as source areas, should be established. In short, all sorts of Sabah (q.v.1 of facets to canalize efforts towards a successful and harmonious -- colonization, and to prevent a wild-west situation by these very substantial changesof land-use. -- C.G.G.J. van Steenis. 'The Paitanic language family.' 24 pp., typed to appear in Languagesof Sabah (q.v.1
'The Runguslanguage.' 23 pp., typed, to appearin Langua~es BIBLIOGRAPHY --of Sabah (q.v.1 and Wayne King, eds. Banker, Elizabeth --- Lan ua es of Sabah: a survey report, 535 pp., typed, 'The West Coast Bajau language.' 20 pp., typed to appear in subgitkd toPacific ~ing&tics. Languagesof Sabah. King, Victor T. Banker, John 1981 'Sociology inSouth-East Asia: a Personal View', Cultures et 'The Ida'an language.' 10 pp., typed, to appear in Languages developpement(Louvain), vol. 13, pp. 391-414. --of Sabah (q.v.1 1983 'Aspects of Sugar Manufacture in Borneo', Brunei Museum 'The lllanun language.' 12 pp., typed to appear in Languages Journal, vol. 5, pp. 81-103. --of Sabah (q.v.) King, Victor T and W. D. Wilder (eds.) 1982 Ethnicit in SouthEast &, Special Focus on Ethnicity, 'The Lotud language.' I I pp., typed, to appear in Languages Southeazt Asian Journal of Social Science, vol. 10, no. 1, --of Sabah (q.v.) Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 133 pp. (Editorial Introduction, V. T. King and W. D. Wilder, ----- and ElizabethBanker 'Southeast Asia and the Concept of Ethnicity', pp. 1-6; also V. 'The KadazanlDusun language'. 44 pp., typed, to appear in T. King, 'Ethnicity in Borneo: an Anthropolog~calProblem', Languagesof Sabah (q.v.) pp. 23-43).
Dunn, Phyllis A. Mass Media, Tradition andChange: A Selective Bibliography 'The Bisaya language.' 10 pp., typed, to appear in Languages 1983 Compiled as a background paper to the AMlC-Government of --of Sabah (q.v.1 Pakistan Seminar on Mass Media, Tradition and Change, Islamabad, Pakistan, March 28-30. 39 Newton Road, Singapore 1130. 'The Papar language," 7 pp., typed, to appear in Languagesof Sabah(q.v.1 Matius Matulang; Hope Hurlbut, compiler 1979 anon ~adazan;Cerita Don en Kadazan; Kadazan Folktal&u~an~East~rniadazan, Malay, and 1979 'A note on some universals of human behaviour.' Paper English) (Bookie-1, Cerita Dongeng Sabah, Sabah presentedat a Seminar "The Application of Linguistic Studies Folktales Series) Kota Kinabalu: SabahMuseum, v, 60 pp. to Sabah Cultures" in Kota Kinabalu, February 17, 1979; published in Sabah Museum Annals No. 1, pp. 47-55. Miller, Carolyn 'Languages of Sabah: Introduction.' I pp.,I typed, to appear Sather, Clifford in Languagesof Sabah (q.v.1 1981 'Origin of the Iban Comic Hero Apal Aloi: A Saribas Saga Version' reprinted from The SarawakMuseum Journal, Vol. Moody, David C. XXIX, No. 50. 'The Lundayeh language.' 1B pp., typed, to appear in Languages of Sabah (q.v.1 1981 'Benedict Sandin, 1918-1982: A Biographical Memoir' reprinted fromThe Sarawak Museum Journal, Vol. XXIX, No. 'The Malayic language family.' I5 pp., typed, to appear in 50. Languagesof Sabah (q.v.1 Seavoy, RonaldE. 1983 "The Religious Motivation for Placer Diamond Mining in 'The Suluk language.' 17 pp., typed, to appear in Languagesof Southeastern Kalirnantan, Indonesia," Journal of Cultural * (q.v.1 Geography, Vol. 3, 55-60. Smith, KennethD. 'The Tidung language,' 21 pp., typed, to appear in Languages 'The languages of Sabah: a tentative lexico-statistical of Sabah (q.v.1 classification.' 88 pp., typed, to appear in Languagesof Sabah -- (q.v.1
'Language 'survey of Sabah: Conclusion.' 21 pp., typed to Spitzack, JohnA. appear'in Languagesof Sabah (q.v.) 'The Murutic languagefamily,; 108 pp., typed, to appear in Languagesof Sabah (q.v.) Pekkanen, Inka 'Verb tense-aspect in Tatana discourse.' 22 pp., typed, to appear in Discourse Studies in Selected Philippine 'The Eastern Kadazan language.' 19 pp., typed, to appear in MalaysianLanguages (S.I.L. philippin7 Languagesof Sabah (q.v.1
Pike, Evelyn - 1979 'Language considerationsin community development.' Paper 'The Kuijau Language,' 24 pp., typed, to appear in Languages presented at a Seminar"The Application of Linguistic Studies --of Sabah (q.v.1 to Sabah Cultures" in Kota Kinabalu, February 17, 1979; published in Sabah Museum AnnalsNo. 1, pp. 13-22. Walton, Janice and David C. Moody 'The East Coast Bajau language.' 17 pp., typed, to appear in Pike, Kenneth L. Languagesof Sabah (q.v.1 1979 'Notes on the academic program of the Summer Institute of Lingusitics around the world.' Paper presentedat a Seminar "The A~olicationof Lineuistic Stuides to Sabah Cultures" in Kota ~kabalu,~ebruary"17, 1979; published in Sabah Museum THE BORNEORESEARCH COUNCIL Annals No. I, pp. 1-12. The Borneo Research Council was founded in 1968 and its membership consistsof Fellows, an international group of scholars who are professionally engaged in research in Borneo. The goals of the Council