Výskyt Podkorních a Dřevokazných Druhů Hmyzu Na Ořešáku Černém

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Výskyt Podkorních a Dřevokazných Druhů Hmyzu Na Ořešáku Černém MENDELOVA UNIVERZITA V BRN Ě Lesnická a dřeva řská fakulta Ústav ochrany les ů a myslivosti Výskyt podkorních a d řevokazných druh ů hmyzu na ořešáku černém ( Juglans nigra L.) Diplomová práce Ak. rok 2014/2015 Bc. Petr Je řábek Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem práci Výskyt podkorních a d řevokazných druh ů hmyzu na o řešáku černém (Juglans nigra L.) zpracoval samostatn ě a veškeré použité prameny a informace uvádím v seznamu použité literatury. Souhlasím, aby moje práce byla zve řejn ěna v souladu s § 47b Zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách ve zn ění pozd ějších p ředpis ů a v souladu s platnou Sm ěrnicí o zve řej ňování vysokoškolských záv ěre čných prací. Jsem si v ědom, že se na moji práci vztahuje zákon č. 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, a že Mendelova univerzita v Brn ě má právo na uzav ření licen ční smlouvy a užití této práce jako školního díla podle §60 odst. 1 autorského zákona. Dále se zavazuji, že před sepsáním licen ční smlouvy o využití díla jinou osobou (subjektem) si vyžádám písemné stanovisko univerzity, že p ředm ětná licen ční smlouva není v rozporu s oprávn ěnými zájmy univerzity a zavazuji se uhradit případný p řísp ěvek na úhradu nákladu spojených se vznikem díla, a to až do jejich skute čné výše. V Brn ě, dne:........................................ podpis studenta Pod ěkování Tímto bych rád pod ěkoval vedoucímu této práce prof. Ing. Otakaru Holušovi, Ph.D. et Ph.D. za trp ělivost, za velkou ochotu a spolupráci p ři terénních pracích a za umožn ění p řevozu materiálu do laborato ře. Dále bych cht ěl pod ěkovat konzultantovi Mgr. Josefovi Kašákovi za ochotu p ři determinaci materiálu. Dále bych cht ěl také pod ěkovat svému spolužákovi R. Szabovi za zap ůjčení literatury. V neposlední řad ě bych cht ěl také pod ěkovat svým rodi čů m za umožn ění studia a jejich morální podporu. PETR JE ŘÁBEK VÝSKYT PODKORNÍCH A DŘEVOKAZNÝCH DRUH Ů HMYZU NA O ŘEŠÁKU ČERNÉM ( JUGLANS NIGRA L.) Presence the bark and wood boring species of insects on black walnut ( Juglans nigra L.) Abstrakt Cílem této práce bylo pomocí fotoeklektorové metody na pokácených vzornících na Lesním závodu Židlochovice na lokalit ě Soutok zjistit druhy podkorního a dřevokazného hmyzu na d řevin ě o řešáku černém ( Juglans nigra L.). Vše v rámci jednoho roku. Reprezentativní vzorky z pokácených vzorník ů byly uloženy dle zvolených stromových sekcí do fotoeklektor ů v laboratorních podmínkách. Zde bylo zjišt ěno celkem 13 druh ů podkorního a d řevokazného hmyzu náležících do 8 čeledí. Z těchto bylo 6 druh ů dravých, vyskytujících se pod k ůrou p řevážn ě v larválním stadiu. Vážn ější hrozbou by mohl být jen druh Xylosandrus germanus Blandford nebo zjišt ěné druhy z čeledi Cerambycidae . Z výsledk ů plyne, že u o řešáku černého nehrozí v ětší poškození d řevní hmoty vlivem činnosti d řevokazného hmyzu. Klí čová slova: fotoeklektor, lesní závod Židlochovice, ořešák černý, podkorní a d řevokazný hmyz Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the presence of bark and wood-boring insects on black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) with photoeklektor method. The study was on a cut trees at the Forest enterprise Židlochovice, location Soutok. All over one year. Representative samples of cut trees were deposited according to the selected tree sections into photoeklektors under laboratory conditions. There was found a total of 13 bark and wood-boring species of insects belonging to the 8 families. Of these was 6 species as prey, they was occurring under the bark predominantly in the larval stage. A more serious threat may be just from Xylosandrus germanus Blandford or identified species of the family Cerambycidae . The results showed, that timber of black walnut is therefore not in danger from the wood-boring species of insects. Key words: bark and wood boring insects, black walnut, forest enterprise Zidlochovice, photoeklektor OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ........................................................................................................................ 9 2. CÍL PRÁCE ............................................................................................................. 11 3. LITERÁRNÍ P ŘEHLED ......................................................................................... 12 3.1. Introdukce ........................................................................................................ 12 3.2. Ořešák černý ( Juglans nigra L.) ...................................................................... 12 3.2.1. Popis d řeviny ............................................................................................ 13 3.2.2. Areál p ůvodního rozší ření ........................................................................ 15 3.3. Historie výskytu o řešáku černého v ČR ........................................................... 16 3.4. Ořešák černý v ČR ........................................................................................... 17 3.5. Problematika geograficky nep ůvodních d řevin ............................................... 18 3.6. Další zástupci rodu o řešák ( Juglans sp .) v ČR ................................................ 20 3.7. Abioti čtí a bioti čtí činitelé p ůsobící na o řešák černý ....................................... 20 3.7.1. Abioti čtí činitelé ....................................................................................... 20 3.7.2. Bioti čtí činitelé .......................................................................................... 21 3.7.2.1. Živo čichové a vyšší rotliny ............................................................... 21 3.7.2.2. Choroby list ů a skvrnitost list ů .......................................................... 22 3.7.2.3. Sající hmyz a rozto či ......................................................................... 22 3.7.2.4. Rakovinová onemocn ění ................................................................... 23 3.7.2.5. Dřevokazné houby ............................................................................. 23 3.7.2.6. Listožravý hmyz ................................................................................ 24 3.7.2.7. Podkorní a d řevokazný hmyz ............................................................ 24 3.7.2.7.1. Floemofágní, kambiofágní a xylofágní hmyz ................................ 25 3.7.2.7.2. Ambróziový hmyz .......................................................................... 26 3.7.2.8. Podkorní a d řevokazný hmyz na o řešácích ....................................... 27 3.7.2.9. Podkorní a d řevokazný hmyz na d řevinách vyskytujících se s ořešákem černým ..................................................................................................... 29 3.7.2.9.1. Druhy podkorního a d řevokazného hmyzu na dubech ( Quercus spp.) ................................................................................................ 29 3.7.2.9.2. Druhy podkorního a d řevokazného hmyzu na jasanech ( Fraxinus spp.) ................................................................................................ 31 3.7.2.9.3. Druhy podkorního a d řevokazného hmyzu na topolech ( Populus spp.) ................................................................................................ 31 3.8. Pěstování o řešáku černého ............................................................................... 32 3.9. Dříví o řešáku černého ...................................................................................... 32 3.10. Toxicita O ŘČ ................................................................................................ 33 4. METODIKA ............................................................................................................ 34 4.1. Založení v terénu .............................................................................................. 35 4.2. Kontrola a pé če o hromady .............................................................................. 35 4.3. Kontrola líhnutí v terénu .................................................................................. 35 4.4. Kontrola líhnutí v laborato ři ............................................................................. 36 4.5. Determinace hmyzu ......................................................................................... 36 4.6. Stanovení objemu d říví a plochy k ůry ............................................................. 37 4.7. Stanovení dominance ....................................................................................... 37 5. CHARAKTERISTIKA OBLASTI VÝZKUMU .................................................... 38 5.1. Geomorfologické za člen ění oblasti .................................................................. 39 5.2. Biogeografie ..................................................................................................... 40 5.3. Klimatické pom ěry ........................................................................................... 40 6. VÝSLEDKY ............................................................................................................ 41 6.1. Výsledky v terénu ............................................................................................ 41 6.2. Výsledky v laborato ři ....................................................................................... 41 6.3. Popis druh ů podkorního a d řevokazného hmyzu zjišt ěných na o řešáku černém . .......................................................................................................................... 44 6.3.1. Kůrovec dubový ( Dryocoetes villosus F.) ...............................................
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