Award No. 1529 Docket No. 1387 2-MP-CM-'52
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Welding and Joining Guidelines
Welding and Joining Guidelines The HASTELLOY® and HAYNES® alloys are known for their good weldability, which is defined as the ability of a material to be welded and to perform satisfactorily in the imposed service environment. The service performance of the welded component should be given the utmost importance when determining a suitable weld process or procedure. If proper welding techniques and procedures are followed, high-quality welds can be produced with conventional arc welding processes. However, please be aware of the proper techniques for welding these types of alloys and the differences compared to the more common carbon and stainless steels. The following information should provide a basis for properly welding the HASTELLOY® and HAYNES® alloys. For further information, please consult the references listed throughout each section. It is also important to review any alloy- specific welding considerations prior to determining a suitable welding procedure. The most common welding processes used to weld the HASTELLOY® and HAYNES® alloys are the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW / “TIG”), gas metal arc welding (GMAW / “MIG”), and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW / “Stick”) processes. In addition to these common arc welding processes, other welding processes such plasma arc welding (PAW), resistance spot welding (RSW), laser beam welding (LBW), and electron beam welding (EBW) are used. Submerged arc welding (SAW) is generally discouraged as this process is characterized by high heat input to the base metal, which promotes distortion, hot cracking, and precipitation of secondary phases that can be detrimental to material properties and performance. The introduction of flux elements to the weld also makes it difficult to achieve a proper chemical composition in the weld deposit. -
Laser Beams a Novel Tool for Welding: a Review
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 8, Issue 6 Ver. III (Nov. - Dec. 2016), PP 08-26 www.iosrjournals.org Laser Beams A Novel Tool for Welding: A Review A Jayanthia,B, Kvenkataramananc, Ksuresh Kumard Aresearch Scholar, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India Bdepartment Of Physics, Jeppiaar Institute Of Technology, Chennai, India Cdepartment Of Physics, SCSVMV University, Kanchipuram, India Ddepartment Of Physics, P.T. Lee CNCET, Kanchipuram, India Abstract: Welding is an important joining process of industrial fabrication and manufacturing. This review article briefs the materials processing and welding by laser beam with its special characteristics nature. Laser augmented welding process offers main atvantages such as autogenous welding, welding of high thickness, dissimilar welding, hybrid laser welding, optical fibre delivery, remote laser welding, eco-friendly, variety of sources and their wide range of applications are highlighted. Significance of Nd: YAG laser welding and pulsed wave over continuous wave pattern on laser material processesare discussed. Influence of operating parameter of the laser beam for the welding process are briefed including optical fibre delivery and shielding gas during laser welding. Some insight gained in the study of optimization techniques of laser welding parameters to achieve good weld bead geometry and mechanical properties. Significance of laser welding on stainless steels and other materials such as Aluminium, Titanium, Magnesium, copper, etc…are discussed. I. INTRODUCTION Welding is the principal industrial process used for joining metals. As materials continue to be highly engineered in terms of metallic and metallurgical continuity, structural integrity and microstructure, hence, welding processes will become more important and more prominent. -
Metal Casting and Welding (17ME45A)
[METAL CASTING AND WELDING – 17M45-A] Metal Casting and Welding (17ME45A) Prepared by: Prof. Sachin S Pande Dept of Mechanical Engineering, SECAB I E T-586109 Page 1 [METAL CASTING AND WELDING – 17M35-A] METAL CASTING AND WELDING [AS PER CHOICE ASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) SCHEME] SEMESTER – III Subject Code 17 ME 35 A IA Marks 20 Number of Lecture Hrs / Week 04 Exam Marks 80 Total Number of Lecture Hrs 50 Exam Hours 03 CREDITS – 04 COURSE OBJECTIVE 1) To provide detailed information about the moulding processes. 2) To provide knowledge of various casting process in manufacturing. 3) To impart knowledge of various joining process used in manufacturing. 4) To provide adequate knowledge of quality test methods conducted on welded and casted components. MODULE -1 INTRODUCTION & BASIC MATERIALS USED IN FOUNDRY Introduction: Definition, Classification of manufacturing processes. Metals cast in the foundry-classification, factors that determine the selection of a casting alloy. Introduction to casting process & steps involved. Patterns: Definition, classification, materials used for pattern, various pattern allowances and their importance. Sand molding: Types of base sand, requirement of base sand. Binder, Additives definition, need and types Preparation of sand molds: Molding machines- Jolt type, squeeze type and Sand slinger. Study of important molding process: Green sand, core sand, dry sand, sweep mold, CO2 mold, shell mold, investment mold, plaster mold, cement bonded mold.Cores: Definition, need, types. Method of making cores, concept of gating (top, bottom, parting line, horn gate) and risering (open, blind) Functions and types. 10 hours MODULE -2 MELTING & METAL MOLD CASTING METHODS Melting furnaces: Classification of furnaces, Gas fired pit furnace, Resistance furnace, Coreless induction furnace, electric arc furnace, constructional features & working principle of cupola furnace. -
Effect of Corrosion Protection Method on Properties of RSW and RFSSW Lap Joints Applied in Production of Thin-Walled Aerostructu
materials Article Effect of Corrosion Protection Method on Properties of RSW and RFSSW Lap Joints Applied in Production of Thin-Walled Aerostructures Agata Dudek 1 , Jacek Andres 2,*, Agata Wro ´nska 2 and Waldemar Łogin 2 1 Department of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-218 Czestochowa, Poland; [email protected] 2 Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze Sp. z o.o.A Lockheed Martin Company, 39-300 Mielec, Poland; [email protected] (A.W.); [email protected] (W.Ł.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 March 2020; Accepted: 8 April 2020; Published: 14 April 2020 Abstract: Aluminum structures, and in particular an element of aerostructures, are strongly exposed to the effects of weather conditions. In the case of using new techniques of joining these structural elements, the selection of proper corrosion protection without losing the required properties of the joint may determine its potential application. This paper presents the results of experimental research concerning the influence of corrosion protection on the microstructure and mechanical strength of resistance spot welded (RSW) and refill friction stir spot welded (RFSSW) joints. The tests were carried out on 2024 T3 aluminum alloy, both sides alcladed. For comparison purposes, the following joints were welded: without any protection, with the primer layer, with anodic oxide coating, and with anodic oxide coating plus sealant between the overlapping surface of the welded metal sheet. The samples were visually inspected, and metallographic and mechanical strength examination was conducted. The test results indicate that the application of the protective layers and its type have an impact on the strength of RSW and RFSSW joints. -
Ch7 Welding Processes.Pdf
ME 410: Casting and Welding Engineering Welding processes Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Dept. Importance of joining Wide use in manufacture Occurs late in manufacturing process Large number of practitioners Cost is high proportion of manufactured item Risk and cost of defective welds is high Science is complex Overview of joining methods Mechanical methods Screwed fasteners, rivets, crimp or snap locks Adhesive bonding Brazing and Soldering Base metal does not fuse. Molten filler drawn into close-fit joints by capillary action (surface tension forces). Brazing filler melts >450˚C, solder <450˚C Welding Weld A joint produced by heat or pressure or both so there is continuity of material. Filler (if used) has a melting temperature similar to the base material Welding processes Fusion welding Welding in the liquid state with no pressure Union is by molten metal bridging Solid phase welding Carried out below the melting point without filler additions Pressure often used Allied processes Thermal cutting Oxyfuel gas, plasma, laser cutting Gouging Air-arc, plasma, oxyfuel gas Surfacing Powder and arc spray coating Clad welding, hardfacing Solid phase welding Hot processes Forge welding Friction welding Diffusion bonding Cold processes Ultrasonic welding Explosive welding Fusion welding Intense energy source melts base metal locally Energy density 0.001 W/cm2 to 1 MW/cm2 Energy source may be stationary or move at a constant speed Filler metal From electrode Independently added filler No filler (autogenous -
Electrode Geometry Resistance Spot Welding
A WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT TO THE WELDING JOURNAL, FEBRUARY 1990 Sponsored by the American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council - - All papers published in the Welding Journal's Welding Research Supplement undergo Peer Review before publication for: 1) originality of the contribution; 2) technical value to the welding community; 3) prior publication of the material being reviewed; 4) proper credit to others working in the same area; and 5) justification of the conclusions, based on the work performed. The names of the more than 170 individuals serving on the AWS Peer Review Panel are published periodically. All are experts in specific technical areas, and all are volunteers in the program. Electrode Geometry Resistance Spot Welding Ma thema tical model predicts current distribution as a function of electrode geometry BY R. J. BOWERS, C. D. SORENSEN AND T. W. EAGAR ABSTRACT. The effect of electrode ge- tance to the industry is the resistance The roles of welding parameters such as ometry on current distribution has been welding of various galvanized sheet steel upslope, preheat and weld time also have investigated. A mathematical mode! was products, which have become established been analyzed to determine their effects developed to evaluate current distribu- for use in automotive manufacture due to on weldability. Aspects of the electrode tion in both truncated cone (TC) and pim- their corrosion resistance. However, this itself, such as material (Ref. 1) and geom- ple-tipped (PT) electrodes. Electrode life increased corrosion protection is offset by etry (Ref. 2), have been studied as well. and lobe curve tests were conducted to the increased difficulty of welding galva- Friedman and McCauley (Ref. -
Effects of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding Parameters on Penetration and Microstructure Characterization of a DP1000 Steel Butt Joint
metals Article Effects of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding Parameters on Penetration and Microstructure Characterization of a DP1000 Steel Butt Joint Xin Xue 1,2, António B. Pereira 2 ID , José Amorim 2 and Juan Liao 1,* 1 School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] (A.B.P.); [email protected] (J.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0591-2286-6793 Received: 13 June 2017; Accepted: 27 July 2017; Published: 1 August 2017 Abstract: Of particular importance and interest are the effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam welding parameters on penetration and microstructure characterization of DP1000 butt joint, which is widely used in the automotive industry nowadays. Some key experimental technologies including pre-welding sample preparation and optimization design of sample fixture for a sufficient shielding gas flow are performed to ensure consistent and stable testing. The weld quality can be influenced by several process factors, such as laser beam power, pulse duration, overlap, spot diameter, pulse type, and welding velocity. The results indicate that these key process parameters have a significant effect on the weld penetration. Meanwhile, the fusion zone of butt joints exhibits obviously greater hardness than the base metal and heat affected zone of butt joints. Additionally, the volume fraction of martensite of dual-phase steel plays a considerable effect on the hardness and the change of microstructure characterization of the weld joint. -
Boilermaking Manual. INSTITUTION British Columbia Dept
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 246 301 CE 039 364 TITLE Boilermaking Manual. INSTITUTION British Columbia Dept. of Education, Victoria. REPORT NO ISBN-0-7718-8254-8. PUB DATE [82] NOTE 381p.; Developed in cooperation with the 1pprenticeship Training Programs Branch, Ministry of Labour. Photographs may not reproduce well. AVAILABLE FROMPublication Services Branch, Ministry of Education, 878 Viewfield Road, Victoria, BC V9A 4V1 ($10.00). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner) (OW EARS PRICE MFOI Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EARS. DESCRIPTORS Apprenticeships; Blue Collar Occupations; Blueprints; *Construction (Process); Construction Materials; Drafting; Foreign Countries; Hand Tools; Industrial Personnel; *Industrial Training; Inplant Programs; Machine Tools; Mathematical Applications; *Mechanical Skills; Metal Industry; Metals; Metal Working; *On the Job Training; Postsecondary Education; Power Technology; Quality Control; Safety; *Sheet Metal Work; Skilled Occupations; Skilled Workers; Trade and Industrial Education; Trainees; Welding IDENTIFIERS *Boilermakers; *Boilers; British Columbia ABSTRACT This manual is intended (I) to provide an information resource to supplement the formal training program for boilermaker apprentices; (2) to assist the journeyworker to build on present knowledge to increase expertise and qualify for formal accreditation in the boilermaking trade; and (3) to serve as an on-the-job reference with sound, up-to-date guidelines for all aspects of the trade. The manual is organized into 13 chapters that cover the following topics: safety; boilermaker tools; mathematics; material, blueprint reading and sketching; layout; boilershop fabrication; rigging and erection; welding; quality control and inspection; boilers; dust collection systems; tanks and stacks; and hydro-electric power development. Each chapter contains an introduction and information about the topic, illustrated with charts, line drawings, and photographs. -
1. Exposure Data
1. EXPOSURE DATA 1.1 Description of major welding are used as part of the welding process (e.g. the processes and materials shielding gas) (ISO, 2009). While there are many welding processes Welding is a broad term for the process routinely employed in occupational settings, the of joining metals through coalescence (AWS, most common arc welding processes are manual 2010). Welding techniques tend to be broadly metal arc (MMA, ISO No. 111), gas metal arc classified as arc welding or gas welding. Arc (GMA, ISO No. 13), flux-cored arc (FCA, ISO Nos welding uses electricity to generate an arc, 114 and 136), gas tungsten arc (GTA, ISO No. 14), whereas gas or oxyfuel welding (ISO 4063:2009 and submerged arc (SA, ISO No. 12) (Table 1.2 process numbers 3, 31, 311, 312, and 313) uses fuel and Table 1.3). Electric resistance welding (ER, gases such as acetylene or hydrogen to generate ISO Nos 21 and 22) is also commonly used for spot heat. Welding results in concurrent exposures or seam welding, and uses electric currents and including welding fumes, gases, and ionizing force to generate heat. In occupational settings, and non-ionizing radiation, and coexposures these processes are most commonly used to weld from other sources such as asbestos and solvents mild steel (MS, low carbon) or stainless steel (SS). (Table 1.1). Flame cutting (ISO No. 81), the process of using Welding fumes are produced when metals oxygen (O) and a fuel to cut a metal, is a closely are heated above their melting point, vapourize related process that is often grouped occupation- and condense into fumes. -
Effects of Refill Friction Stir Spot Weld Spacing and Edge Margin on Mechanical Properties of Multi-Spot-Welded Panels
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing Article Effects of Refill Friction Stir Spot Weld Spacing and Edge Margin on Mechanical Properties of Multi-Spot-Welded Panels Guruvignesh Lakshmi Balasubramaniam 1, Enkhsaikhan Boldsaikhan 1,* , Shintaro Fukada 2, Mitsuo Fujimoto 2 and Kenichi Kamimuki 3 1 Industrial, Systems & Manufacturing Engineering Department, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA; [email protected] 2 Corporate Technology Division, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., Akashi, Hyogo 673-8666, Japan; [email protected] (S.F.); [email protected] (M.F.) 3 Aerospace Division, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., Kakamigahara, Gifu 504-8710, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-316-978-6323 Received: 30 April 2020; Accepted: 2 June 2020; Published: 7 June 2020 Abstract: Refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) is an emerging technology for joining aerospace aluminum alloys. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of the refill friction stir spot weld spacing and the edge margin on the mechanical properties of multi-spot-welded AA7075-T6 panels. AA7075-T6 is a baseline aerospace aluminum alloy used in aircraft structures. The study employs an innovative robotic RFSSW system that is designed and developed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI). The experimental strategy uses Design of Experiments (DoE) to characterize the failure loads of multi-spot-welded panels in terms of the spot weld spacing, edge margin, and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the spot weld. The RFSSW process leaves behind a thermal “imprint” as HAZ in heat-treatable aluminum alloys. According to the DoE results, larger spot weld spacings with no HAZ overlap produce higher failure loads of multi-spot-welded panels. -
Owen Submachine Gun.Nomination
Nomination of OWEN SUBMACHINE GUN for an Engineering Heritage National Marker Owen Gun Mark 1/42 - skeleton stock, cooling fins on barrel source gunshows.com.nz Owen Gun Mark 1/43 - wooden stock, camouflage finish by Doug Boleyn Engineering Heritage Sydney January 2017 Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 2 2. Nomination Letter 4 3. Nomination Support Information Basic Data 5 4. Basic History 8 5. Engineering Heritage Assessment 11 6. Interpretation Plan 14 7. References & Acknowledgements 15 Appendices 1. Statement of Support for Engineering Heritage Recognition 16 2. History Time Line of the Owen Submachine Gun 17 3. Photos of the Owen Submachine Gun and other submachine guns used 28 in World War 2 4. Drawings of the Owen Submachine Gun 34 5. Statistics of the various models of the Owen Gun and Comparison Table 35 6. Biographies of Companies and People Associated with the Owen Gun 39 7. Glossary Terminology and Imperial Unit Conversions 44 8. Author's Assessment of Engineering Heritage Significance Check List 45 Rev 05 01 17 Page 1 1. Introduction. The Owen submachine gun [SMG] (1) that bears its designer's name was the only weapon of World War 2 used by Australian troops that was wholly designed and manufactured in Australia. Conceptually designed by Evelyn Owen, a committed young inventor, the concept was further developed to production stage by Gerard Wardell Chief Engineer Lysaght's Newcastle Works Pty Limited - Port Kembla Branch (2) [Lysaghts] with the assistance of Evelyn Owen ( and Fred Kunzler a Lysaght employee who had been a gunsmith in his native Switzerland. -
Crackin G in Spot Welding Aluminum Alloy AA5754 Cracking and Its Mechanisms During the Resistance Spot Welding of Aluminum Alloys Are Analyzed
Crackin g in Spot Welding Aluminum Alloy AA5754 Cracking and its mechanisms during the resistance spot welding of aluminum alloys are analyzed BY J. SENKARA AND H. ZHANG ABSTRACT. The phenomenon of crack- technique in auto-body assembly, resis- during spot welding. Toyota reported so- ing was observed during resistance spot tance spot welding is used for joining alu- lidification failure in the nugget or liqua- welding a commercial aluminum alloy minum parts, as it has been used for steel. tion cracking in the heat-affected zone AA5754, and mechanisms of cracking The nonheat-treatable AI-Mg alloys (HAZ) for one of the 5000 series alloys and healing are discussed in this paper. (5000 series) in sheet product form are containing above 5 wt-% Mg (Ref. 13). Metallographic study of welded coupons among the most promising aluminum They observed cracking under a wide revealed cracks located on only one side materials, and among them, AA5754 has range of welding parameters and sug- of a weldment in the heat-affected zone been developed especially for the auto- gested that preheating or increasing (HAZ), with respect to the welding se- motive industry. The optimized magne- welding time may decrease thermal quence. Cracks are visible from longitu- sium content in the alloy assures satis- stresses and therefore decrease cracking dinal cross sections only. Some of them factory mechanical properties and low tendency. The possibility of cracking was are partially or fully filled. Crack appear- susceptibility to stress corrosion crack- also indirectly implicated in spot welding ance and orientation are fairly repeatable ing. The AA5754 alloy has good forma- AA5754 by Thornton, et al.