DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction to Cryostat Design J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction to Cryostat Design J IntroductionIntroduction ToTo CryostatCryostat DesignDesign J. G. Weisend II National Science Foundation SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory CourseCourse GoalsGoals ProvideProvide anan introductionintroduction toto cryostatcryostat designdesign ExamineExamine cryostatscryostats asas integratedintegrated systemssystems ratherrather thenthen aa groupgroup ofof subsystemssubsystems ProvideProvide backgroundbackground informationinformation andand usefuluseful datadata ProvideProvide pointerspointers toto resourcesresources forfor moremore detaildetail ShowShow examplesexamples Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 2 SyllabusSyllabus IntroductionIntroduction CryostatCryostat RequirementsRequirements MaterialsMaterials SelectionSelection ThermalThermal IsolationIsolation andand HeatHeat LeakLeak StructuresStructures SafetySafety InstrumentationInstrumentation Seals,Seals, FeedFeed throughsthroughs andand BayonetsBayonets TransferTransfer LinesLines ExamplesExamples ReferencesReferences andand ResourcesResources Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 3 IntroductionIntroduction WhatWhat isis aa cryostat?cryostat? AA devicedevice oror systemsystem forfor maintainingmaintaining objectsobjects atat cryogeniccryogenic temperatures.temperatures. CryostatsCryostats whosewhose principalprincipal functionfunction isis toto storestore cryogeniccryogenic fluidsfluids areare frequentlyfrequently calledcalled DewarsDewars.. NamedNamed afterafter thethe inventorinventor ofof thethe vacuumvacuum flaskflask andand thethe firstfirst personperson toto liquefyliquefy hydrogenhydrogen Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 4 WhichWhich BringsBrings UsUs toto aa LimerickLimerick ““SirSir JamesJames DewarDewar isis aa betterbetter manman thanthan youyou areare NoneNone ofof youyou assesasses cancan liquefyliquefy gassesgasses”” Anon.Anon. Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 5 IntroductionIntroduction CryostatsCryostats areare oneone ofof thethe technicaltechnical buildingbuilding blocksblocks ofof cryogenicscryogenics ThereThere areare manymany differentdifferent typestypes ofof cryostatscryostats withwith differingdiffering requirementsrequirements TheThe basicbasic principlesprinciples ofof cryostatcryostat designdesign remainremain thethe samesame BeforeBefore wewe cancan dodo anythinganything elseelse wewe havehave toto definedefine ourour requirementsrequirements Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 6 E158E158 LHLH2 2 TargetTarget CryostatCryostat Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 7 CryostatCryostat RequirementsRequirements MaximumMaximum allowableallowable heatheat leakleak atat variousvarious temperaturetemperature levelslevels This may be driven by the number of cryostats to be built as well as by the impact of large dynamic heat loads (SCRF or target cryostats) AlignmentAlignment andand vibrationvibration requirementsrequirements Impact of thermal cycles Need to adjust alignment when cold or under vacuum? Alignment tolerances can be quite tight (TESLA : +/- 0.5 mm for cavities and +/- 0.3 mm for SC magnets) Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 8 CryostatCryostat RequirementsRequirements NumberNumber ofof feedfeed throughsthroughs forfor power,power, instrumentation,instrumentation, cryogeniccryogenic fluidfluid flows,flows, externalexternal manipulatorsmanipulators SafetySafety requirementsrequirements (relief(relief valves/burstvalves/burst discs)discs) Design safety in from the start. Not as an add on SizeSize andand weightweight Particularly important in space systems InstrumentationInstrumentation requiredrequired Difference between prototype and mass production Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 9 CryostatCryostat RequirementsRequirements EaseEase ofof accessaccess toto cryostatcryostat componentscomponents ExistingExisting codecode requirementsrequirements (e.g.(e.g. TUVTUV oror ASME)ASME) Need,Need, ifif any,any, forfor opticaloptical windowswindows PresencePresence ofof ionizingionizing radiationradiation ExpectedExpected cryostatcryostat lifelife timetime WillWill thisthis bebe aa oneone ofof aa kindkind devicedevice oror somethingsomething toto bebe massmass produced?produced? Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 10 CryostatCryostat RequirementsRequirements ScheduleSchedule andand CostCost ThisThis shouldshould bebe consideredconsidered fromfrom thethe beginningbeginning AllAll DesignDesign isis CompromiseCompromise Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 11 MaterialMaterial SelectionSelection MaterialMaterial propertiesproperties changechange significantlysignificantly withwith temperature.temperature. TheseThese changeschanges mustmust bebe allowedallowed forfor inin thethe design.design. ManyMany materialsmaterials areare unsuitableunsuitable forfor cryogeniccryogenic use.use. MaterialMaterial selectionselection mustmust alwaysalways bebe donedone carefully.carefully. TestingTesting maymay bebe required.required. Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 12 MaterialMaterial SelectionSelection Some suitable materials for cryogenic use include: Austenitic stainless steels e.g. 304, 304L, 316, 321 Aluminum alloys e.g. 6061, 6063, 1100 Copper e.g. OFHC, ETP and phosphorous deoxidized Brass Fiber reinforced plastics such as G –10 and G –11 Niobium & Titanium (frequently used in superconducting RF systems) Invar (Ni /Fe alloy) useful in making washers due to its lower coefficient of expansion Indium (used as an O ring material) Kapton and Mylar (used in Multilayer Insulation and as electrical insulation Quartz (used in windows) Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 13 MaterialMaterial SelectionSelection UnsuitableUnsuitable materialsmaterials include:include: Martensitic stainless steels Undergoes ductile to brittle transition when cooled down. Cast Iron – also becomes brittle Carbon steels – also becomes brittle. Sometimes used in 300 K vacuum vessels but care must be taken that breaks in cryogenic lines do not cause the vacuum vessels to cool down and fail. Rubber, Teflon and most plastics although plastic insulated wires are frequently OK as long as the wire is not repeatedly flexed which could lead to cracking of the insulation. Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 14 ThermalThermal ExpansivityExpansivity LargeLarge amountsamounts ofof contractioncontraction cancan occuroccur whenwhen materialsmaterials areare cooledcooled toto cryogeniccryogenic temperatures.temperatures. PointsPoints toto consider:consider: ImpactImpact onon alignmentalignment DevelopmentDevelopment ofof interferencesinterferences oror gapsgaps duedue toto dissimilardissimilar materialsmaterials IncreasedIncreased strainstrain andand possiblepossible failurefailure ImpactImpact onon wiringwiring MostMost contractioncontraction occursoccurs aboveabove 7777 KK Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 15 ThermalThermal ExpansivityExpansivity αα=1/L=1/L ((δδL/L/δδTT)) ResultsResults fromfrom anharmonicanharmonic componentcomponent inin thethe potentialpotential ofof thethe latticelattice vibrationvibration Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 16 ThermalThermal ExpansivityExpansivity α goes to 0 at 0 slope as T approaches 0 K α is T independent at higher temperatures For practical work the integral thermal contraction is more useful Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 17 IntegralIntegral ThermalThermal ContractionContraction Material ΔL / L ( 300 – 100 ) ΔL / L ( 100 – 4 ) Stainless Steel 296 x 10 -5 35 x 10 –5 Copper 326 x 10 -5 44 x 10 -5 Aluminum 415 x 10 -5 47 x 10 -5 Iron 198 x 10 -5 18 x 10 -5 Invar 40 x 10 -5 - Brass 340 x 10 –5 57 x 10 -5 Epoxy/ Fiberglass 279 x 10 –5 47 x 10 -5 Titanium 134 x 10 -5 17 x 10 -5 Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 18 IntegralIntegral ThermalThermal ContractionContraction RoughlyRoughly speakingspeaking MetalsMetals –– 0.5%0.5% oror lessless PolymersPolymers –– 1.51.5 –– 3%3% SomeSome amorphousamorphous materialsmaterials havehave 00 oror eveneven negativenegative thermalthermal contractioncontraction Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 19 HeatHeat CapacityCapacity oror SpecificSpecific HeatHeat ofof SolidsSolids CC == dU/dTdU/dT oror Q/Q/mmΔΔTT InIn general,general, atat cryogeniccryogenic temperatures,temperatures, CC decreasesdecreases rapidlyrapidly withwith decreasingdecreasing temperature.temperature. ThisThis hashas 22 importantimportant effects:effects: SystemsSystems coolcool downdown fasterfaster asas theythey getget coldercolder AtAt cryogeniccryogenic temperatures,temperatures, smallsmall heatheat leaksleaks maymay causecause largelarge temperaturetemperature risesrises Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II 11/10/2008 ICEC 2008 20 SpecificSpecific HeatHeat ofof SolidsSolids WhereWhere isis thethe heatheat storedstored ?? LatticeLattice vibrationsvibrations ElectronsElectrons (metals)(metals) TheThe explanationexplanation ofof thethe temperaturetemperature dependencedependence ofof thethe specificspecific heatheat ofof solidssolids waswas anan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction to Cryostat Design
    Introduction to Cryostat Design J. G. Weisend II July 2014 Course Goals Provide an introduction to cryostat design Examine cryostats as integrated systems rather then a group of subsystems Provide background information and useful data Provide pointers to resources for more detail Show examples Introduction to Cryostat Design 7/7/14 2 J. G. Weisend II ICEC 2014 Syllabus Introduction Cryostat Requirements Materials Selection Thermal Isolation and Heat Leak Structures Safety Instrumentation Seals, Feed throughs and Bayonets Transfer Lines Examples References and Resources Introduction to Cryostat Design 7/7/14 3 J. G. Weisend II ICEC 2014 Introduction What is a cryostat? A device or system for maintaining objects at cryogenic temperatures. Cryostats whose principal function is to store cryogenic fluids are frequently called Dewars. Named after the inventor of the vacuum flask and the first person to liquefy hydrogen Introduction to Cryostat Design 7/7/14 4 J. G. Weisend II ICEC 2014 Introduction Cryostats are one of the technical building blocks of cryogenics There are many different types of cryostats with differing requirements The basic principles of cryostat design remain the same Before we can do anything else we have to define our requirements Introduction to Cryostat Design 7/7/14 5 J. G. Weisend II ICEC 2014 E158 LH2 Target Cryostat Introduction to Cryostat Design 7/7/14 6 J. G. Weisend II ICEC 2014 Cryostat Requirements Maximum allowable heat leak at various temperature levels This may be driven by the number of cryostats to be built as well as by the impact of large dynamic heat loads (SCRF or target cryostats) Alignment and vibration requirements Impact of thermal cycles Need to adjust alignment when cold or under vacuum? Alignment tolerances can be quite tight (TESLA : +/‐ 0.5 mm for cavities and +/‐ 0.3 mm for SC magnets) Introduction to Cryostat Design 7/7/14 7 J.
    [Show full text]
  • Versatile Cryogen-Free Cryostat for the Electromagnetic Characterization Of
    Saniour et al. EPJ Techniques and Instrumentation (2020) 7:3 EPJ Techniques and https://doi.org/10.1140/epjti/s40485-020-00055-2 Instrumentation RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Versatile cryogen-free cryostat for the electromagnetic characterization of superconducting radiofrequency coils Isabelle Saniour1*† , Michel Geahel1,2,3†, Javier Briatico2, Cornelis J. van der Beek3,4, Georges Willoquet1, Laurène Jourdain1, Bertrand Baudouy5, Gilles Authelet5, Jean-Christophe Ginefri1, Luc Darrasse1 and Marie Poirier-Quinot1 * Correspondence: isabelle.saniour@ universite-paris-saclay.fr Abstract Isabelle Saniour and Michel Geahel are Co-first authors. The use of high temperature superconducting (HTS) radio frequency (RF) coils in †Isabelle Saniour and Michel Geahel Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) contributed equally to this work. in many biomedical applications and particularly in micro-MRI. However, a detailed 1Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Orsay, France understanding of the electrical behavior of HTS coils is important in order to Full list of author information is optimize their performance through MR experiments. This paper presents a simple available at the end of the article and versatile cryogen-free cryostat designed to characterize the RF properties of HTS coils prior to their use in MRI. The cryostat can be used at temperatures from 50 K to 300 K, with a control precision of approximately 3 mK at 70 K, and can measure the RF electrical power transmitted to an HTS coil over a range from 1 μW to 10 W. The quality factor and resonance frequency of the tested HTS coil are determined as a function of the temperature and the power it dissipates.
    [Show full text]
  • New Target Cryostat for Experiments with Negative Muons
    ! XJ9900001 OBbEflMHEHHbM MHCTMTYT flflEPHbIX MCCJlEflOBAHMM flyoHa D13-98-146 V.F.Boreiko, V.M.Bystritsky, V.I.Datskov, A.N.Fedorov, V.N.Pavlov, V.A.Stolupin, A.Del Rosso1, R.Jacot-Guillarmod1, F.Mulhauser1, L.A.Rivkis2 NEW TARGET CRYOSTAT FOR EXPERIMENTS WITH NEGATIVE MUONS Submitted to «Nuclear Instruments and Methods* 'institute of Physics, University of Fribourg, Switzerland 2A.A.Bochvar All-Russia Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, Moscow, Russia 30-07 1998 Introduction The study of processes yielding charge nonsymmetric muonic molecules like pxZ (z = p,d,t and Z = He, Li, Be) and nuclear fusion started about fifteen years ago. Theoretical and experimental interest have increased these past five years [1-13]. Due to some experimental difficulties, the muon catalyzed fusion (pCF ) is essentially measured in deuterium-helium mixtures. The nuclear fusion from the charge nonsymmetric molecule pd 3He may occur via two different channels, pd3He -4 a + p(14.7 MeV) + p (1) -4 psLi +7(16.4 MeV), (2) whereas the pd4He molecule fuses via a single channel pd*He -4 p6U + 7(1.48 MeV). (3) The proposed apparatus should be able to easily detect those fusion products. In addition, the 6.85 keV soft X rays resulting form the decay of the pd4He and pd3He molecules should be measured, as well as the muon decay electrons. The detection of so many different types of particles, with totally different paths in matter, is a non-trivial constraint in the design of the apparatus. The different processes which occur when a muon enters a deuterium-helium mix­ ture are strongly dependent on the mixture density.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Fabrication of the 1.9 K Magnet Test Fa- Cility at BNL, and Test of the First 4 M-Long MQXF Coil
    Mon-Af-Po1.01-05 1 Design and Fabrication of the 1.9 K Magnet Test Fa- cility at BNL, and Test of the First 4 m-Long MQXF Coil J. Muratore, M. Anerella, P. Joshi, P. Kovach, A. Marone, P. Wanderer Abstract— The future high luminosity upgrade of the Large Had- vertical superconducting magnet test facility of the SMD at ron Collider (LHC) at CERN will include twenty 4.2 m-long BNL has been upgraded to perform testing in superfluid He at Nb3Sn high gradient quadrupole magnets which will be compo- 1.9 K and 1 bar, the operational condition at the LHC. This nents of the triplets for two LHC insertion regions. In order to test these and four pre-production models, the vertical supercon- has involved extensive modifications of the 40-year old, 4.5 K ducting magnet test facility of the Superconducting Magnet Divi- cryogenics plant and vertical test facility at the SMD. These sion (SMD) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has been upgrades include new piping, compressors, and other critical upgraded to perform testing in superfluid He at 1.9 K and 1 bar, components; a new vertical test cryostat with a top plate and the operational condition at the LHC. This has involved extensive hanging fixture which can accept larger diameter and longer modification of the 4.5 K cryogenics plant, including piping, magnets, up to an actual length of 5 m; a 1.9 K heat exchang- compressors, and other upgraded components; a new vertical test cryostat which can accept larger diameter magnets; a modern- er; a newly designed warm bore tube; and a lambda plate de- ized power supply system upgraded with IGBT switches and fast signed with a novel sealing scheme to provide for both shutoff capability, and that can supply 24 kA to test high field strength and minimum heat loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryostat Design
    Published by CERN in the Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School: Superconductivity for Accelerators, Erice, Italy, 24 April – 4 May 2013, edited by R. Bailey, CERN–2014–005 (CERN, Geneva, 2014) Cryostat Design V. Parma1 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This paper aims to give non-expert engineers and scientists working in the domain of accelerators a general introduction to the main disciplines and technologies involved in the design and construction of accelerator cryostats. Far from being an exhaustive coverage of these topics, an attempt is made to provide simple design and calculation rules for a preliminary design of cryostats. Recurrent reference is made to the Large Hadron Collider magnet cryostats, as most of the material presented is taken from their design and construction at CERN. Keywords: superconductivity, cryogenics, vacuum, heat transfer, MLI, construction technologies. 1 Introduction The term cryostat (from the Greek word κρύο meaning cold, and stat meaning static or stable) is generally employed to describe any container housing devices or fluids kept at very low temperatures; the notion of ‘very low temperature’ generally refers to temperatures that are well below those encountered naturally on Earth, typically below 120 K. The very first cryostats were used in the pioneering years of cryogenics as containers for liquefied gases. The invention of the first performing cryostats is generally attributed to Sir James Dewar (Fig. 1), and hence cryostats containing cryogenic fluids are nowadays also called dewars. In 1897 Dewar used silver-plated double-walled glass containers to collect the first liquefied hydrogen. Even though the heat transfer phenomena were not well mastered during his époque, Dewar understood the benefits of thermal insulation by vacuum pumping the double-walled envelope, as well as shielding thermal radiation by silver-plating the glass walls.
    [Show full text]
  • HELIUM-3 for Researchers CIA CRYO Industries of America, Inc
    26 years of making cryogenics HELIUM-3 for Researchers www.cryoindustries.com CIA CRYO Industries of America, Inc. He-3 Cryostats - Sample in vacuum or top loading into vapor/liquid • Lowest base temperature due to advanced synthetic charcoal technology • Versatile 3-way charcoal sorb cooling system for lowest vibration and sub cooling • Flex circuits for quick & easy wire installation/removal and automatic thermal anchoring • Can be integrated into our high efficiency optical & non-optical cryostats, superconducting magnet systems, storage (transport) dewars or into your existing system. Helium-3 Introduction The basic principles of He3 inserts are indicated by the following three steps, 1,2,3. Warm the charcoal to release the adsorbed He3 gas which is then condensed by the 1 K POT. The 1liquid helium-3 collects in the He-3 pot, cooling the sample. Lowering the charcoal temperature to 4 K cryopumps the liquid He3 lowering its temperature . The isotope He3 is used instead of He4 because it does not exhibit film creep and a lower pressure can be 2reached (lower pressure means lower temperature). 3Collect the He3 gas back into the sorb and reuse - over and over and over again. He-3 gas He-3 gas in sorb back in sorb No gas left in charcoal sorb 1 K POT Condensing Pumped He-4 surfaces He-3 pot (empty) Liquid He-3 He-3 pot Sample mount (full) (empty) - 2 - Advanced Sorb Technology New charcoal technology provides for the higher pumping speeds - needed to cool the sample to less than 260 mK. 1200 Cooling Power Versus Temperature 1000 He-3 (SV std) W) μ 800 Screenshot taken during actual test of cryostat no.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION to LABORATORY CRYOGENICS M.N. Jirmanus, Ph.D
    INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY CRYOGENICS By M.N. Jirmanus, Ph.D. Janis Research Company, Inc. 2 Jewel Drive Wilmington, MA 01887 Tel: (978) 657·8750 Fax: (978) 658·0349 .' Preface This work is meant for scientists, students, and laboratory personnel who have had little or no experience in cryogenics. It concentrates primarily on cryogenic systems that are commercially available for operation between 1.5 K and 300 K (room temperature). For those users who want to design and build their own equipment, or who are interested in a more detailed analysis of cryogenic systems, a number of excellent references are listed at the end of this booklet. The first section discusses the vacuum requirements for laboratory dewars and variable temperature cryostats. This is followed by a section on liquid helium and liquid nitrogen dewars, and another section on variable temperature cryostats. The next section concentrates on superconducting magnets that are combined with variable temperature cryostats for laboratory experiments, requiring relatively large magnetic fields. section five describes closed cycle refrigerator cryostats that require no liquid cryogens, and the last section concentrates on experimental techniques, thermometry, and automatic temperature control. This last section also includes a few tables that are helpful in estimating heat loads on the cold stage and attached sample. More detailed information and experimental data are available from the referencea.listed.at.the end of this section. The figures (drawings) spread throughout sections 2 through 5, show a variety of dewar and cryostat designs, based primarily on our experience at Janis. These designs have evolved over a 30 year period, and represent a typical cross section of laboratory units that can be used for a wide variety of experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Normal Cryogenic Fluid Behavior (Emphasis on Helium, but Not Superfluid, Which Will Be Covered Later)
    Normal Cryogenic Fluid Behavior (emphasis on helium, but not superfluid, which will be covered later) Tom Peterson, SLAC June 2019 Outline • Cooling modes for superconducting devices • Forced flow cooling • Two-phase flow and pool boiling • Fluid dynamics • Saturated bath thermodynamics June, 2019 Cryogenic Fluids 2 USPAS Tom Peterson Large-scale cooling of superconducting devices • Physicists and engineers designing a large-scale liquid helium system typically must design the cooled components (magnets or RF cavities, their containers, and the interfaces to them) • Cooling mode, heat transfer, pressure drops, cool- down, warm-up and non-steady or upset system operations all must be considered as part of the component design • The cooled devices must be viewed as part of the cryogenic system June, 2019 Cryogenic Fluids 3 USPAS Tom Peterson Cooling modes in large-scale cryogenic systems • Pool boiling helium I used in superconducting RF for HERA (DESY), LEP (CERN), KEKB (KEK, Japan), CESR (Cornell) • Forced flow of subcooled or supercritical helium I for cooling superconducting magnets (Tevatron, HERA, SSC, RHIC, ITER) • Stagnant, pressurized helium II (the Tore Supra tokamak in France demonstrated the technology, LHC magnets) • Saturated helium II (CEBAF, FLASH and Eu-XFEL at DESY, SNS at Oak Ridge, FRIB at MSU, LCLS-II at SLAC, and more) • This list also illustrates the extent to which superconductivity and cryogenics have become standard technology for accelerators June, 2019 Cryogenic Fluids 4 USPAS Tom Peterson Helium phase diagram
    [Show full text]
  • High Pressure Techniques at Low Temperatures
    Pramina-J. Phys., Vol. 28 No. 5, May 1987, pp. 435-469. © Printed in India. High pressure techniques at low temperatures S RAMASESHAN, G PARTHASARATHY and E S R GOPAL* Raman Research Institute, Bangalore 560080, India Instrumentation and Services Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India *Also Department of Physics Abstract. The article reviews the experimental techniques used in high pressure-low temperature investigations to study a variety of physieo-chemical phenomena. The general principles of producing high pressures at low temperatures, the methods of measuring P and T, the materials used for construction and the diamond anvil cell (DAC) are briefly given first. Specific pieces of apparatus to measure the mechanical properties, phase equilibria, thermal properties, electrical properties, magnetic phenomena, optical and Raman/IR spectroscopic behaviour as well as M6ssbauer spectra are then discussed. While instrumentation is the main emphasis of the article, a few illustrative examples of interesting observations are also indicated. Over 250 current papers are cited. Keyword~ High pressure techniques; low temperatures; diamond anvil cell; mechanical properties; phase equilibria; thermal properties; electrical properties; magnetic phenomena; Raman spectra; M6ssbauer spectra; instrumentation. PACS No. 07"35 1. Introduction The study of the behaviour of materials at high pressures and low temperatures has been useful not only in understanding the properties of these materials but also in the observation of new features of the physicochemical properties. It is now believed that almost all materials will become metallic at sufficiently high pressures; therefore a combination of high pressures with low temperatures is a logical step in pursuing this phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Liquid Helium Cryogenic System for the Superconducting Cavity in Srrc
    Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference, Chicago THE LIQUID HELIUM CRYOGENIC SYSTEM FOR THE SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITY IN SRRC F. Z. Hsiao, M. C. Lin, Ch. Wang, D. S. Lee, and J. R. Chen, SRRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan B. Hilbert, and A. Praud, Air Liquide DTA, Sassenage, France Abstract r A 500MHz superconducting cavity will replace the o ss n e r recovery valve p mai current copper cavity and begin to operate in the m compressor box co beginning of the year 2003. A liquid helium cryogenic oil system provides the cavity at 4.5K a cooling capacity of removal refrigerator 255W without LN2 pre-cooling and a liquefaction rate of 110 liter/hour with LN2 pre-cooling. A safety factor of 1.5 is used to estimate the heat load from the gas tank dewar cryostat superconducting cavity and the heat loss from the transfer lines. With the LN2 pre-cooling, this cooling system warm He gas cold He gas liquid He provides a cooling capacity of up to 450W to cool down Figure 1: Configuration of the Air Liquide designed the additional superconducting Landau cavity. The helium cryogenic system. capacity of the system can be tuned using a frequency driver installed at the compressor station. The pressure provides the required 4.5K cooling capacity to the fluctuations of the dewar and of the suction line are kept superconducting cavity. This system will be a turnkey to the same stability requirement that of the cavity system, which is designed and manufactured by the cryostat to minimize the influence in cavity operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryostatcryostat
    149E CRYOSTATCRYOSTAT Head office and factory 1222-1 Yabata, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-0085 Japan Technical service division Uji Factory 60, Ujihinojiri, Uji, kyoto, 611-0021, Japan Osaka branch office 3-3-31 Uemura Nissei bldg., Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0003 Japan Overseas group companies Korea 107, Hyeongokasndan-Ro, Cheongbuk-Myeon, Pyeongtaek-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, 451-831 For inquiries China http://www.ulvac-cryo.com/english/ ●The content of this catalog is subject to change without notice for improvement of the products. 1410000PL Mini Stat provides powerful support for the research and development in the cryogenic eld. CRT-006 SERIES For cryogenic research and development, cryostats or cryocoolers are needed to cool samples (specimen). For Optical Transmission Measurement CRT-006-1000 ULVAC CRYOGENICS Mini Stat is our unique cryostat that employs a compact cryocooler (Cryo-Mini) instead of cryogens that need to be replenished such as liquid nitrogen or liquid helium. For measuring samples with a spectroscope With electricity and water, Mini Stat can cool samples to cryogenic temperature by simple operation. In This model is used to measure samples in conjunction with a spectroscope, at temperatures from cryogenic to ambient. Coldhead addition, with temperature controllers, samples can be kept precisely at a desired temperature between Specifications Cryogenic Heater cryogenic and room temperature, enabling the measurement in a wide temperature range. thermocouple lead wire Coldhead HE05／UW404 D 510／S W115 D10 5／S W112 Ultimate Temperature 4K 12K 12K Heater to We offer wide variety of cryocoolers to provide the best choice for your desired temperature as well as we control Temperature 4K-300K±0.2K 12K-300K±0.2K 12K-300K±0.2K temperature Controllable Range design and manufacture cryostats that satisfy various kinds of requirements based on our rich experience Optical Window φ20×4 Sample and expertise.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Cryogenics an Introduction to Laboratory Cryogenics
    Practical Cryogenics An Introduction to Laboratory Cryogenics By N H Balshaw Published by Oxford Instruments Superconductivity Limited Old Station Way, Eynsham, Witney, Oxon, OX29 4TL, England, Telephone: (01865) 882855 Fax: (01865) 881567 Telex: 83413 Contents 1 Foreword ................................................................................................................... 5 2 Vacuum equipment .................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Vacuum pumps ........................................................................................... 7 2.2 Vacuum accessories .................................................................................. 12 3 Detecting vacuum leaks ......................................................................................... 14 3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 14 3.2 Leak testing a simple vessel ..................................................................... 15 3.3 Locating 'massive' leaks ........................................................................... 16 3.4 Leak testing sub-assemblies..................................................................... 17 3.5 Testing more complex systems ................................................................ 17 3.6 Leaks at 4.2 K and below ......................................................................... 19 3.7 Superfluid leaks (or superleaks)..............................................................
    [Show full text]