National Defence College - Kenya

VOLUME II NewsletterCOURSE 22 - 2019/20

THE THINK TANK “The Mind has no Limits” (Eliud Kipchoge) Course 22 in traditional attire during the Cultural Day. Contents National Defence College - Kenya From the Commandant’s Desk ...... 3 COURSE 22 - 2019/20 Newsletter Message from the Sponsor SDS ...... 4 VOLUME II Message from the Chairman Editorial Board ...... 5 ‘Water Security’future in the Nile River Basin ...... 6 Diplomatic Intelligence ...... 7 Circumcision Rite Among the Bukusu Community ...... 9 Social and Recreation Benefits ...... 10 A Tour To Masai Mara ...... 12 Rethinking Strategically for Development ...... 13 Transition Reality: Change Is Inevitable: Old Cheese vs New Cheese ... 15 Kenya’s Food Security: The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation ... 16 THE THINK TANK(Eliud Kipchoge) “The Mind has no Limits” Kenya’s Wildlife Protected Areas – Havens of Ecosystem Services to Mankind ...... 18 The Importance of The Media in Influencing Foreign Policy ...... 20 Protect Yourself ...... 21 Publisher: Harnessing Sports for Development and National Cohesion in Kenya.. 23 NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE Global Governance ...... 24 P. O. Box 24381- 00502, There is Need to Know More about Bagamoyo District ...... 26 NAIROBI, KENYA Impact of Social Media in the Society ...... 28 Tel: +254 (020) 3883549, +254 (020) 2606230 Fax: +254 (020) 3883552 Unemployment in Kenya – A Ticking Time Bomb ...... 29 Email: [email protected] Serengeti-Maasai Mara National Parks: Shared Natural Resources Website:www.ndc.go.ke Between Tanzania and Kenya ...... 31 The Concept of the Rule of Law and What it Means for Kenya ...... 32 Designed & Printed by: Physical Fitness – An Enthusiasm ...... 33 Perspective House Ltd Spices Production in Kenya: The Unexploited Market Opportunity ...... 35 P.O BOX 75002, 00200 Nairobi Repositioning Kenya as a Tourist Regional Hub ...... 36 Tel: 020 2044338, Picture Speak...... 38 Cell: 0721 689 070 Email:[email protected] Blue Ocean Strategy: Overcoming the Challenges of Strategic Planning .... 40 Powering The World’s Economies: Kenya’s Quest for Clean Energy ..... 42 Editorial Committee: Living Through the Digital with its Consequences ...... 44 Col S Kiswaa (Chairman), Understanding Millennials in the Work Place in Kenya ...... 46 Mr N Ndaya , Mrs D N Kimathi, Ms M N Karanja, Mrs N J Mathu , Ms 1:59 Ineos Challenge from the Eyes of Damary ...... 47 C N Nyakoe, Mr J M Agano, Communication, Peace and Conflict: A Critical Discourse ...... 49 Back: Mr W Kairu, Mr H K Ngenoh, A Snapshot of the Beef Production in Kenya ...... 52 Mr K Kiiru, Cmde I Dasgupta, Mr G O Nagwala and Col J M Nkoimo Human Intelligence: An Issue of Effectiveness in the Fight Against Terrorism ...... 54 Copy Right © 2020 Community-Based Wildlife Conservation in Kenya ...... 56 No part of this publication may be reproduced in Military Contribution To Diplomacy: any form or by means without written permission of A Case Study of the Kenya Defence Forces ...... 58 the publisher. Dealing with Sexual and Gender Based Violence in Kenya ...... 60 Combat Psychology ...... 61 DISCLAIMER Are Unsc Reforms Long Overdue? ...... 64 The views and articles contained in Child Trafficking as a Threat to Security in the East African Regional ... 66 this newsletter are solely those of the Traditional Tswana Cattle Breeds face Extinction participants concerned. They do not due to Gaining Popularity of Exotic Breeds ...... 68 in any way reflect the official position Protocol on Cooperation in Defence Affairs for the East African Community: Moving Forward ...... 70 of the Ministry of Defence or that Chinese Immigrants and Developments in Africa: A Case of Kenya ...... 71 of the National Defence College. The Education Paradox in Kenya ...... 73 The Evolution of the Internet, Cyberspace and Cyber Security ...... 75

PB NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 1 EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Editorial Board from L to R: Front: Mr N Ndaya , Mrs D N Kimathi , Ms M N Karanja, Mrs N J Mathu , Ms C N Nyakoe, Mr J M Agano, Col S Kiswaa (Chairman) Back: Mr W Kairu, Mr H K Ngenoh, Mr K Kiiru, Cmde I Dasgupta, Mr G O Nagwala and Col J M Nkoimo

2 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 3 FROM THE COMMANDANT’S DESK

LT GEN A K MULATA CBS, OGW, ‘ndc’ K ‘psc’ (UK) commaNdant ndc

reetings from the desk of the Commandant. As we reflect on the past 2019 and focus ahead on the year 2020, I note with gratitude the effort put in place by the faculty, Course Participants and Gthe entire College Fraternity, We have had many successes and I commend the editorial team and Course 2-2019/20 particularly for the preparation of this Newsletter Vol II. The year 2020 has began with overwhelming challenges globally and I take this early opportunity to encaurage all to be resilient and energised as we aim to successfully complete the course.

To our readers, the mission of the National Defence College is to prepare selected senior military Officers and their equivalent counter parts from selected Ministries, Departments and Government Agencies of the Republic of Kenya and selected friendly countries for higher responsibilities in strategic positions of the respective governments. The College is delighted to have participants from Botswana, Burundi, Egypt, India, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe amongst the Kenyans in the Course. The newsletter has provided a platform for the course participants to share their experiences on topical issues of their choice. From their diverse backgrounds, I have no doubt that our readers will find the Newsletter interesting and captivating. I wish to thank all those who worked tirelessly to ensure meets the high standards of the Colege. Its my pleasure to wish all of you a good reading.

2 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 3 MESSAGE FROM THE SPONSOR

BRIG C M KAHARIRI, ‘EBS’, ‘nwc’ (USA), ‘psc’ (K) SDS Navy SPONSOR

he Editorial Committee of the National Defence College is pleased to launch the second edition of the Newsletter of course 22- 2019/20. The THINK TANKS, is made up 40 Tparticipants from 10 different countries with and without the African Continent. This newsletter has focused on contemporary issues affecting our nation states, organizations as well as personal experiences by participants during the course of their studies here in NDC. Readers will therefore find snippets of college activities and experiences particularly touching onthe Cultural Day and NDC Regional visits.

I take this opportunity to thank the Editorial Committee and the course participants for working tirelessly to produce this newsletter within the given timelines despite the other numerous assignments they undertook during the course of term 1 and 2.

Finally, i wish to thank the Commandant NDC and the faculty for the guidance and support accorded to ensure the success of this Newsletter production.

4 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 5 MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN EDITORIAL BOARD

COL S KISWAA CHAIRMAN

once again take this noble opportunity on behalf of the Editorial Committee to welcome and share with you another great milestone of Course 22 – 2019/20 participants in the form of Newsletter I Volume II. This is the second and last Newsletter the course has produced during the course process. It contains various articles from the 40 participants who come from 10 different countries within the African Continent and beyond. The articles are creatively crafted to provide our readers with information, entertainment and knowledge on a number of topics of individual participant’s choices. Our readers will also find some of the interactions during the regional visits and cultural day depicted in the ‘PICTURE SPEAK’. A lot of effort has gone into producing this Newsletter and credit goes to my colleagues for working tirelessly despite the very busy programme in Term1 and 2 of the course.

I take this opportunity on behalf of the editorial committee and the entire course participants to thank the Commandant National Defence College, SDSs and the entire faculty for the support in making this Newsletter a success within the given timelines.

With such a wide array of articles, I have no doubt that this Newsletter will not only inform and entertain our esteemed reader, but also find its way into your office and home libraries.

Welcome, Read and Enjoy.

4 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 5 ‘WATER SECURITY’FUTURE IN THE NILE RIVER BASIN Basin will suffer from water scarcity. some extent may also affect hydropower The Nile Basin states need to seek ways turbines. Deforestation and soil erosion at and means of improving the Nile Basin the watersheds may also lead to reduced water resources to enhance socio-economic water reticulation at the catchment areas conditions of the basin populations. Great thereby affecting the Nile river volumes. emphasis should be focused on cooperation among the Basin states to explore possible (i) Mechanism of averting conflicts ways of managing available water resources over diminishing water resources in to address poverty and improve food Nile Basin security for the increasing population in the More than 400 million people currently live Nile Basin. This vision is only possible if in the Nile water, with this number expected all stakeholders jointly reach an agreement to double by 2025, which will lead to future to initiate integrated socio-economic conflicts between the Nile Basin countries, development projects so as to diversify which necessitates the existence of a legal Brig M r G Farag regional economies rather than putting too mechanism and cooperative policies to Egyptian Army much emphasis on irrigated agriculture. manage the Nile River. The shared vision and diversification of It is of essence therefore that the Nile any experts predict that future economic activities between the Nile Basin basin States come up with a comprehensive wars are a water war, not about countries is an important factor that will save mechanism of equitable distribution of the Moil or land. Countries and the waters of the River Nile largely in the Nile water resources. As Winston Churchill societies have found themselves embroiled areas that need the course of the river and prophesied in 1908 after a military campaign in protracted conflicts because of the need other semi-arid regions in the basin on the Nile, that “One day, every last drop for absolute control over water. This article Unless plans are started to develop of water, which drains into the whole valley attempts to consider the importance of water at the basin level to improve “water of the Nile shall be equally and amicably water security in the Nile Basin against this security”, it is likely that increasing water divided among the river people, and the Nile background. scarcity will lead to acute food scarcity and itself shall perish gloriously and never reach Majority of conflicts in the African conflicts in the Nile Basin. To mitigate these the sea” . The emergence of big power states continent involves discontent associated with potential conflicts, countries should consider (China and USA) in the Nile basin affairs is unbalanced distribution of natural resources. relying on long-term joint projects to achieve something to worry for the riparian states Water being a vital natural resource has been development at the environmental and social as sooner or later, economic disparities and viewed as a major contributor to conflicts in levels. other economic priorities and alignments the region as well as a significant contributor Historically, Egypt has always played may soon begin to emerge to the detriment to ‘food insecurity’. a prominent role in managing the waters of the nascent Nile Basin Initiatives. Water security is an important factor in of the Nile, mainly by invoking historical managing and distributing water wealth in water treaties and implementing dams and (ii) Legal frameworks for peaceful the Nile Basin countries, and global interest canals projects, to organize the devastating integration and cooperation has increased the problem of freshwater monsoon floods in the Nile.Its supervisory None of the Nile Basin countries ratified shortages.The United Nations celebrated and monitoring responsibilities extended the the “Convention on the Law of Using World Water Day on March 22, 2001 entire course of the Nile stream to the source International Watercourses for Non- and submitted a report stating that global of the basin in the upstream states, which Navigational Purposes” on May 21, 1997. freshwater demand exceeded available included the permanent deployment of Because there is no legal framework to supplies by 17%.Where most of the world’s Egyptian water engineers to Lake Victoria. regulate the use of Nile water.The East population is expected to suffer from severe Negotiations for water security at African Community (EAC) was launched water scarcity in the coming years. political level alone may not be adequate in Arusha with the participation of Kenya, About 50% of the world’s population solution to guarantee water security. There Uganda and Tanzania in 1999, and Rwanda will face water scarcity in the next decade. are other threats in the basin orchestrated and Burundi joined in 2007. They pledged Where more than a third of the population by natural human activities. These others to make “concerted efforts to expand of the African continent suffers from water include pollution. The water hyacinth in agricultural lands through irrigation and scarcity, although 60% of the continent is Lake Victoria is the latest threat to Nile’s watershed strategies” and “promote” less. covered with transboundary river basins, largest water reservoir as it poses a great The cost of developing and transferring and about 50% of the population of the Nile danger to navigation in Nile River and to electrical energy through the use of new and

6 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 7 renewable energy sources. region. To ensure proper management of the Conclusion Lake Victoria basin countries gather river system, international water rights must The Nile carries sufficient quantities of fresh to take advantage of the Kagera river that be included in the Nile Basin International water to meet the present and future needs feeds on Lake Victoria, “Tropical African Cooperation Framework Agreement. A of all riparian countries, and the current countries combined will withdraw about 10 comprehensive legal framework should be unbalanced distribution of the Nile water and billion cubic meters of water,” which reduces adapted to guide and regulate the use of Nile the consequent environmental degradation of Lake Victoria levels that affect the White water in line with international law (ILC) the region cannot be neglected. This requires Nile volumes. As the average annual flow of so that the Nile Basin water coordinator better cooperation and water management the River Nile has decreased continuously is in line with the basic rule for the use of while creating a practical legal framework to since the beginning of the twentieth century international watercourses. enforce compliance. (the annual flow to date is 81 billion cubic Article 7 of ILC (“Obligation not to The Nile Basin has received little attention meters annually). cause major harm”) includes an examination from riparian states and international powers. This is a gloomy indication that the Nile of riparian activities. It requires that As a result of many economic and political waters might recede further unless urgent states exercise due diligence in the use of goals behind it, therefore, riparian countries measures are taken to sustain the volume. international watercourses so as not to cause must search for new ideas to efficiently Ethiopia on the other hand is engaged in the significant damage to other riparian states. manage the river. construction of the Grand Renaissance Dam On the other hand, the ILC draft attempted The lives of millions of people living which means a substantial decrease of Blue to present some proposed solutions for the in the countries of the basin are related Nile volumes before the dam reservoir fills fair use of international waters, but it failed to the Nile and its tributaries. It is of great up to the designed level. to address the importance of sustainability importance and wisdom that all Nile Unless the continuing trends of impunity in assessing uses and watercourse options Basin countries move quickly to issue and and unilateralism are organized through a for future development.This is an important implement comprehensive cooperative and comprehensive legal framework, the waters factor that should be considered for inclusion legal frameworks to develop and raise the of the Nile will drop to undesirable levels in the Nile Basin Legal Framework Action efficiency of the Nile Basin water resources and become the flashpoint of conflict in the Document. in the future. DIPLOMATIC INTELLIGENCE enerally speaking, intelligence organizations, which executes these functions. and diplomacy have always been Diplomacy on the other hand is mostly Ginterlinked since the start of concerned with conducting negotiations organized system of governance. Diplomacy between representatives of the states on matters was concerned mainly with dealing with involving security, the economy, academic, people, while intelligence was mostly centred and scientific issues. In other words diplomacy on information seeking. Therefore the mention is the main instrument of foreign policy that of intelligence and diplomacy linkage was is used to influence the decisions and conduct more peripheral than central. For instance, among states. These definitions illustrate that reference to intelligence is in the Bible, which there is truly a thin line between diplomacy in thus makes it as old as mankind itself, as and intelligence is sometimes blurred. Thus evidenced by Moses sending the twelve spies looked at from a purely diplomatic angle, to Canaan, and Joshua spies in Jericho. the real purpose of intelligence is to provide Intelligence can be defined as a process that necessary information with regards to involves the collection of data or information, Col F Rutagengwa activities, strategies, intentions and even the analysis, interpretation and dissemination. Rwanda Defence Force conduct of various entities, individuals and This makes intelligence a powerful tool for groups interacting with the state. public diplomacy. One of the interesting issues in the study of the In looking back at history, it is important to appreciate that discipline of diplomacy is the correlation between ‘open’ and ‘secret’ diplomatic archives have been found in Egypt, going as far back diplomacy, where it has been argued that diplomats in essence acts as 13th Century BC. In addition permanent diplomatic missions as some form of spies. go as back as the Renaissance period. For instance in the case of Intelligence can be said to be crucial data or information that is Switzerland, it put together its first diplomatic representative around gathered and mainly focussed on areas of politics, economy and the the neighbouring states in 1800. Then International Relations was military of a given state or region. It is also aimed at businesses, mostly conducted through honorary consuls and even to-date, organizations, individual plus back-ground and strategic plans which carried out these functions in parallel with their professional of the leaders of those countries. Intelligence can also refer to the activities and in a voluntary capacity.

6 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 7 The emerging borne of contention between the discipline of diplomacy and intelligence comes from the fact that they are both keen n matters of state strategy and statecraft. It is thus acknowledged that strategist want information to plan broad and inclusive foreign policy approaches. On the other hand intelligence practitioners seek to know the signs of danger, road blocks, threats, and opportunities in order to be able to effectively position the state. It is generally thought that matters pertaining diplomacy and spying are both deeply and historically intertwined. This shifted with increased specialization of government departments and bureaus in the beginning of the nineteenth century, and hence diplomatic intelligence is tightly connected. In addition intelligence is employed diplomatic issues to advance Diplomacy in Action: South Korean President, Moon Jae-in (left) meets the strategy and tactics that give states North Korean Supreme Leader, Kim Jong Un. Source: Google, (2018) greater advantage. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations is starting to draw activities have had a long historical linkage, the requisite information. This position the line on what constitutes acceptable data and it is safe to say that the contribution of still obtains to date where intelligence collection and information gathering, and intelligence to foreign policy goes beyond officers still remain the unsung heroes what is unethical and taken as unacceptable the common view of predicting and or when it comes to helping in the advancing diplomatic relations. preventing events for policy makers. diplomatic policies including meeting other Intelligence is taken as a powerful The modern needs of intelligence have governmental responsibilities. tool when it comes to advancing public evolved. In the current setting intelligence Intelligence and diplomacy are diplomacy, especially since it involves is quite broad and far more organized and complementary of each other; this is objectivity to a state public appeal, thus deliberate with information, which can because sometimes diplomacy can be legitimising strategic decision making easy be carried out by seasoned diplomats, thought of as an application of intelligence through facts, figures and evidence, as including state officials. Intelligence is and tact to the conduct of official relations opposed to hunches, whims, instincts or now thought of as information that has between states. In conclusion it is important ideology. The public diplomacy is usually been systematically selected, collected, to appreciate that diplomatic intelligence combined with intelligence when the state collated and carefully analysed with the is an instrument of public policy. The use seeks to harness the political power of an aim of influencing targeted policy needs of the term intelligence casually refers to intelligence assessment to justify a given of a given agency or state department. the assessment written by the intelligence policy a policy or action in the best interest Additionally intelligence involves the rapid community to inform the executive branch of the general public. Thus intelligence transformation of the data or information of the government in decisions making. produces valuable knowledge, for which that was collected into a final polished Finally intelligence is used is used in diplomacy is one of its major clients and product for consumption. public diplomacy to shape public opinion. In chief user. One depiction of the process of fact when diplomatic intelligence is aligned It is important to bear in mind that there intelligence commences when consumers, with the advancement of national interests are numerous overlaps between intelligence who are thought to be diplomats, of a given state, it serves the function of and diplomacy. The 21st Century, arguments ambassadors, policy makers, state operatives expediting foreign policy agendas. Shifts in have been made suggesting that it is much and military commanders express the desire policy are carefully analyzed and reported better to institutionalize intelligence agents for actionable information that can help back to the nation if they are likely to have regularly. This has been influenced by then successfully execute a given mission an impact on national interest. Therefore the increased emerging threats, such as or objectives. These given needs are often the practitioners involved in diplomatic terrorism, piracy, cyber crime; poaching and expressed as a requirement bestowed upon intelligence are also responsible for other transnational crimes not only require intelligence agencies serving a particular providing assistance and protection to greater co-operation but more a concerted clients. It is critical to appreciate that citizens living and travelling abroad, in the strategy to deal with the threats. Thus all when it comes to the intelligence process, process working to foster cultural, scientific, states conduct diplomacy and by the same research might include both qualitative and political, economic and academic relations token most also collect intelligence. The two quantitative estimates of the efficacy of the between a state and the host country. techniques and strategies used to extract

8 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 9 CIRCUMCISION RITE AMONG THE BUKUSU COMMUNITY

serpent’s head to the village. In recognition a container of a local brew referred to as” for his courage, the Sabaot offered him a Kamalwa” or “Busaa” which is drunk using bride but couldn’t marry her until he was long straws called “chisekhe”. This signals circumcised. He agreed to be circumcised the boy’s readiness to be circumcised and and eventually married the girl. This is how therefore cannot change his mind, and if he the Bukusu started their circumcision rites. A does he is forcefully circumcised. The next song was composed signifying the courage day the boy proceeds to his maternal uncle of ‘Mango’ and to date the same is still sung where a bull is slaughtered and a special part to encourage boys awaiting the passage rite. of meat known as “luliki” is put around his Since then circumcision among the Bukusu neck. A motivational song is sung and the has been associated with courage. boy leaves for his home accompanied by Preparation for circumcision begins relatives. in June of the designated year with all At 7.00 pm the same day, the boy embarks circumcisers assembled in one place for on a final program until the following MR B Barasa a seminar. During the seminar, they are morning when he faces the knife. That National Police Service (DCI) - Kenya taken through hygiene and Bukusu customs evening, a bull is slaughtered in the boy’s and present their circumcision knives for home and a piece of stomach put around he Bukusu community is one of the inspection and blessing. For one to qualify as his neck. Those attending the ceremony will eighteen sub-ethnic groups of the a circumciser he should be above thirty years sing, dance, eat and drink until the following TLuhya tribe of Western Kenya. Most of age, married and blessed with children morning. At midnight, (omusinde) is taken to of them reside in Bungoma and Trans Nzoia of whom the first-born must be male. The the kitchen where the circumcisers give him counties. It is the Luhya’s largest sub-tribe circumcisers leave for their respective homes a knife to sharpen. This is the same knife at 34 percent of the tribe’s total population. after the seminar. Customs demand that from (Lukembe) which is used to circumcise the This sub-ethnic group has maintained 31st July no circumciser sleeps in the same boy. her traditional rites among them being bed with his wife, neither can they attend At 5.00am of the following morning, circumcision. The Bukusu circumcise their funerals until the circumcision season is over the boy is taken to the river where he strips boys every August of even years only. They on 31st August. name their age groups after the circumcision When a Bukusu boy attains the age of Once he reaches sets. The age groups are; Kolongolo, between twelve and fifteen years, he is Kikwamet, Kananachi, Kinyikeu, Nyange, deemed ready for initiation into manhood. home, he pours Maina, Chuma, and Sawa. It is worth to note On reaching this decision, he will inform the water into a that the age groups only apply to men since his father, who will in turn inform the boy’s the Bukusu don’t subject their girls to female mother. The mother asks his brothers if they container of a local genital mutilation. are ready for their nephew’s circumcision. brew referred to as” Before 1800 AD, the Bukusu did not Upon the uncles’ agreement, a date is set, practice circumcision rites, however, their and the boy is given permission to start Kamalwa” or “Busaa” close interaction with the Sabaot of Mt. informing other relatives in a tradition Elgon who circumcised both males and called “khulanga”. From the time the boy which is drunk using females influenced them to circumcise starts informing relatives to come and long straws called their males. There is a myth that, ‘Mango’ witness his circumcision; he is referred to as an ancestral Bukusu who lived among “omusinde”. The boy will visit his relatives’ “chisekhe”. This the Sabaot was very courageous but not homes to personally invite them while signals the boy’s circumcised. One day a very large venomous “jingling” circumcision bells referred to as python bit his two children and they both “chinyimba”. The first relative to be informed readiness to be died. ‘Mango’ was extremely angry with is the paternal aunt while the last person the serpent and vowed to kill it. The Sabaot is the maternal uncle. This exercise takes circumcised and teased him that he could not manage approximately two weeks. A day before the therefore cannot because he was a “boy” (uncircumcised). boy informs his maternal uncle; he is taken ‘Mango’ sharpened his sword, proceeded to the river to fetch water in a pot and carry change his mind. to the snake’s cave and laid an ambush. As it on his left shoulder without talking to any the snake was coming out, he cut off its one or turning his head to look back. Once head killing it. He courageously carried the he reaches his home, he pours the water into

8 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 9 naked and is smeared with cold mud all over to the boy and the father always gives a cow. known as “Khukhwalukha” is celebrated. On the body except the genitals. The song that After circumcision, the initiate is referred this occasion, all boys who were circumcised was composed during the circumcision of to as “Omufulu”. (Omufulu) cannot eat in the same village converge at one home. A Mango called “sioyayo” is sung as the initiate anything until his circumciser comes back bonfire is lit and each one of them collects heads back for the rite to be performed. The to advise him on how to behave like a man. dry grass to ignite from that fire and runs to circumciser goes out to meet the boy before The circumciser then feeds him and gives a designated place usually banana farms. All he enters the homestead to ensure that he is him permission to start eating. The newly the boys, their young brothers and sisters ready for the ritual. The singing is stopped circumcised boy cannot eat anyhow. He only accompany them plus the big boys who as the initiate approaches the designated eats food prepared by one person appointed passed through the same rite. That night there venue for the circumcision. All those present by the mother and in most cases is his sister. is a lot of storytelling to keep them awake to witness the event are settled and asked to The mother cannot cook for her son until the whole night. The following morning the keep quiet. The boy’s mother, his sisters and he is healed and a ceremony performed. The boys go to the river where they bath; change other female relatives sit in a house facing the boy is also restricted from visiting anybody. into new clothes and shoes. The group then venue with their legs stretched until a whistle He cannot enter any other house apart from sing as they go back home. At home, it is a blown signifying that the exercise is over. the one he sleeps called “Likombe”. It is feasting time and enjoying. After feasting, The boy’s father or uncle then blesses him worth to note that circumcisers’ sons are the grandfather, father and uncle to the boy and grants permission for the circumcision circumcised always on 1st August so that advise him how to behave as a man, respect ceremony to proceed. their fathers can have time to circumcise other his seniors and be considerate to his juniors. The boy is circumcised in the presence candidates. In the case of twins, the process Bukusu circumcision marks the end to of all including women and children. He is the same but they must be circumcised childhood and introduces one to manhood in holds his hands akimbo as the circumciser very early. Usually at 4:00 am. In addition, if terms of moral behavior and responsibility. undertakes the cut. As the boy is being one of them is a girl, she stays with her twin To be circumcised one has to be courageous circumcised, he is not supposed to blink, brother throughout and goes through all the in carrying out duties and responsibilities frown or cry in pain. On successfully process together even when the boy is facing as a man and has to be brave and adhere enduring the cut, there follows lots of the knife she will be standing next to him. to Bukusu traditional customs, norms and jubilation, singing and praising in honour of After the boy is fully healed, mostly in values. the new initiate. Those present give presents December of the same year, a ceremony SOCIAL AND RECREATION BENEFITS

person can not only live by Education, traveling or listening to music, watching searching for jobs or taking recess movies or TV, gardening, bird hunting, AVocations alone. For one to “live the sporting, studies, and reading. However there healthy life style” generally people should are activities which may be a violation of laws be able to access social and recreational and norms consequently detrimental to society facilities and opportunities. In other words, such as gambling, use, or delinquent activities. one has to go out and have as much recreation In developed towns public spaces are essential as the body can possibly allow whilst being venues for many recreational activities, they responsible. So as a way to prevent boredom include parks, beaches etc. Recent studies and loneliness, a person has to stay active, have shown that engaging leisure recreation is make friends, learn new things, and create interrelated with emotional creativity and thus connections with the community reduces stress and diseases. Exercise and recreation helps in the keeping Recreation Col C Chembo of young and old people healthy and generally Recreation is an important aspect of a person’s enhancing their quality of life. Involvement in Zambia Air Force life and can be done in many other forms. exercise and recreation help persons of all ages These activities can be done naturally by be satisfied with a variety of needs. Some of individual’s hobbies but similarly by the surroundings which could be which include, general fitness and excellent health, as one is doing socially constructed. These activities can be conducted communally these activities they also present opportunities for socializing, which or individually, actively or passively. They can also be done outdoors brings out talents and skills developed during one’s lifetime, and also or indoors. Above all, they can be useful for society or detrimental if acquiring new skills. not properly applied. A good section of these activities can be taken up In most cases children play by imitating what generally goes on as interests which are activities done for pleasure on a regular basis. in the realities of adult life. Thus the way playing is perceived cannot The number of these recreational exercises is almost endless as they be separated from recreation. Research proposes that, the other include most human activities. Some of these include poetry, reading, way excess energy can be used by the body is through exercise and

10 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 11 recreation activities which are very beneficial This can be another way to socialise. is a preferred place to take up this activity. to the mind and body of the individual as Mind games can also form part of Taking pictures for those who have opposed to engaging detrimental activities. recreation and is encouraged whenever this skill is another activity for which only For recreation and exercise is both socially possible. These games include, solving a camera is needed. Others have taken acceptable and fulfil societal needs and cross words, brainteasers, word games practical short course in photography while providing satisfaction in addition to pleasure like scrabble or word crush or indeed others have the practical ability of capturing for the participant. mathematical calculations. These are of whatever is interesting. These can be things benefit to the mind and helps in preventing such as wildlife, or places, or people, or just Benefits of Recreational Activities the serious old age conditions like dementia. everything that one finds interesting. The The old who have since gone out of active As a way of spending recreation and pictures captured can be served in a file or service or have retired can make use of leisure activity, gardening is both therapeutic folder in a computer. recreation activities as opposed to sitting leisurely pleasurable to older and young Yoga is an incorporation of meditation at home. It is there for cardinal that people people alike. Gardening blends people with and breathing with the focus of reaching the across all ages keep their bodies active and nature. All one needs is a small piece of land union with high consciousness. This practice stay health by being part of the community. or a few flower pots around the veranda or guides one to improve a mental balance as They can do this by engaging in outdoor court yard and bit of coloured equipment, well as physical fitness. Consistent practice recreation. Physical Activity (PA) has a and you are good to go. One can then of this art enables one achieve mental clarity number of recreation activities that one either grow vegetables or indeed flowers or and calmness, it also improves awareness can choose from. These activities provide create a beautiful garden. One may wish to of one’s body, brings relief chronic stress lasting benefits which range from, better attend to his or her garden in the mornings patterns, relaxes the mind, centres attention health and socialisation levels/skills, better and evenings avoiding middle hours when and improves concentration. fitness levels, fun and happiness to of This Chinese art of Tai-Chi is one activity course therapeutic and refreshment for the One of the many which originated in the East and now participants mind and body. practiced all over the World. It is increasingly One of the many exercises that have no exercises that have being recognised, especially among the old age restrictions and quiet easy is walking no age restrictions since it has soft, unique, slow and graceful as a recreation activity. It can be done at movements that don’t require much energy individual level, in the company of friends and quiet easy and its benefits to health and longevity. The and/or family members. Because of its very is walking as a Art involves postures that transit continually nature of moving around, it affords one a to another without stopping. Like the art of rare opportunity to breathe fresh air and recreation activity. Yoga, this Art has a lot of health gains for enjoy the country scenery which assists in It can be done various conditions including osteoporosis, the managing of severe despondency and diabetes, arthritis etc. decreasing chances of stress by maintaining at individual level, Indoor activities are specially balanced mental wellbeing alone or in the in the company recommended for old people. However, company of friends of family. This activity those that can be done outside are the best also gives one a chance to meet new people of friends and/or option, however sometimes the conditions by way of socialising. It is important for family members. do not the benefit the old; there are several one, to wear comfortable foot wear as they indoor activities such music clubs, dancing indulge in this activity so that their feet are the heat is intense. As earlier mentioned clubs, art classes, scrap-booking, sewing, supported and ease of walking as they step this activity connects one with nature. darts clubs, card playing, parties etc. Having on the ground. In some cases especially for Information on how this can be undertaken quality time with family members or peers, those old citizens feeling or requiring a little can be easily be found on websites. However, and whilst engaging in games with other assistance or need to hold on to something, it is advisable to avoid lifting heavy things aged pals can also relieve stress. Dancing to a walking stick could be of help. Long like pots, as this could pressure on back. If one’s favourite music is reviving, which is distance walkers or those who enjoy scenery one have backache challenges, placing of the another stress reliever. viewing by sitting around parks, gardens, pots on an elevated position to avoid having In conclusion, social and recreational carrying a bottle of water would help them in to bend too much. activities play a very significant role in the quenching of thirst. Another amazing activity is Bird healthy living. Asia has perfected this art Whenever an individual is in good shape Watching. This is even better for those who helping improve their life expectancy and health wise, sports is a beneficial exercise love watching nature but are unable to take largely leading to happier, fulfilling life and and recreational activity engaging in sports is long walks, in the parks, fields or forests building family unity. It helps control weight, a better option of activity, this could be I form because they are physically challenged look better, build strong bodies, diminish of swimming, playing badminton, tennis, in one way or the other. Others prefer this chances of disease, reduce stress and build golf, etc. or any sport one finds interesting. activity due to financial constraints. A park self-esteem.

10 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 11 A TOUR TO MASAI MARA The Wildebeest Migration

his article chronicles our game the municipality of the Narok County. The drive at the big daddy of all game Reserve is spread over 1,500 square km. Treserves, the world famous Masaai The Serengeti Park in Tanzania and the Siria Mara National Reserve in Kenya!! Once Escarpment surround the National Reserve the visit was approved by the Commandant to the south and to the west. Huge tracts of NDC,Brig Mohamed Farag from the Masaai countryside are to the east,west and Egyptian Army joined me in hurriedly north of the Reserve. The major rivers criss- planning our travel and accommodation. crossing the National Reserve are the Mara All administrative requirements were taken River, Sand River and the Talek River. Open care of by my sponsor, the ever smiling savanna or grassland is the general terrain Colonel Kiswaa. Well, truth be told, it was of the Mara Reserve, interspersed with Col Kiswaa’s perseverance that helped picturesque seasonal riverlets. The Masaai in finding accommodation at the Mara, Mara National Reserve is different from since it was the migration month for the other National Parks in Kenyain that it is Wildebeest and there were tourists from all Cmde I Dasgupta not managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service over the world who had booked months in (KWS) .The Narok County where the Indian Navy advance to witness the great crossing!! We National Reserve is located is responsible were lucky to find superb accommodation about the Masai Mara Game Reserve and for overseeing the Reserve. at the famous Keekorok Lodge, which is an why it is so famous around the world. Every year in the month of July, animals unfenced property right in the middle of the Masaai Mara National Reserve is like the Gazelle, Wildebeest, and Zebra game reserve. Talk about lady luck being situated adjoining the Serengeti National journey from the Tanzanian side of the benevolent to us!!! So, to start with, a little Park of Tanzania. The Reserve falls within Serengeti and inhabit the Masaai Mara. This

Young male ‘Simba’ Elephant Family Sleeping Leopard

12 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 13 is called the ‘Great Migration’ and is a major tourist attraction.Tourists arrive in droves from around the globe to catch a glimpse of the Rhinos, Lions, Leopards, Elephants and Buffaloes and consider themselves fortunate if they are able to capture the “Big Five” on camera. The Talek and Mara rivers are home to the Hippopotamus and large groups of crocodiles also abound in these waters. Lucky tourists can also spot the elusive Cheetahs and bat-eared Foxes. Jackals and Hyenas, too can be sighted at the Reserve. The Wildebeest are the leading dwellers of the Masaai Mara and their numbers are estimated in the thousands. In the month of July, they journey to the Mara from the Lunch at Keekorok. Serengeti grasslands of Tanzania searching for pasture and then return back to Tanzania feet!! We drove in between a herd of elephant the herd of cattle at the farm, made the trip in the month of October. The “Great and enjoyed watching the baby elephants unforgettable. On the way back we stopped Migration” is an unbelievably magnificent frolicking. The icing on the cake was the at the Great Rift Valley to take some amazing spectacle involving not only huge numbers elusive leopard that we captured on camera pictures and late on Sunday we were back of wildebeest, but also equally amazing as he took a nap on a tree after a heavy meal. at the NDC in Karen, with memories and numbers of Zebras, Gazelles and Elands. To complete our Mara experience, the ever photographs to last us a lifetime!! We were fortunate to witness the gracious hosts Col and Mrs. Kiswaa invited Truly, this was a visit to cherish forever. Wildebeest crossing and also spot the us to their sprawling farmhouse near Narok My sincere gratitude to the Commandant ‘Big Five’ during our drive. It was surreal County, where we were overwhelmed with and the wonderful Officers at NDC, most to witness a couple of young male lions their warmth and hospitality. A barbecue importantly my host and sponsor Col Kiswaa hunting zebra and watching a pride of eight under a clear night sky, walking through for going out of his way to make this trip so magnificent lions from a distance of four maize fields and just lazing around watching memorable.

RETHINKING STRATEGICALLY FOR DEVELOPMENT

n most developing countries of Africa, of the technicians are those with little formal there is low development which is a result education but who are making innovation that Iof applying inappropriate solutions our can drive production. problems mainly because of Western influence Most of the educated and employed have and failure to use home grown solutions to our been sponsored by the government to foreign problems. countries and learnt on various production I adopt a constructivist approach to the technologies. But what value do we gain from concept of poverty. That poverty is in our their experiences? Why are they not able to minds. It’s a product of our failure to develop translate their experience into actionable our own priorities and solution to our needs. solutions to our developmental challenges In the earlier societies before colonization, when they come back? Do we then have the metallurgy was a practiced and was used in wrong education system? Why are so many the production of tools used in cultivation, people unable to think beyond what they see? hunting and in defense. Why are we today, Why do those who have not gained such with availability of technology, electricity and MR K Kiiru experience innovate and produce tools, knowledge of properties of various materials Ministry of Agriculture enterprises that they were not trained on unable to do basic extraction? thrive? The answer to these questions lies In agriculture, we have gained knowledge in perception of the educated class towards on food production techniques and many people have huge tracts of personal gains against societal advancement.Those who are in land but are unable to utilize them for production at a commercial level. employment and have opportunities to go out of the country are The education system has conditioned many of us to employment more mesmerized by these opportunities and the associated huge but not on self-reliance. Why have those educated on engineering, subsistence allowances which they pocket, though no value addition agriculture been unable to set up own enterprises related to their to the employer for attending the workshop or training except the area of study? Why do we find most of those in such enterprises aesthetics of attending conferences, taking photographs that serve to among the least educated? When you visit the jua kali sheds, most show off their worldwide travel experience. Nothing gets done!

12 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 13 Similarly those who get donor funding especially for research price to our farmers and be available during times of shortage or be do very well in utilizing the research funds and in the end produce exported. However we appear to lack the vision of processing and findings and solutions which are for most of the times tailored storing excess harvests be they cereals, vegetable or fruits. Post- towards the thinking of the funding agency. But this ends here! The harvest losses are the aftermath of such bumper harvests. We need next moment the researcher will tell you that implementation of the to guide the private sector or have direct government participation solution requires hundreds of millions of money, and without remorse in running these enterprises. We have however been socialized that the researcher is on another project. So, what we have is a pile of government cannot participate in business because of leakages. research works awaiting implementation but the researcher is going This is an irresponsible thought. Why does China participate in the on with his journey. While we want to forgive the researcher because construction industry? he/she has no capacity to implement, we need to ask ourselves the The current markets have been conditioned to push goods whose following questions; is the researcher a robot who just mechanically material source is Africa but re-exported to us after value addition. produces results without follow up on where his/her products end These include beverages and other foods of various types. We could up. Is the researcher not one of us from our village who sees the produce the same if we were committed towards that. Thus we problems we face? Does the researcher on his own initiative do some have a large population of the youth marketing these products and a demonstration? At least to show the rest of us what we can do to receptive population that has been socialized through advertisement change our lives. to use these products oblivious of the fact they could also produce There is a disconnect in the way we learnt in schools and the the same and consume them thus creating employment, earning and solutions to our problems. Almost in every field of our social saving our foreign currency. interaction, we seem to be focusing on issues extraneous to our Kenya requires adequate and affordable housing for the rising problems. Take the case of agriculture, urban population. However, the development what do we need as food in this country? There is a of real estate is taking place oblivious of the Carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins. What shrinking job market and the low capacity do we grow? What weather conditions do the disconnect in the of the target population in occupying those plants that provide these foods require? Do we houses. This is taking place on fertile areas take these climatic factors into consideration way we learnt in suitable for crop growing. While most before we start growing? Logic demands that schools and the developers’ first choice is to develop housing one can only grow what can effectively grow in unit, the population is growing at a fast rate an area without strain. But we keep on growing solutions to our and needs food. Is it lost on them that people maize for example, in zones not suitable for problems. Almost require food first? The government and private its growing leading to crop failure season after sector do not appear to recognise that the rising season. Our leadership doesn’t help either. One in every field of our population requires food more and therefore the would expect that the leadership would focus social interaction, need for policies that secure zones suitable for on crops of comparative advantage in their food growing while constructing the houses in counties and develop guidelines on the types of we seem to be less agriculturally productive areas. food crops that can be planted in such areas to The Media industry would be expected to guarantee a harvest. focusing on issues set agenda in areas of our development. By Our private sector too does not appear to extraneous to this it would sensitize our people on the need share in the vision towards a solution to our to innovate on solutions to our developmental developmental problems. The private sector is our problems. problems. The local content policy among the comfortable importing inputs to their industries. major media houses does not focus on the need Take the case of food processing factories such as soft drink makers. for technological innovations that meet the local needs. The media The bulk of the sugar that is used in these factories is imported. No would rather focus on foreign material that include soup operas, one seems to think of establishing a factory for processing refined European football, wrestling, cartoon and religious programmes sugar to meet the growing demand. The current sugar factories cannot that don’t give insight into any of our development problems and meet these specifications and their leadership don’t seem to see the solutions. This contributes to alienation of the people from their need to modernize. The result is that our sugarcane farmers continue problems and brainwashes them into thinking about foreign societies to suffer from reduced earnings year in year out. and forget their own. The press needs to rethinks its strategy if it is to Technology is very important in the development of any nation. remain relevant to our development solution. There are technologies that can be adopted from other countries which It’s time we changed our way of thinking and begin to see our are simple and adoptable by many people as a result of their low cost development as a totality of the contribution of each sector. The and ease of use. However, we don’t seem to recognize the presence of leadership in every sector must refocus by identifying their core areas these technologies. This is perhaps because the Government has not of their competencies and develop skills that are in short supply to brought them down to the people. Awareness is lacking on this and a coupe with our challenges. Similarly, policies that guide development critical mass with skill, because for along time, technical training has towards solving our problems must be developed if we are to realize been relegated to the least educated among our population. any meaningful development. Technology must be acquired by all In certain times when we have a high rainfall there are bumper means necessary whether through copying or reverse engineering harvests of various foods including milk. Milk would be better without apologies to anyone. This is the only way in which we shall preserved if it was turned into powder and both guarantee a good be able to develop our country.

14 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 15 TRANSITION REALITY: CHANGE IS INEVITABLE: OLD CHEESE VS NEW CHEESE “Our only security is our ability to change”- John Lilly

uman beings have a natural tendency while opportunities include promotion and to resist change because with it comes new job opportunities. A person who looks into Huncertainty. However, the world is their situations well will be able to know when dynamic and changes occur every day. As change is about to happen and will be better individuals, we can opt to do things the same prepared. way we have always done and miss out on Secondly, the faster you let go off the old new things or we could embrace change and cheese, the sooner you find new cheese. Old enjoy personal and professional growth. views will not lead one to new opportunities Johnson Spencer in his book “Who Moved and holding on to these beliefs makes it even My Cheese” points out different ways in worse because it inhibits growth. It is also a which different people react to change. The sign of denial of the new circumstances like story is set in a maze where Sniff and Scurry Hem in the fable who denies that things have who were mice and two little people (Hem changed and refuses completely to move. and Haw) look for cheese every day and once Some of the ways in which one can better they find a cheese station, they settle down to Col S Kipngetich prepare for change and growth is through enjoy their favourite cheese. One day, they learning new skills to cope with the changing KENYA NAVY find that their regular stack of cheese is gone. work environment. This ensures that one is The mice and the little people respond to the ready to take up other responsibilities should change differently. While the mice keep things simple and cope better the current one fail. Dependence on the status quo makes it difficult with the change, Hem and Haw overcomplicate things.The characters to cope when the inevitable happens. depicted in the story give a picture of our common responses to The best inhibitor to change lies within oneself and nothing gets change. Sniff sniff’s out changes early, Scurry quicklymoves into well until you change. Unless one makes a conscious effort to change, action, Haw learns to accept changes for better results and Hem nothing will happen for example in the fable, Haw at first stays back denies change and refuses to move. at the cheese station with Hem but after some time decides to explore Cheese means different things to different people for example, the maze for more cheese. The realization that change has to happen having material stuffs, enjoying good health, developing a spiritual or has already happened is one thing and working towards adapting sense of well-being, feeling safe, having a loving family, living in a to the change is another thing. Government employees for example pleasant neighbourhood and having a permanent jobamong others. are reminded monthly through their pay slips of their retirement The more significant your cheese is to you, the more you want to date which should be a signal to inevitable change at some point but hold on to. In all circumstances, you can become extinctif you do how many people see it as such? With every passing month, the run not change.Old cheeses are things we hang onto and new cheese are out date approaches, and which better place to remind personnel of new opportunities that we could be enjoying.People are not always this change than through their pay slip! Everyone should aspire to prepared for the inevitable change until it is too late. An individual soul search and assess what they need to change in preparation for will see retirement as a far off affair on first appointment and fails to whatever change might happen. prepare for it until they lose their jobs or the retirement date arrives There are always good things out there, whether you recognize when it dawns on them that they should have prepared. If we let go it at the time or not. You are only rewarded with it if you go past off what we know although it is hard, but it is essential for growth and your fear and enjoy the undertaking. Most individuals fail to adapt improvement. The quicker you let go of old things, the sooner you to change because of fear of the unknown. People hold things which can learn new expertise and create a better future. When you change are not working with the hope that the situation will change however what you have faith in, you can change what you do. The quicker you bleak the reality looks. Moving beyond one’s fear is important for let go off old cheese, the faster you find new cheese. change to happen. The fact that one situation has changed doesn’t From the fable in Spencer Johnson’s book, there are a number of mean that it is the end of everything. If the situation has changed and lessons which we can learn to cope with change more effectively. things are different, for one to survive it is important to change and First, change happens and we must move with it. It is important to move with the situation. know that no situation is permanent and we should always anticipate In all keep life simple, don’t over explore or over complicate these changes. We should always monitor our current situation so that things, as you sit and over analyze your changed situation, your we are aware when things are not going well and change accordingly. neighbor is out there getting the new cheese and you may be too late Constant assessment of the environment to identify the threats and to get any. Change happens and we must move with it. opportunities enables one to better prepare for change. For example, “The most important thing to remember is this: To be ready at any if one is in permanent employment, some of the threats would be moment to give up what you are for what you might become” W.E.B redundancy,termination, /non- renewal of contract and retirement Du Bois

14 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 15 KENYA’S FOOD SECURITY: THE ROLE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION ood and Agriculture Organization combination of issues including population (FAO) defines food security as a growth, water scarcity, energy supply and Fstate in which all people, at all times climate change are exerting unceasing have physical and economic access to pressure on national food systems on a sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets magnitude hitherto unexperienced. In the their dietary needs and food preferences prevailing circumstances, fisheries and foe active and healthy life. Complete aquaculture research becomes essential in information and sustainable agricultural providing solutions to threats to national technologies are essential for countries to food security. meet their national development goals and Fish require wet and dry seasons, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). optimal temperatures to breed. The grand We talk about technology when we apply question that science and technology scientific knowledge for practical purposes should answer is: “how does mankind in industry and innovation is the introduction ensure continued fish production in the of new product, process or services into the face of climate change and its impacts on marketplace. MR J M Agano food security”? Science, technology and State Department for Fisheries innovations becomes critical in ensuring Food and Nutrition Security & Blue Economy - Kenya that reproduction cycle of fish is not affected The Food and Agriculture Organization by extremes of climate change. One such the Food Security Information Network (FAO)’s report (The State of Food Security technology is induced breeding in Catfish. reported that Kenya experienced one of and Nutrition in the World, 2018) indicated the wettest seasons in about 70 years, that more than 820 million people globally Inducing Breeding in Catfish significantly improving crop and livestock did not have enough to eat and about 11 Hypophysis is a technique of inducing production. Conversely, theoutput of percent were undernourished. The number breeding in Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) beans was below average due to excessive of hungry people in Africa was 256.1 in which the fish is stimulated to spawn moisture. At the peaks of the rains, flooding million, and Eastern Africa’s undernourished (breed) by use of pituitary glands. The eggs caused widespread damage: cropland and prevalence rate was 30.8 percent. Nearly 30 development, maturity and ovulation in fish irrigation infrastructure were damaged. Fall percent of undernourishment was recorded is stimulated by the hormone secreted by the armyworm infestations and locust invaded in Kenya up from 28.2 percent in 2016. pituitary gland. Some fish species like Catfish maize crops, pasture and browse. Climate The prevalence of severe food insecurity and Carp do not breed easily in captivity, change also leads to erratic distribution and and moderate food insecurity were 19.1 and hence obtaining their seeds from the wild for poor precipitation and prolonged drought. 56.5 percent respectively, while stunting in distribution to farmers is almost impossible. children less than 5 years of age was 26.2 Catfish also breeds only during the onset of Science, Technology and percent. long rains. In order to ensure sustainable Innovations in Fisheries supply of seeds/fingerling for culture, this Aquaculture Production Climate Shocks and Food Insecurity technology is applied to produce quality and Fish and other aquatic animals constitute The extremes of climate change (drought sufficient seed for supply to farmers. important sources of food and crucial raw and excessive rains) have had mixed effects material for related industries not only on food security in Kenya. In March 2018, Sex Reversal in Tilapia in Kenya but also globally. However, a Aquaculture is a fast growing industry that has potential to reduce poverty by providing income and protein to human population. Tilapia production has grown leading to the expansion of fisheries industry. The Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) has the ability to grow fast, breed in ponds, adapt to shallow and turbid waters, resist diseases, be flexible for culture and performance in different farming systems. However, one major drawbacks of fast growth in tilapia is early maturation that leads to early breeding, overcrowding and stunted growth, which ultimately leads to low yields and unmarketable fish due to different sizes in fish (adults and offspring) competing with Tens of thousands of Tilapia fry and Fingerlings ready for distribution to Farmers.

16 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 17 the initial stock for food. This challenge is however, addressed by application of science and technology that change the sex of all female hatchlings to male. A methyl-testosterone hormone (MTH) is used to later the sex of female hatchlings to males. Male tilapia are preferred to female because male tilapia grow faster, put on weight and reach market size faster than female. Female tilapia loses weight during breeding and it breeds in culture systems thereby causing overcrowding and stunting.

YY-Hybridization Hybridization is the mating of genetically Diagrammatic illustrations of aquaponics. differentiated individuals. Nile Tilapia is an important species for worldwide economic employees and hired 78 women who supply an electronic system used for sustainable finfish aquaculture. To avoid sex reversal fish and earns about US$ 5000 monthly from management of fisheries resource. TheVMSis using hormone (MTH) and still produce selling and exporting fish leather products. used to monitor movement and fishing commercially, crosses between XX-females Instead of using chemical to turn fish activities of vessels in Kenya’s Exclusive and YY-males becomes a sustainable skins to leather, green technology is applied Economic Zone. It detectsany illegal fishing substitute in that the crosses produces male whereby plant extracts are used as turning vessels in Kenya’s territorial and EEZ waters tilapia. agent. A locally fabricated tannery machine byproviding accurate and timely information is used. The scales are removed from the about the location and activity of fishing Aquaponics skin. The skin is then soaked for an hour and vessels in the sea. The VMS is a cost- Aquaponics is anamalgamation of banana extracts is added to get rid of the fish effective tool for the successful monitoring, aquaculture and hydroponics. It is the odour and strengthen the fibre. Salt is added control and surveillance (MCS) of fisheries growing of plants and rearing of fish in the to control bacterial infection after which the activities. same space. The system can be customized skin is then soaked for hour before it is dried. to fit any type of space from that small space Aquaculture Market Information in one’s backyard to greenhouse. Aquaponics Kenya Electronic Single Window Platform technology ensures recycling of water, hence System The aquaculture market information platform suitable for mitigating the effects of climate Under the National Treasury, the Kenya change on food production. The waste Trade Network Agency (KenTrade) has been is an online platform developed by Kenya from fish generated from the integrated established for the purpose of promoting Marine and Fisheries Research Institute farming system is nutrients for plants. Water transboundary trade and implementation (KMFRI) Sagana aimed at linking up is purified by plants thereby enhancing of the National Electronic Single Window aquaculture stakeholders to address market concentration of oxygen. Aquaponics System (Kenya TradeNet System). Those challenges. Fish producers and traders can technology enables a farmer to harvest fish involved in international are served easily log in and find out the price of fish and (protein) and vegetables (Minerals and electronically through a platform established where fish is available vitamins) from the same space with reduced by the State Department for Fisheries, cost of production. Aquaculture and the Blue Economy Conclusion (SDF&BE). The applications submitted by Technological innovation is not only a way Turning Fish Skin into Valuable traders are processed electronically. This to enhance food and nutrition security but Leather Products reduces cost and time of doing business. also a major source of economic growth. The five processing factories in Kisumu Technological innovation enhances generate about 70 tonnes of fish skin waste. Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) efficiency in food production by mitigating Hitherto, the bi-products were disposed off The Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) is the effects of climate change. but no more especially after one innovator by the name Newton Owino discovered the hidden treasure in the fish skin waste. Initially the innovator could process up to 200 Kg of fish skin in a week but after securingan export market for the products, he now processes up to 15 tons weekly. From the raw materials obtained from Nile Perch, leather jackets, leather bags, shoes, wallets, caps, purses, sandals, binders, belts and utensils are made, and collagen extracted to make glue used in binding shoes. The entrepreneur has employed six Newton Owino, displaying unprocessed fish skin, and some of the products.

16 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 17 KENYA’S WILDLIFE PROTECTED AREAS – HAVENS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES TO MANKIND

Magnificent Mount Kilimanjaro viewed from Amboseli National Park.

set up to protect wildlife and landscape Provisioning services features. More recently, they were considered Other than provision of food and water, the for conservation of biodiversity which is ecosystem provides clean air, medicinal and important for human survival. Genetic, species cosmetic raw materials, wood, and minerals and ecosystem diversity are key elements of among others. Biodiversity is also a major biodiversity. factor in soil formation, which supports Most important many protected areas also some of ecosystem services. Soil fertility, an conserve a variety of ecosystem services and important ecosystem service is important to other benefits that includes cultural, social the agriculture sector, one of the key pillars and economic attributes. Ecosystems are of the Big Four Agenda in Kenya that aims large communities formed by the interaction at ensuring food security and nutrition for all between living (plants, animals, organisms) Kenyans. and non-living organisms (air, water, and Kenya is a water stressed country. To help minerals). in water conservation, KWS protects the Human beings are part of ecosystems water catchment systems mainly Aberdares, MS M N Kirabui in which they benefit in different ways. Mt. Kenya, Chyulu Hills, Mt. Elgon and Kenya Wildlife Service Ecosystem services therefore support human Mau Forest. The water sources support survival and quality of life either directly or Kenya’s economy in various ways including I feel so refreshed…, in fact my head is indirectly. These benefits are of ecological, generation of hydroelectric power (HEP). A now light and I can now focus clearly.” social, cultural and economic importance. good example of an attractive water catchment “These were the words of Wanyama There are four broad categories of Ecosystem area is the Mzima Springs which is an oasis secondary school head teacher, Mr. Mbogo, services: provisioning, e.g. the production of green in Tsavo West National Park that after spending four hours with the school’s of food and water; regulating, such as the produces millions of litres of fresh water in a form four students in Aberdares National park. control of climate and disease; supporting, day. The springs, whose source originates from This was during a trip to study ecosystem that includes nutrient cycles and oxygen Chyulu Hills, provides the bulk of Mombasa’s services and conservation values of wildlife production; and cultural, that includes fresh water. The springs forms one of the protected areas. aesthetic inspiration, recreational and spiritual greatest attractions in the Park as it supports As one American Architect and an benefits. hippos, crocodiles, fish populations and a Educator, Frank Lloyd Wright once said: At the heart of its rich wildlife heritage, wide variety of birdlife among other aquatic ‘Study nature, Love nature, stay close to Kenya has a diversity of ecosystems ranging life. The environmental provision services nature, it will never fail you’. This is what from mountains, forests, and rangelands, arid support people in making a living through came to my mind as the school principal sat lands, marine and inland waters. Kenya’s the Economic gains at both subsistence and in my office with an appreciation smile. It was network of diverse protected areas and natural commercial level; examples include fisheries, such an exciting expedition being his first visit habitats not only support wildlife diversity but forestry and wildlife products. to a national park. Yes, interacting with nature also offer a wide range of natural resources has various benefits to mankind, among them and ecosystem services which propel people’s Regulating services healing, comforting and calming powers. livelihoods towards sustainable development. Protected areas are well-managed natural Most protected areas were originally These are free nature benefits to mankind. ecosystems that maintain a range of beneficial

18 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 19 functions and processes to human comfort. In regulating services, the ecosystems are narrowly utilitarian: protected areas present pristine natural ecosystems assist in controlling aspects of climate modulation, parts of nature where humans enjoy a rich cultural, psychological weather events, hydrology and the water cycle. Wetlands and marshy and spiritual links with the natural world. Some of biodiversity rich areas within protected area ecosystems play an important role in water Kaya sacred coastal forests, enlisted as cultural World Heritage Sites purification which is important for domestic use. A good example by UNESCO are found in protected areas along the coastline; Shimba is Saiwa and Aberdares National Parks which are important water Hills and Arabuko Sokoke National Reserves. Another example is catchment areas. The Soil organisms and healthy vegetation have Lake Bogoria which has deep spiritual and cultural significance for positive impacts on water movements. They regulate water flows and the people. Endorois have lived besides this lake and have been the quality thus enhancing floods control that would otherwise be natural custodians of Lake Bogoria for centuries. calamities in human settlements areas. Likewise, the vegetation cover These are non-material environment services that promote the social in upstream watersheds can affect the quality, quantity and variability wellbeing of humankind, for example, physical relaxation, and bonding of water supply downstream. Soil micro-organisms play a key role in as well as reduce stress during their interaction with nature. These water purification while soil invertebrates contribute to the setup of recreation experiences, coupled with spiritual enrichment enhance the soil structure that is significant in regulating surface water runoff. social setup in societies. Equally the protected areas are important in Therefore, with dedicated management plan engagements, natural promoting social and cultural values for mankind. forests and wetlands within protected areas play a big role in providing clean water to the big cities like Nairobi and Mombasa. Ecosystem services values Natural ecosystems and protected areas also impact on agriculture. The country’s wildlife is an important economic asset that drives Pollination does not only play an important role in maintaining species tourism which is a key component of Vision 2030 economic pillar. diversity and vegetation patterns, but also has a direct functional Kenya’s wildlife attracts over one million tourists per year, resulting roles for mankind; it’s essential for agriculture and as a stimulant for in a tourism industry that generates over 10% of the national gross honey production. Both Terrestrial and Marine Parks aid in regulating development product (GDP) and directly employs about 11% of the ecosystem services. In marine protected areas (for example, Mombasa, total formal workforce as reported in the Economic Impact 2017 report and Malindi National Parks), the mangroves act as a breeding grounds for Kenya; by World Travel and Tourism Council. and nursery for fish. Increasingly, the value of ecosystem goods and services is being In regulation services, natural ecosystems that include forests, recognized, in support of socio-economic benefits and general grasslands, wetlands and marine vegetation are critical for carbon contribution to the well-being of mankind. Such ecosystem service sequestration. Consequently, their destruction compromises the efforts values include protection of humankind against natural vulnerabilities, of mitigating climate change globally. Protected areas thus play an contribution to cultural identity, clean purified air among others. While important role in preventing further loss of carbon to the atmosphere it’s not possible to measure some of these values, they are converting therefore ensuring healthy ecosystems. to benefits immediately the communities receive them. For instance, individuals enjoy clean purified water that makes economic sense for Supporting services existing generation. These are services necessary for the production and support of all other ecosystem services. Protected areas ecosystems offer healthy niches Conclusion for plants and animals species thus maintaining multiplicity of these Most of protected areas natural ecosystems face over-exploitation organisms. Some of the habitats have ‘biodiversity hotspots’ that hold and degradation despites all the benefits that they offer to mankind. important genetic resources with beneficial traits to production systems. Unfortunately, the actual value of the ecosystems to humans is still This for instance promotes pest and disease resistance to food crops. downplayed and hence not fully recognized in strategic decision Habitats genetic diversity therefore play a role in enhancing food making necessary to propel Kenya’s economic development. security among the human society. It is therefore noteworthy that well managed protected areas can be In a unique contribution, Lake Bogoria in the Rift Valley contains havens of ecosystem services vital for human survival. Overall, healthy an unusual collection of micro-organisms from which enzymes are ecosystems can lead to enhancement of food and health security as it harvested for the manufacturing of antibiotics and cleaning detergents. enhances crop species diversity and avail clean water and air. Likewise, The system also supports nutrient cycles and oxygen production that healthy ecosystems play an important role in climate change mitigation add value to wellbeing of mankind. through carbon sequestration under healthy forest ecosystems. This therefore calls for strategic conservation and management of protected Cultural/social services areas for the wellbeing of present and future generations. It’s worthy to note that not all the benefits we derive from natural

Mzima Springs, an oasis of Mt. Kenya National Park Geysers at Lake Bogoria green in Tsavo West NP.

18 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 19 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MEDIA IN INFLUENCING FOREIGN POLICY

he introduction of geosynchronous follow, or sometimes forced to cover the satellites, first launched by the official line of policy direction so that they TUnited States in 1965, specifically are not labeled unpatriotic, especially in inhi¬¬bited governments’ ability to control times of wars which are widely supported by information, so the foreign decision-making the public. process for this invention becomes more of a theater. It therefore enabled the public CNN Impact Assessment on USA to obtain information about global events Foreign Policy because they refuse to give policymakers CNN was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner, sufficient time to consider and evaluate the the first news network to start broadcasting options available to them. Nowadays, the 24/7 worldwide. The most important time prestige and power of a state is determined for CNN to be recognized as a factor in by the influence of media rather than military global news and politics was the Gulf War power. Therefore, it can be said that media 1 of 1990–91. Gulf War 1 established CNN is the most powerful and effective tool for Col S S Lesuuda as one of the “big three” American networks. achieving certain goals. This was due to influential reports offered KENYA AIR FORCE This article specifically looks at both the by the network, as it was the only means cable news network and Al Jazeera who are policy by placing it on the public agenda of communication that was broadcast from some of the leading media in the world and and framing them in a way that attracts the inside Iraq during the US bombing campaign. arguably the most influential. It has been attention of large audiences, who can then Therefore, CNN has become a prime example observed that both networks are capable pressure the government to take action. For of how media can affect national and world of influencing policy makers and societies. example, the Somalia famine of 1992 and politics. CNN gained praise and relevance The ability to cover real time news has led the Darfur massacre of 2003 were included for its role in the Famine Crisis in Somalia to immediate public awareness of policies. in the international public agenda following (1990–1991) and the wars in Kosovo (1999) CNN’s influence rose to prominence and coverage by the media. and Bosnia (1995). Therefore, these events was acknowledged during the Gulf War 1 The best way to explain the relationship led the public to think that this network had of 1990–91, while the Al Jazeera effect was between foreign policy and the media is to an important role in global politics and that recognized on 11 September 2001 following recognize the media’s potential and influence it could influence the decisions of Western the United States’ twin towers terrorist on international politics because of their role governments and other countries about attack. as connectors between foreign policy makers foreign policy. This is because the CNN and public opinion. However, it is important influence has been recognized as a power Foreign Policy and Mass Media to appreciate the difficulties they face due to to change international politics, shaping Global mass media has the potential economic factors and the need to preserve opinion of policy makers and a superpower to influence foreign policy by shaping their information sources to protect public in the world of international relations in international and public opinion through confidence. They are sometimes manipulated foreign policy and the international system. news feeds, the main idea of which is by the political class whose rhetoric they can virtual states. The media influences foreign Al Jazeera Impact Assessment The Al Jazeera Effect is a term used in media studies and political science to refer to the influence of Al Jazeera on global politics and government foreign policy. The Al Jazeera Effect works similarly to the CNN Effect by setting an international agenda and influencing the government’s foreign policy. The most important feature of the Al Jazeera Effect is that it changes perspective and creates a balance in the international media and communication environment. It has increasingly impacted the setting of agendas and barriers in governments and heavily influenced international political commitments. The most important example of the Al Jazeera influence was the Iraq War.

20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 21 Al Jazeera presented a completely different view on the war and western homes and government offices via other news networks or undermined the exclusive power of the Western media to define war. the Internet, it was shocking. Westerners observed the wars they had fought from the point of view of those living in hostile territory. “This How does the Al Jazeera effect affect American Foreign different approach can make American audiences think twice about Policy? their country’s involvement in war and thereby reduce public support, Al Jazeera has the ability to influence US foreign policy by portraying both domestic and internationally”. US foreign policies in a bad light. It could reduce American “Another aspect of Al Jazeera that enables it to influence US international popularity and disrupt its policies when involved in foreign policy is that it is quite popular among Arab and Muslim wars and other international issues. During the 2003 Iraq War, the populations and thus it can shape their opinions against American network provided a deterrent effect to US military power. policies. The same phenomenon can have a much greater effect when Al Jazeera has the ability to influence US foreign policy by it is broadcast in Al Jazeera, as it is in Arabic. Al Jazeera can build representing US foreign policies in a negative way. It could also consensus among Arab people and mobilize them to achieve their reduce the international popularity of the United States and prevent common goals. their policies of participation in wars and other international affairs. During the 2003 Iraq War, the network disrupted the United States Conclusion military by portraying it negatively for their involvement in the war. Media is no longer just a media, but has become a more popular “Al Jazeera can influence America’s foreign policy by providing base than before and now it can have a major impact on international different perspectives, which aim to separate the narratives, politics. The advent of real-time coverage and 24-hour news arguments, and beliefs of the West and counter them with a different programming has produced significant changes in the scene of view of the world”. For example, Al Jazeera branded its coverage international communication and political relations. They can reduce of Operation Iraqi Freedom “the war against Iraq”. “Unlike the the relevance of traditional boundaries and unite people from different Western media Al Jazeera, the Muslim specialized in an up-in-your- parts of the world. Therefore, they can act as instruments of struggle face approach to cover the world’s first television war.” Screaming and peace in the same way. Therefore, global media such as CNN mothers, wounded children and dead children dominated coverage and Al Jazeera are re-shaping the world and the way foreign policy of Iraq, Afghanistan and Palestine. When these reports reached is handled. PROTECT YOURSELF e live in a world that is plagued themselves. How can this be done? with disease. It is not uncommon Everyday our bodies are confronted Wto hear about disease outbreaks by germs that invade our bodies such as in various parts of the country especially bacteria, parasites and viruses that threaten during the dry spell when water becomes a our health. Our bodies work overtime scarce resource to come by. Diseases such as in order to destroy or repel the invading cholera, dysentery, TB and the dreaded Ebola enemies. Some of the sources of this invasion are with us. The outbreaks are usually severe is pollution, overcrowding, scarcity of food, and wide-spread and result in many deaths. contaminated foods and airborne diseases. The only way to ensure safety is for the Our bodies have to be alert always to fight population to be vigilant in respect of their off these invaders. In some cases, however, health. Many middle income class earners we lose the battle and experience the onset have adopted a sedentary lifestyle which has of contamination symptoms and diseases. made their bodies weak and susceptible to This will then require that we boost our lifestyle diseases. The high costs of living, MS P Majere immune system with supplements, medicine heavy commitments and living in stressful Kenya Prison Service and other forms of treatment. Reliance on environments have made accessing quality The population is therefore burdened by medicine however is not a good measure and food an uphill task for many people. On the diseases they cannot explain and as a result, should be resorted to only as a last course of other hand, business people have become very many are dying of simple, preventable and action. It is important to understand how our greedy employing unscrupulous practices manageable diseases. One wonders whether bodies get exposed to germs and viruses in such as adding dangerous components into such business people would be held to order to objectively and practically consider food products like maize meal and injecting account, or they will go unpunished for the preventive steps to take so that we can fortify chemicals to plants and animals to make blood wealth that they are accumulating. In ourselves and prevent infections. The amount them have an early maturation period. All these circumstances therefore, it becomes of time and investment put into fortifying these greed is to ensure that they get higher imperative for each person to urgently take oneself attests to how strong and successful and faster returns from their businesses. foremost personal responsibility to protect one can be at keeping diseases at bay.

20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 21 The following are some of the elements that can predispose one to disease, and measures that may be employed to protect oneself. Water: Harmful organisms can enter one’s body through contaminated water. This is especially true for those people who live in urban and peri-urban areas. However, populations in rural areas are not spared either. In cities, often times sewerage pipes burst likely mixing the seeping effluent with water for household use because of the most times unmaintained water piping and the proximity of both lines. Cases of contamination of drinking water are rife in urban and peri-urban areas. It therefore behoves individuals to ensure that the water they use at home is safe. Safety can be ensured through filtering, boiling and treatment. For those who live in rural areas, pollution of water is mostly in the water bodies through upstream contamination in rivers and streams. Food: Harmful organisms are ever present in the air. Some of them easily find their way into food. Caution can be taken Elements that can pose a risk to our health. by ensuring that food is thoroughly washed well cooked and properly handled in order place will be swarming with insects such as for the spread of diseases. Communicable to destroy and/or keep away any harmful houseflies and the occasional or lone bee. diseases know no boundary and can spread organisms. It is equally critical to maintain When visiting such places, caution should very quickly. Some germs enter the body high standards of hygiene in the kitchen be applied on what to touch and eat as these by touch, inhaling or through contact with through the whole process of handling food insects which land on food and surfaces are body fluids from an infected person. To including using well cleaned utensils and the same that land on the open drainages and protect oneself, it is advisable to avoid surfaces, washing of hands and good food sometime poor ablution system. Our homes sharing personal item and minimize contact serving practices. For mass food preparation also have many insects. Insects can infect with foreign body fluids. Always remember including for commercial and institutional you with harmful microorganisms that live the following slogan “If it’s wet and it’s not purposes such as hotels, hospitals and in them. It is necessary to, as practically yours, you have no business touching it!” schools, it is additionally important that possible, limit contact with disease carrying Weather: Climate change is affecting people handling food undertake regular insects. This can be achieved by periodic people world-wide. Hurricanes, typhoons, medical examinations. spraying of homes with insecticides, clearing floods, dry periods that result in heat Insects: Many market places do not bushes around the homes, and ensure proper flashes and extreme cold are on the rise adhere to hygienic standards. As a result, the garbage disposal which also helps avoid due to climate change. There is need for dirty stagnant water. preparedness to combat these extreme Animals: Some bacteria that live changes. To protect oneself therefore, there Caution can be taken harmlessly in animals are life-threatening. is need to listen to meteorological advice and by ensuring that food Therefore, households with animals should act accordingly, dress appropriately, take the ensure they are inoculated and proper medically recommended amounts of fluids is thoroughly washed inoculation records maintained. Where and be ready to move to higher ground when well cooked and the health status of animals cannot be the need arises. ascertained, contact should be minimised. There are many other causes of disease properly handled in Scratches and bites from animals should be spread, however these six are the most order to destroy and/ treated seriously with immediate first aid common and can easily be prevented. It is including thorough washing and covering critical that everyone is able to identify the or keep away any with a clean cloth, and then medically early warning signs and act accordingly in harmful organisms. attended to promptly. order to be safe. People: People are a major channel Take care! Be safe!

22 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 23 HARNESSING SPORTS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND NATIONAL COHESION IN KENYA

form of ambassadors and spokes persons in their foreign policies to bring about positive matters of development and peace initiatives. changes through sports. These policies act as Examples abound such as the latest exploits of a development framework to allow achieving Eliud Kipchoge who became the first mortal to objectives in areas of health, promote peace, run sub-two hours in marathon at a specially education, inclusivity and good governance. In organized event in Vienna, Austria and South Africa, sports policies focus particularly captured the imagination of the whole world. on sports that are played widely and do not Governments can exploit the fame of these require major equipment, in Soweto, football sports persons to grow the respective sports is well suited to reaching and mobilizing and market peace and development initiatives disadvantaged groups. notably the greats of all times including Kobe, Sport is taking on an increasingly Pele, Diego Maradona, David Beckham, important role in the East African Community. Lionel Messi, Usain Bolt, McDonald Mariga, The region has explicitly recognized the Julius Yego, and David Rudisha among many importance of athletics as a means to promote other champions. education, health, development, peace and COL P O ASSAVA Sports and other forms of physical stability. Athletics is considered one of KENYA ARMY activities are gaining recognition in Africa, as East Africa’s most recognized export to the a simple but effective way of advancing goals world. People all over the world participate, port is loosely defined as all forms of geared towards rapid development. As a result, watch, listen to, talk about and experience physical activities that contribute to international sport federation, corporations, modern competitive running at all levels of Smental wellbeing, physical fitness and community groups and national governments performance from amateur to professional. social interaction. It is generally assumed have actively been employing sports as Athletics in the East African context is often that sport, play and other form of physical a quick tool for peace and development. described as a language that everyone in the activities have a crucial role when it comes Sports is taken as a key human right as it continent can understand and thus sports to matters of human development. By design, involves all forms of physical activities. It brings the region together by uniting diverse sport provides a forum to learn new skills such contributes to the growth of physical fitness, groups and communities. This popularity as discipline, leadership, confidence, team mental wellbeing, good health and increased cuts across national, sub national, cultural, work and cooperation. social interaction such as recreations, play, social, economic and political boundaries and Sports usually speak to people in a competition, leisure and general relaxation. can be invoked with success in virtually any language that they best understand. Thus Sport is seen as one of the most cross-cutting community in sub Saharan Africa. from the onset it is crucial to acknowledge of all peace and development tools. Sports is Kenya has taken part in many international that sports in its many shapes and forms being widely used to promote good health and competitions and has won several awards and has the capability to reach out to the world prevent diseases, foster inclusion, promote medals in long distance running and marathon. population regardless of their gender, age, gender equity, raise awareness on social issues The country is thus taken as Africa’s real culture, ethnicity, status, religion, profession and finally lead to economic growth. sports powerhouse and home to champion and even social backgrounds. In the world It is taken that the sports, peace and athletes. In spite of theses, there is still a lot today, there is no shortage of sport-for-peace development have given birth to a whole of untapped potential of sports by various initiatives. Different sports initiatives in new era as a global tool for capacity building agencies. many parts of the globe take a wide variety and development. Sport for Peace and of approaches to peace and development. Development is deeply rooted in the fact that Sports and development is considered as it possesses a unique attribute that enables to a tool for addressing development matters foster particular value that is a requisite for facing various populations. It can thus be social development. For instance, youth sports said that development of a core sport is a can help grow young people towards positive basic precondition to utilize sports as a tool and good relations with others. In addition, for development, hence sports can directly sport is a tool to get young person’s actively be build up on the capacity for further and involved in their respective communities, and enhanced economic development. this leads to youths feeling intergraded with It is generally observed that since their peers, which helps them to socialize and the Olympics, many sports persons have in the process build up their self esteem and a demonstrated that sport is an enabler to sense of belonging. bringing people together for peace. Sports The value of football has been sufficiently related institutions have stepped up their scope, appreciated by many African states for it to be appeal, power and even reached by extension. fully integrated into their national plans. Some Athletes are now being considered as some African countries are trying to harmonize

22 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 23 Sports diplomacy has the potential of complementing traditional their leisure time positively and productively. In addition, sporting ways of advancing a states national interest. In the Kenyan case, the and recreational facilities enable the youths to freely mingle with one subsequent adoption of the national sports policy plus enactment of the another and spend their time wisely in developing their character and Sports Act 2013 is designed to bring in a better way of running and talents. Besides their sporting prowess, Kenyan youths use sports to managing sports in the country, and assist the state harness sports as express themselves creatively and in the process they tap into their a national resource. Some of the most popular sports played in Kenya sporting energy as a possible source of sustainable income, through include, track and field and other running events, rugby, hockey, cricket, harnessing the social and educational potential of football, as in the case safari rally, football, volleyball, swimming, boxing, karate, shooting, of Mathare United team. basket ball and softball. Sport does aim to directly prevent conflict, as all games are based Sport in Kenya is a tool that can be employed to promote cohesion, on healthy competition with opponents trying to get to a common goal. development and peace. Sport is also considered as a developer of In order to better appreciate sports as a peace building tool, it is vital social improvement, a movement for social change and community to gain an in depth understanding of the nature of the antagonism and empowerment. Hence participating in sports helps to build up personal conflict in various cultural and geographical areas. confidence and teach life skills, entire communities do benefit from Sporting is considered a form of innovative diplomacy which Kenya various sports initiatives. Kenya has seen sports movements and can use to achieve its foreign policy. It is hence crucial for general organizations represent opportunities for empowerment. In some citizens to reflect upon some of their common values and principles counties in Kenya, sports are perceived as a possible avenue to foster that seem to guide most sports and development projects working to dialogue and peaceful co-existence amongst communities living side address conflict and disagreements prior to implementation of any by side. sports programme. Sport such as football can be used as an instrument for preventing In conclusion sports is considered a form of international language, conflict as well as an element for sustaining peace. It is acknowledged and therefore the harnessing of the power of sports for peace and that sports played a key role in reconciliation of communities and development, internationally, regionally and locally can be seen reinforcing the healing process and national unity before, during and clearly when Kenyan athletes and national team move beyond the after the 2007/2008 post election violence in Kenya. For instance, in the borders for sporting activities. Sport is progressively being recognized months of May 2008, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (Kenya) as a significant tool in facilitating Kenya achieve its national goals indicated that there was emergency reallocation of state funds to help particularly the Sustainable Development Goals pioneered by the many displaced persons in camps (Ministry of Sports, 2016). The key United Nations. Kenya is composed of about forty-four ethnic groups, lesson learnt in this, was that, in spite of differences, sports encourages as well as people of diverse religions and racial backgrounds, sports people to mix freely, regardless of their age, gender, ethnicity, title, has acted as a tool for integration, cohesion and co-existence of the status and even locality. societies. Sports provides the youths with a possible avenue for spending GLOBAL GOVERNANCE enforcement. state, but corporately through an integrated Global governance is defined as the sum approach. Nations have therefore established of norms, laws, institutions and policies that global institutions such as the United Nations determine, constitute and mediate trans-border (UN) to respond to these threats. Despite its issues between states, cultures, citizens, challenges, the UN has remained the principal governmental and inter-governmental mechanism for global governance since it was institutions and the market. It encompasses formed in 1945. the totality of norms, institutions, policies Global governance has also gained greater and rules in which states and members of importance due to the recognition that the public try to bring stability, order and many of the dominant security challenges predictability to solutions on global issues the world faces today, from international that are beyond the scope of one nation to terrorism, climate change, environmental solve. degradation, to proliferation of weapons of The concept of global governance mass destruction, are trans-national in nature has gained acceptance over the last and require coordinated effort to address Col M S Farah decades becoming a prominent issue on them. In the absence of a world government, Kenya AIR Force the international agenda. It entails efforts multilateral approaches are required to solve to make rules for sustaining cooperation these global issues. The UN has therefore raditionally, governance refers to to address global concerns or problems. provided the institutional framework at ‘governing’ of institutions, political Increasingly, the world is dealing with the international level for decision making Tauthority or ultimately control. It challenges such as security threats from and policy formulation. It has remained the implies formal political institutions that seek international terrorism, financial crisis and principal mechanism that remains central to to control and coordinate interdependent the worsening environmental conditions. thinking about global governance in the 21st relations that have the capacity for decision These problems cannot be addressed by one century.

24 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 25 In addition, the need for global governance institutional gaps are addressed when the UN also stems from the sheer growth in numbers establishes international institutions/regimes and the importance of non-state entities. that are mandated to address specific issues These entities include civil society actors who or concerns. The UN also plays a significant participate as activists, advocates and in some role in filling compliance gaps by monitoring cases as policymakers. Their critique and and enforcing implementation of the policies policy formulation has shown tremendous adopted by its member states. The role of results in terms of non-governmental and the UN civil society is unquantifiable and governmental allocation of resources, as well the member states should be encouraged to as in the exercise of military, economic and appreciate the role of these actors. political power. So, why does the world need However, it has not been smooth sailing ‘global governance’ and why is the UN best for the UN as it has been faced with a fair suited to facilitate it? share of challenges in global governance. The world needs global governance for Firstly, for the global governance concept to three main reasons, among others. First, work and for the UN to be effective, certain there is increased interconnection and rise preconditions are to be realized. The UN must of various international problems such as level the ground for all its member states. United Nations Headquarters, New York. global warming, financial crisis, international This will mitigate the fear arising from the terrorism, money laundering and cybercrime. East-West and North-South geopolitics. The example being that the UN Secretary General Based on the principle of subsidiarity which rise of the East and the competition between has limited powers to make decisions and requires that such political and social issues be states has threatened the hegemonic status enforce the same. The credibility of the UN addressed at the most immediate level in line of the United States of America and is seen is dented with the powerful states still doing with resolutions, the global nature of these to likely influence global governance as the what they want, with examples of the invasion challenges that face the world today calls emerging powers try to integrate themselves of Crimea, Libya and Iraq. The situation in for an effective global response. Secondly, in the governance architecture. Syria demonstrated a growing determination global governance systems are becoming This is exacerbated by the growing dissent by the emerging powers to reduce the western more complex by the day with the inclusion of the validity of the permanent members domination of the UNSC. This disconnect of of multilateral institutions, civil society and of the United Nations Security Council power between the General Assembly and the inter-governmental informal frameworks (UNSC) which the emerging powers view as Security Council is likely to bring a debate such as the G20 and G8. In this case, the a World War II idea for peace and that is not regarding the safeguarding and protection United Nations has remained the best-suited representative. Outwardly, the UN needs to function of the UN. actor to enhance global governance due to its adapt to the geopolitical shift of power from In conclusion therefore, the global representation by its 193 member states. the West to the East and also incorporate the governance concept has both inherent and Through the Global Compact, the South. This will defeat the debate about the external challenges. However, the inter- United Nations plays a role in facilitating functions of the five permanent members of governmental organization has continued partnership between Non-Governmental the UNSC who are viewed by the emerging to function despite gaps in the current Organizations, global labour and academia powers as outdated. dominant security issues facing the world to create awareness on good corporate Regional and sub-regional architecture has and the inadequate available solutions. practices as far as human rights, anti- increased over the recent past to counter the These gaps pertain to norms, knowledge, corruption, environmental protection and influence of anarchic governments. However, compliance, policies and institutions. The labour rights are concerned. The main aim the trans-national global networks and the UN must also remain as the forum where of the partnership is to ensure there is joint growing preference to utilize ‘coalitions of member states’ views are listened to and value in the global economy. The UN has also the willing’ are likely to undermine the role considered regardless of their political power, played a critical role in filling the knowledge of traditional formal institutions such as the influence and size. It must remain present at gap by offering empirical data and well- UN. Equally, the UN must acknowledge the all discussions regarding global issues from defined ideological stances that is important role of regional organizations and also have poverty alleviation to prevention of conflict. in the modern governance architecture. For regional actors that are alive to issues on In our rapidly globalizing world, there are instance, it has clearly defined the role of the the ground and that can provide adaptable myriad and complex challenges that affect state in the development process and in the configurations to issues at hand. The UN must humankind. The task of global governance control of market forces. The UN has also also foster trust amongst its member states for institution is to identify and concentrate on facilitated the filling of normative gaps which democratic engagements. the interdependence and interconnectedness is achieved by providing an essential arena The rise of non-state actors such as NGOs of these threats and challenges and provide for states to codify norms by signing treaties, and civil society actors, and the role these non- the international community with a roadmap declarations and resolutions. It remains an state actors play in global governance is likely for sustainable peace and development. exceptional forum in which member states try to be contested by traditional realist states. Does the World need the UN? Yes it does. to find consensus about normative approaches These non-state actors routinely engage with However, the UN needs to adopt policies that to global challenges. member states (the “First UN”) and the world are not seen to undermine the weaker states. The third reason is that the UN plays a body’s professional secretariat (the “Second The UN also needs to reform itself to be pivotal role in filling policy and institutional UN”) and this is likely to influence its actions, effective and devolve some of its functions to gaps. The policy gaps are filled when the priorities and policies. regional organizations for sustainable global UN makes policies that are then adopted The UN also faces structural challenges, an governance. by member states. On the other hand,

24 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 25 THERE IS NEED TO KNOW MORE ABOUT BAGAMOYO DISTRICT

agamoyo is among the districts of hope maybe amongst the sold slaves as they Pwani Region of Tanzania. Other were being bound onto the dhows to the far Bdistrict are Kibaha (Maili Moja); unknown countries. Some believe also that Mkuranga, Kisarawe, Mafia and Rufiji. it meant for the long travelled traders, once Bagamoyo district is about 65km in the they arrived at Bagamoyo to offload the northern part of the city of Dar es Salaam loads as well as to begin to rest. following the coastline of the Indian Ocean. Bagamoyo was a major port for the It is historically evident that the 18th century trading of the slave in the eastern part of city of Bagamoyo is still home to major Africa along the Indian Ocean. Thousands of tribes of such as the Wakwere, Zaramo and slaves including porters passed through until Waswahili. Most of Wakwere are historically the late half of the 19th century. Slavery was Muslim with different clans’ history. finally abolished internationally in 1873. At Currently; Bagamoyo is a World Heritage Bagamoyo, the slave trade did not stop. The Site with diversity of ethnic groups mostly Col J E Katunge slave traders continued secretly with their Wakwere, Zaramo, Wasukuma, Nyamwezi, business until they finally abandoned it in Tanzania Peoples’ Defence Forces Wazigua and Wachaga. 1933. were mostly of the Muslim religion. Most History tells that; Bagamoyo was not Bagamoyo, the 18th Century City people who lived by then in Bagamoyo were only the centre of slave and ivory trade but The ancient city of Bagamoyo, in the 18th farmers as well as fisherman. The major also was a starting point of famous European century was the main centre of trade in the trade in Bagamoyo was slaves and ivory. The explorers. The explorers were actually East of Tanganyika along the coast of the traders were mainly coming from different searching for the sources of the Nile River. Indian Ocean. It continued as the prime places of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The searches included the surroundings centre for trade amongst Africans, Arabs, The original name of Bagamoyo comes lakes in the eastern part of African continent. Germany colonial government by then from Swahili words “bwaga moyo” literally John Hanning Speke, Henry Morton Stanley, Tanganyika and the Christian missionaries translated means “Lay down your Heart.” Richard Francis Burton and James Augustus up to the middle of the 19th Centuries. The This was unknown as exactly to what it was Grant were explorers. Dr David Livingstone Kaole Ruins, another ancient village south referring to. It was not certain whether they was one of the most popular British explorers of Bagamoyo which is approximately 3km were the slaves who being sold at Bagamoyo in Africa who never reached Bagamoyo has the remnants of the oldest Mosque and to mean “hakuna matumaini tena” in during his east Africa exploration. His dead a number of old graves of Arab traders who Swahili language meaning the loss of any body was only brought in 1874 to Bagamoyo

Slave Market Ruins

26 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 27 Dr. Livingstone’s Tower where his body was interred at the tower Kaole Ruins for one night in February 1874

from a place called Chipundu in Zambia where he died in the month extended to the neighbouring villages of Mligotini and Saadani. A of May 1873. It was kept in the city’s oldest church tower while game drives to Saadani National Park can also be arranged. Bagamoyo waiting to be ferried to Zanzibar. The intent was to finally send the is about 65km in the northern part of the city of Dar es Salaam body to England for interring. The church tower is then named after following the coastline of the Indian Ocean. It is historically evident him. that the 18th century city of Bagamoyo is still home to major tribes Bagamoyo was the first capital of Tanzania. The German East such as the Wakwere, Zaramo and Waswahili. Visiting Bagamoyo Africa headquarters (under the auspices of the German East African will give access to Slave Market Ruins which is the historical Company and the German Imperial Government) in the years 1886- landmark. Slave Market Ruins was one of the most active points of 1891 were in Bagamoyo. Dar es Salaam became the new capital of the slave trade. “Chuo cha Sanaa Bagamoyo” is an Internationally the colony in 1891. The German Empire decided to build a railway Famous College of Arts which also is found in Bagamoyo. The from Dar es Salaam into the interior in 1905 to easy carriage of raw- College teaches traditional Tanzanian’s and East African’s dances, materials and business; thus where Bagamoyo’s importance declined. theatre, and rhythm. It is therefore recommended to visit and know more about Bagamoyo in order to be conversant with African History Kaole Ruins especially East Africa. The remains of Kaole can be traced back from Kaole village which was formerly known as ‘Pumbuji’. This was where migrants from Arabic countries settled. The village has a remains dated to 13th century. History tells that; the Sultan of Oman when was in Tanganyika preferred to settle. He constructed and manned administrative and military headquarters. The current ruins mostly made up of earth with different colours and the Kaole museum will tell you various history and stories of what was happening from 13th to 19th centuries such as the cruel slavery trade, ivory trade, and trader’s movement etcetera. There are also histories of the first Catholic Church in East Africa, one of the oldest baobab tree, cemeteries of the first German and Indian to land along the coast; Dr Livingstone Tower including the living culture of Kaole people of whom majority of them originated from Asia.

The Oldest Catholic Church in East Africa The Oldest Catholic Church in East Africa is found in Bagamoyo District. When you visit to Bagamoyo you will have an advantage to see the oldest catholic church in East Africa which was built around 1910 – 1914. The church is co-located with the original Holy Ghost Church. It is believed that in 1874 Dr David Livingstone was kept for a night at the Holy Ghost Mission thus why part of the original church “the Livingstone Tower” was named for his honour.

Conclusion Today, many tourists have visited Bagamoyo through the organised tours to a fully explore of Bagamoyo. The programmes can be organized depending on your time and budget. The tour can be Oldest Catholic Church in East Africa

26 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 27 IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY

distance barriers and other geographical for food items and money contributions. burdens.With social media, one can be Social Media is also used in the world of able to search for the former comrades by e-commerce, where businessmen use socio indicating on the internet applications,write media to link up with customers and build the names and the school attended and the up insights, stimulate demand, and generate application will immediately link up with targeted product offers. In the social media, him or her. organizations are able to reach customers In addition,Social media has provided and prospect for more.It is very important platforms in which the business world for companies to use social media to can market their commodities.They can connect with customers and build revenue do this straight by opening accounts because it is cheaper, effective and efficient in various social media applications or hence reduce cost of doing business. paying celebrities to market their products. Moreover,running podcasts and blogs This therefore means youths with many creates an avenue for youths to showcase followers in their social media platforms their talents. This therefore means, talents MR P Ithinji are provided with arrays of opportunities to are nurtured and maximized. social media Kenya Forest Service earn a living/income using their accounts as helps to boost their esteem and build brand ambassadors and marketers online. confidence in their undertakings as it creates ocial media also known as social Further, networking helps todevelops a wide coverage of people viewing, sharing networking is an interaction of awareness and assist people to come up with and liking the various podcasts and blogs. computer facilitated technology that S various discoveries /innovations that guides Social networking creates forums where enables creation and sharing of ideas and people to improve their own livelihood and people express their opinions on various information,and entails career interest and eradicate dependency syndrome.Each and issues in the society.Naturally shy people other forms of expression via cybernetic every person despite their social status can get the rare opportunity to convey messages society and systems and has become part benefit from social media and in an event in public fora without fear of consequences. of our daily lives due to its rampant use where there is a tragedy, people can easily The use of internet is a very cheap means of in recent years.It is like any other media fundraise using WhatsApp.For instance, communication because just use of internet such as newspapers, radio and television in the year 2016, when there was hunger bandwidth can communicate virtually with but it involves sharing of more than just in Turkana County, members of the public so many people globally. information and ideas. It also involves used social media to fundraise, seek support Despite the many advantages, there are sharing of experiences and interests. Additionally, the most important social media platforms include Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram among others. Social networking has both advantages and disadvantages hence impacting on the societal social economic development and psychological behavioral of the society as a whole.Among the advantages of social networking include: The world has been reduced into a global village, simply known as globalization. and therefore, people can interact with each other in every parts of the world by just a click of the button,and share ideas,knowledge and understand the opportunities out there. Globalization, which has come with advancement in technology, and communication system has brought interconnected of people and states throughout the world. Secondly,it gives people leeway to make new comrades and allows them to maintain the old ones despite Social Networking in the Society

28 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 29 a number of numerous negative effects in their home and lives.The first thing in the this affect the young people who are roared the unregulated world of internet.Firstly,the morning immediately after bed and before to join them,cybercrimes is very common youth are likely to be exposed to see images bed in the evening is to check internet these days where unsuspected people are of sexual content and nudity. The young accounts is to check their internet account. able to crack the data of banks and personal people are susceptible to sexual images Social networking has emerged as the major account numbers and they withdraw all the of naked people and contents, and when causes of family breakups that could lead to money without your knowledge. subjected to this for a long period it can divorce in the society today.This is because People who spend a lot of time looking lead to psychological dysfunction which some people might send love statement in at the computer and mobile phones for will lead to mental breakdown.Further the WhatsApp or some images of the other social networking for very long time are this will lead to unprotected sex with can partner in a manner to suggest unfaithfulness vulnerable to eyes problems. Additionally, infect them with diseases such as HIV to his partner which could lead to lack of users become inactivedue to lack of and unplanned pregnancy for young girls trust and finally divorce. movement thus exposing them to obesity in school hence affecting social economic Social media has reduced productivity and other lifestyle diseases.Social media development of a country. Consequently, of people at work as they are spending a also makes individuals socially inept in that mature and religious people are aggrieved lot of time scrutinizing their social media they cannot start conversations or interact by some images in the social media which accounts such as what up, emails, google, with people.This can become a major injure their consciousness hence affect Facebook, twitters snapshots. However, problem to their relationship because for their morality and are therefore perceived with all this disturbance, people cannot a good coexistence there must be a form as sinfulin nature. Too much indulgence in concentrate and fulfill their assignments on of communication.Propaganda people also social media also leads to addiction. The time. By this people become unproductive. use social mediaa lot of trolls who gain for society today is spending a lot of precious The social media networking currently is propaganda and fake news making people time looking at their mobile phones, by the source of cyber bullying, roamers and hysterical especially when involving loved idol charting,talking when they doing fake news are spread through the forums ones.In conclusion though, social media very important job in their workplace. The in the internet. Further, this networking has both positive and negative effects youth are more susceptible to this kind of has become a security threat to countries and it essentially depends on the person addiction.Married couples have no time for by conducting radicalization in the internet interacting with the media how to use it. each other as they spend most of the time in by unsuspected terrorist or sympathizers the internet rather that discussing matter of who entice them with money online and UNEMPLOYMENT IN KENYA – A TICKING TIME BOMB constrained from smoothly entering the seated than we may be willing to accept, and labour market. The Government of Kenya, the country could be sitting on a ticking time following the general elections in 2013, bomb promised to create a million jobs annually A survey conducted by the Aga Khan as one of its agenda. Back then, the bulk of University’s East African Institute in 2016 unemployed Kenyans received the news with found out that 55% of Kenyan youth (aged 18 jubilation. However, while this was a fair to 35) were unemployed. Out of the overall pledge by the government, it has been unable number, 62% were female, with the hardest- to deliver on that front. Nevertheless, after hit being rural women. According to a 2017 the 2017 general elections and assuming British Council study targeting the country’s office, the government reiterated that youth, 22% of Kenyans aged 15 to 24 were creating employment as well as empowering unemployed. For a similar target group, the youth remained among its top priorities. a United Nations Development Program Regrettably, about two years down the (UNDP) statistical updates in 2017 reported Col M L Leriari line, unemployment still remains a great that unemployment rate was 26.2%. Truth be challenge to the country. According to the told, Kenya’s unemployment rate has been KENYA ARMY World Bank, the country’s unemployment a predicament to successive governments. outh unemployment is not only rate stood at 9.31%, translating to Statistics indicate that over 750,000 youth a United Nation Sustainable approximately 4.5 million jobless Kenyans graduate from tertiary institutions annually Development Goal (UN-SDG), as of December 2018. This figure does not and the job market absorbs only 250,000 Y include the under-employed in the country’s of them. Additionally, the ever rising but remains to be an important universal global challenge. Many graduating youths informal sector. Additionally, the 9.31% population in the country has presented itself would believe that the world is much harsher figure was an increase from 9.29% in 2017. as a hurdle that must be crossed in an attempt than what they thought, because they are Unemployment is a problem far more deep- to curb or mitigate unemployment. Should

28 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 29 the government consider population control? further expenses in training costs to remain local industries in the production of quality at par with current market demands. products based on the market demands. This Unemployment Effects Unfortunately, further training does will create the necessary jobs for the youth Predictions indicate that unemployment not actually guarantee employment. This and alleviate the situation.It is also important of the youth will continue to rise in the effectively makes unemployment a vicious to increasing government expenditure on subsequent years. High unemployment will cycle for some. According to a 2019 World the infrastructure development necessary have negative consequences on the economy Bank report, there is a negative relationship for spurring businesses such as the road growth of any country. Under the prevailing between youth employability and their network. With improved infrastructure, circumstances, many young people are education level. The more educated they trade and industrialization can be enhanced likely to migrate overseas countries in are, the higher the wages they may seek. within the country. Developed road networks search of employment. Naturally, a high Unfortunately again, most employers, tend attracts local and foreign investors in that it unemployment rate presents significant to go for a less educated workforce since it gives them favorable environment in which challenges to a nation and the issue has both translates to a lower wage bill. they can transport and transact businesses social and economic effects. According to without delay. a study conducted in 2019 on the causes of Unemployment Mitigation Developing states experience numerous unemployment among Kenyan graduates, measures challenges in providing goods and services. crime was reported to be the number one Since independence, successive governments This has been as a result of the fact that result. Indeed, a thin line exists between have endeavoured to tackle unemployment the available revenues and services are unemployment, crime, violence, drug and in the country without much success. This suppressed by the increased number of substance abuse and depression all seem to baffles the citizenry in that the measures people that needs to be assisted. Increasing be interrelated. have not been effective enough to address population has jeopardized the government The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the menace that seems to stare us in the face. capacity to address the immediate needs of a country is adversely affected by citizens Extra ordinary measures should be put in the people. This also affects the capacity who do not contribute to the economy. In place to alleviate the growing joblessness. of the government to create adequate the same light, an increase in Kenya’s crime It is imperative to give incentives to opportunity for its citizens. Formulating and wave scares off investors.From security investors to develop rural areas and create implementing policies aimed at controlling perspective, idle youth have been known to be gainful employment in these regions. birth rate will also assist in curbing the rapid particularly vulnerable to radicalization and The formulation of effective policies and population growth. subsequent recruitment into terror groups, regulations is essential in streamlining In addition to addressing unemployment, violence activities as well as drug abuse in the guidelines that governs employment policy measures should focus on the issues the society. Therefore, unemployment is a creation in the country. This will improve the of youth inactivity and job quality. In threat to national security by all means. infrastructure that is essential for businesses terms of policy interventions measures, the Furthermore, unemployment is linked and thus reduce the rural urban migration demarcation of the systemic challenges is to commercial sex work, civil disorder currently being experienced. vital, since what might work in address poor and drug abuse. Youth unemployment also The government should review the quality jobs or inactivity may not reduce leads to loss of competency and technical education system to equip learners with unemployment. skills, social exclusion, and psychological skills relevant to the outside market. There disorders. Other social effects include is also need to align the education system Conclusion reduction in life expectancy loss motivation with the current trends and demands of the The problem of unemployment is universal and increased rates of suicide. This labor market in order to give the youth an and it affects many countries and thus pose undermines family life and relationship, opportunity to attract employers and also a difficult labour market experience for gender and racial inequality. create their own employment opportunities. those who seek employment. In Africa this Based on this, it is imperative to put problem continue to be a major obstacles Employment and Education Skill more resources on the technical trainings to the full utilization of human resources in On the other hand, the unemployed are institutions like the TIVET so as to have spite of economic progress in Africa over also affected in that the more an individual skills that can promote industrialization in the last few decades. Despite numerous continues to be out of the job market, the the country. This will reduce outsourcing of government policies being put in place to more they find it increasingly difficult to land expertise from other countries. a job. Changes in technology may render Protecting the local industries from combat the menace, their implementation the said individual’s skills obsolete, leading fierce competition in the form of cheap always seems to fall short. To alleviate the to a phenomenon described as structural imported goods is necessary and thus the situation its imperative relevant approaches unemployment. In such a case, the youth are government should initiate effective policies to solve long-term youth unemployment be able and willing to work, but their skills are that can create an enabling environment and explored. Key alternatives include but not no match for the vacancies they intend to fill. enhance the thriving and survival of the local limited to; ensuring quality education that Consequently, they can neither earn a living industries in a globalizing world. Importation is relevant to job market, initiation of youth nor contribute to the growth of the economy of similar products that are produced locally empowerment programs, incentives for self- as they are not involved in any productive should be controlled so as to enhance the employment, entrepreneurship, in addition activities. In trying to alleviate the situation, sale of local products. Incentives should be to access to competency based education they may, therefore, be forced to incur put in place to enhance the capacity of these among others.

30 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 31 SERENGETI-MAASAI MARA NATIONAL PARKS: SHARED NATURAL RESOURCES BETWEEN TANZANIA AND KENYA

is estimated to be with the amount of more current and coming generations. The point to than two million animals from about April note is that as we are in the current generation to early July and stay at Maasai Mara till to enjoying the befits of these shared natural about November, this being happen every resources we should make sure that we year. And again, it should be noted that these hand over to the next generation when they migration cannot be stopped by anything that are in good condition. Although currently is to say if it happen, that stoppage will make there are challenges facing these natural the end of these wildlife existence in that resources such as agriculture, construction particular areas, since this migration helps of industries, poaching and pollution being in maintaining their breeding, they breed at conducted in some areas of these natural the same time and by so doing they provide resources, these should not discourage efforts security against the predators. This situation being done for the purpose of maintaining attracts tourists to have a watch, since it is these natural resources. believe that observing animal giving birth is Masaai Mara and Serengeti national usually a sign of good luck in the near future parks being shared jointly between The Col B C Nombo and it might even announce winning the United Republic of Tanzania and Kenya Tanzania Peoples’ Defence Forces tottery soon, moreover it is a sign of finally have several advantages such as combating achieving some long term goal or acquiring poaching who use to conduct their activities he shared natural resource is the something the one have been longed for. by crossing borders from one country to resource which gives benefit to more Shared natural resources can be termed as another, thus through joint cooperation than one country, it can be a River, a T the gift from the God wherever they are, and by these two countries poachers can be Mountain and even a National Park. Many they should be managed wisely. Even The tightly pursued whenever they go. Another Africa countries are sharing natural resources International Law has strongly insisted on advantage is having tourists being visiting as they heritage during independence after equitably sharing of transboundary national one national park can visit another national colonial era. Those shared resources are resources for the purposes of gaining profits park in the same trip. such as River Nile which has been shared by from both of them and on the other part is Despite of the above mentioned challenges eleven countries which are Burundi, Rwanda, to avoid conflict when one part feels being facing Masaai Mara and Serengeti national The United Republic of Tanzania, Kenya, humiliated. This can be witnessed by the parks, there is another challenge, being the Uganda, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Sudan, various countries especially in Africa being effect of climate change which affects the Egypt, Democratic Republic of Congo and in conflict for the scramble of what could be amount of water in the rivers which flows Eritrea. National parks are another type of a shared natural resource, such as the current in the national parks such as Mara River shared resource such as Serengeti- Maasai problem between Ethiopia and Egypt on the and Talek River. The shortage of water has Mara national parks and Mkomazi – Tsavo issue of construction of Dam in river Blue great impact on the eco - system of these being the National Parks shared between The Nile being done by Ethiopian Government natural resources. Hence there is a need for United Republic of Tanzania and Kenya. with negative perception from the Egyptian the governments of Kenya and the United The Maasai Mara National Park is located government. Republic of Tanzania to fully cooperate for in southern Kenya while the Serengeti Since it is obvious that national parks are the sustainable development of Maasai Mara National Park is located in northern part of among source of national income through and Serengeti National Parks. the United Republic of Tanzania, They are tourism industry, likewise Masaai Mara and adjacent between the international border of Serengeti national parks are the generating these two countries. It is urged that these two source of national income for the respective national parks were created for the benefit of countries through tourist attractions whereby maintenance of eco - system for existence of a good number of tourists are being witnessed wildlife, even if they were in two different coming for the purposes of observing wildlife countries as in consideration that wildlife has especially those most icon animals which no rule of observing international boundaries. are lions, leopards, wildebeest, buffalo, Maasai Mara and Serengeti national parks are giraffe rhinos, cheetahs gazelles and more. being managed by different authorities from Employment creation is another advantage Kenya and The United Republic of Tanzania being obtained from tourist industry. respectively but without interference to For this good eco – system of Masaai tourist who wish to visit all two national Mara and Serengeti one can ask himself, parks at a time. The unique attraction to the what will happen if one eco – system of Maasai Mara and Serengeti is the observance either side is being endangered? The answer of the great migration of the group of should be, this shared natural resource must Wildebeest, Zebra, Antelopes and other be protected to maximum for the benefit of herbivores moving from Serengeti which Annual Wildebeest Migration.

30 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 31 THE CONCEPT OF THE RULE OF LAW AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR KENYA

the ordinary law courts; The primacy of the clear laid down procedures and avoidance rights of individual, that is, the constitution of arbitrary treatment such as coercion and is the result of the rights of the individual as torture. Furthermore, an impartial and open defined and enforced by courts of law, rather judiciary should afford a fair and speedy than constitution being the source of the trial. The law also supposes that that an individual rights” individual is innocent till proven guilty and The concept that is about one hundred that one should not incriminate themselves. years has attained its own inherent The rule of law further presupposes that one characteristics that easily can tell the doctrine cannot be prosecuted for an offence that does apart due to the certainty, generality as well not exist under the law neither should the as the equality aspect within .The concept law be retrospective to cater for back dated however lacked the element of the protection offences but rather be proactive. The law is of individuals which has developed from said to be dynamic and changes from time to its inception to cater for it and further sets time to cater for any changes that need to be up ideals for most states to attain in its entrenched within the law under a transparent MR W O HIRIBAE fulfillment. Accordingly: and clear process which is normally through Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Kenya “The rule of law implies that the functions a laid down procedure mandated to the of the government in a free society should elected representatives in most cases that he origin of the doctrine of rule of be so exercised as to create conditions in ensures its sanctity and openness. law emanates from the English which which the dignity of man as an individual The law must also be objective and have plays a fundamental role in their T is upheld. This dignity requires not only a purpose; if it lacks this character then it constitutional framework. The principle the recognition of certain civil or political will be an arbitrary law that works against spell out that the law is the one that should rights but also creation of certain political, the interests of its citizens who are meant to govern a state and should not be left to be social, economic, educational and cultural enjoy it. Lastly, the laws must be very clear utilized arbitrary by state officials and conditions which are essential to the full and open and be prescribed in a particular state institutions but rather have in place development of his personality”. form to meet with the legal threshold for it fundamental checks and balances to ensure The following principles outline the to be adhered to and followed to the latter. that the law is overall. Rule of Law: Separation of the three arms It must be sensible and have reasonable The rule of law implies that the of government; promulgation of law vide sanctions that commensurate with the promulgation of laws, their enforcement and the elected representatives; the availability offence committed and applied horizontally. that the sanctity of the law is upheld such that of a platform to air opinions and criticism no one is above the law including the elites of of how the law is applied; administering the Institutions and Culture the society. This means that the government law in in a fair and equal manner; easy access The rule of law is perceived as a constellation relies on existing laws just as the citizenry. to the provisions of the law for citizens to of ideals that inform a design that can be Hence the perception that “No legal person abide by it; institutions to apply the law as pursued. These ensures that institutions are shall enjoy privileges that tare not extended per the scope or provisions there of including devoid of taking advantage of the vantage to all and that everyone is under the law place they are placed and hence have to play without exceptions and subject to sanctions”. only a single role of either defining the limits The application and adjudication of legal “The rule of law of the law for another entity that will apply rules must be impartial and consistent across, implies that the such limits to avoid arbitrary use of such and are made according to what the law is, laws or privilege position. Accordingly, the without taking into consideration the class, functions of the institutional separation of power by the arms status, or relative power among parties to a of government by applying the three level dispute. government in a structure of independence of the Judiciary, According to one of the well-known free society should Legislative arm and the Executive is aimed proponents of this concept, A V Dicey at ensuring this concept of rule-of-law is in his book The Law of the Constitution be so exercised as practical in states and hence a system of (1885), the doctrine of rule of law has three checks and balances therein. Additional implications:. “Absence of arbitrary power, to create conditions measures to ensure fair access to legal that is, no man is punished except for a in which the dignity institutions are vital for rule-of-law regimes. breach of law; Equality before the law, that A binding constitution aids the rule of law is, equal subjection of all citizens (rich or of man as an and has been adopted by most states. poor, high or low, official or non-official) to While certain institutional traditions, the ordinary law of the land administered by individual is upheld.

32 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 33 conventions and legislation may be important in ensuring judicial The riddle bedeviling Kenya is “How is the Constitution being decisions are grounded within the confines of existing laws, no single adhered to? The constitution is the Grundnorm of the state and carries institutional character of a state should be necessary or enough to the aspirations of the people. Since 2013, the application of the the rule-of-law ideal. The rule of law is an ideal that is not connoted constitution is wanting with several unconstitutionalities committed. to a certain fixture and it forms the fabric an independent and just The judiciary, legal practitioners and the public have not sort any government through procedures and institutions that exist in a state. redress whatsoever. As a matter of fact, the doctrine of separation of Every state places mechanisms that ensure the application of the power seems more of a myth with the legislature relieving them of any rule of law considering its unique characteristics. Mongrelization of obligation to take the executive to task. There is need to revive public similar institutions in a second state may not work due to the fact that trust at the national and county levels of government and institutions each state has its own internal dynamics determined by the culture, mandated to safeguard against abuse of power, corruption, impunity, traditions and even aspirations of the people hence such an effort may inequality and integrity of public officials must be proactive in not work out at the end of the day. Over and above, the general practice safeguarding the norms and principles enshrined in the constitution. is to ensure that specific norms and principles became inherent in the Kenya is conducting talks on constitutional reforms through promulgation, application and actual exercise within the institutions initiatives such as the Building Bridges Initiative (BBI) and the and the individual and that the law operates more on a horizontal “Punguza Mzigo” initiative. It is imperative to note that despite platform. This will ensure that the law is supreme to institutions and resolving the Post-Election Violence of 2008, key pending issues that individuals at large.. were among the root causes of the violence are yet to be addressed, these include the electioneering system and the Election Board, The Kenyan riddle and what the rule of law means. national cohesion and reconciliation, tribalism, ethnicity and negative There is a general outcry in matters dealing with transparency and politics, corruption and impunity, regional balancing among others. accountability of governments in the African continent with several cases of impunity and violation of human rights. The cases at the Conclusion ICC that have been adjudged illustrate the levels of inequality in the It’s imperative to have a national dialogue aimed at improving the administration of power and the multiparty system introduced in social, economic and political spheres, and further advocate the 1992 in Kenya opened the democratic space. application of the rule of law. The requisite to explore constructive The Kenyan Constitution 2010 is amongst the most robust politics and transformational administration must be key to avoid constitution in the Africa which embodies human security, the impunity. The BBI dialogue if adopted can create a mechanism that doctrine of separation of powers, human rights and matters integrity can facilitate the search for the elusive national cohesion and nation as a prerequisite for holding public office. building being sort. PHYSICAL FITNESS – AN ENTHUSIASM

or advice from a doctor due to one’s medical leisure pursuits of your choice”. condition. For course participants at the National Despite the widespread interest that physical Defence College, to be physically fit, fitness invokes, there is yet no universally agreed and effective in academic participation, a definition for its description. The condition participant’s fitness should be inclined towards that helps people feel, look, feel and their best endurance, stamina, strength, courage, power, is what is described as fitness. To be precise, quickness, coordination, etc. The participant physical fitness is regarded as the ability ofa should possess both a mental and emotional person to accomplish routine responsibilities capacity to absorb emotional and mental strain energetically and vigilantly, whilst holding to cope with the rigours academic programmes reserved energy for enjoying leisure-time and assignments. activities and contingency demands. Physical Through participation in exercises such as fitness is the power to withstand, to resist stress, jumping, walking, running, swimming use of and continue to perform in circumstances where a treadmill, then participants would develop a Col F K Bossa a weak person would not carry on and this is a high tall of physical fitness. Such exercises main foundation for good health and wellbeing. make participants feel extra ordinary proficient Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces Physical fitness besides, indicates aptitudes and confident in their attitude which in turn he power of a person to perform like resilience towards exhaustion, acting with reassures and inspires them to work hard and efficiently hinges on the physical a satisfactory level of motor capacity, and ably to recover from physical exertion rapidly. development of mental, responsive, adapting to muscular stress. Fitness is defined These conditions are valuable in giving the T by the World Health Organisation as “the life of course participants the impetus and ethical and communal aspects. Physical fitness which is a quality of an individual contrasts ability to perform your normal daily tasks with desire to accomplish assigned tasks. It is from one person to the other depending on one’s vigour and alertness and without undue fatigue, therefore imperative for course participants to way of life. It’s a choice that one makes freely with enough energy left in reserve to cope with be physically fit at all times to have enjoyable any emergencies that may arise or to follow the and productive academic participation,

32 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 33 withstand the rigours of academic participation, to an individual, the programme for exercise overcoming the challenges of the course and To stay alert training should be elastic to cater for individual have happiness and enjoyable course life. without fatigue, the fitness disparities so that those who are This happiness, in turn, would inspire those weak are not alienated. The programme for around the participant. Indeed the Commandant participant needs physical fitness should observe and ensure that of the National Defence College, Lieutenant muscular endurance participants are fit to take on all the demands General Adan Mulata, in his words during the of course life, and encourage them to gain pre-departure briefing for the local and regional to sustain him in confidence in their physical abilities. study visit on18 November 2019, emphasised A poorly outlined and executed physical the significance for course, 22 participants, the most tiring training schedule would discourage participants to be cheerful, jovial and happy at all times learning conditions. from involving in physical training. Therefore because of the intrinsic benefit he referred to as it is desirable that a genuine training “infectious enthusiasm”. The readily available programme is outlined for implementation. source of this critical effect is physical fitness. performance. For a successful physical fitness programme, The participant would execute the skills for When determining the programme for effective leadership is required. Physical physical fitness through effective development exercise, it is critical to understand initially Training Instructors can regenerate participants’ of traits such as speed, flexibility, power, the fitness level of the participants. This desire to participate in physical training through strength, endurance, agility, and coordination. would help to decide the workload intensity, underscoring the goals and accruing benefits of The aforementioned qualities are called the frequency, and exercise duration period. participating the programme. The participants’ components or constituents of physical fitness, Furthermore, a programme for regular exercise would not hesitate to demonstrate active that include muscular endurance i.e the ability should be guided by essential criteria which interest and involvement in the physical fitness of one’s muscles to sustain vigorous activity include exercising a minimum of 3-5 times if they understand the benefits, particularly as and perform strenuous work for a prolonged a week to enable enough time body tissues to their lives would depend on being physically fit. period. respond to regular training. The determination By and large, the role of physical fitness To stay alert without fatigue, the participant for the appropriate workload of each participant to enhance the effectiveness of participants needs muscular endurance to sustain him in the is important to stimulate training effect. cannot be emphasised since they require the most tiring learning conditions. In the same Activities that address all the aspects related to various components of physical fitness to cope way, a good responsive cardio-respiratory the components of fitness should be included in and endure with the stressors, strains and the endurance which ensures uninterrupted the programme, while a range of events should continuous hazards of the course. Participants physical action, without deterioration in be availed to increase motivation and reduce can only cultivate these constituents or performance and permits quick recovery after boredom. The tailoring of exercise, should be components by active participation in physical a very tiring physical activity, is an essential focused towards a specific objective while a exercises. Therefore, regular sessions for component. The component of power which tough day of exercise should be followed by games are essential in the morning and evening is a combination of power and strength, offers an relaxed training day or if possible a break day to generate and keep the participants’ with the ability for the maximum explosive effort to assist the process of regaining and recovery. high levels of physical fitness to enhance their to be performed in the possible shortest time Since physical fitness is a specific quality enthusiasm and proficiency. yet, with the greatest competence. Equally, the component of coordination that refers to the potential of the body to move all its parts in an efficient, smooth, and concerted manner is important. A synchronised participant would not take uncoordinated programmes thereby saving time and energy for other essential tasks. The above components among others would only be acquired by involving in physical training regularly sessions. Also, participating actively in exercises helps to maintain healthy blood pressure and minimises the risk of cardiac arrest. The risk of developing syndromes such as heart, colon, prostate and breast cancer is lowered. In this way, exercises help to develop resilience towards emotional stress and generate relaxation, thereby improving sound mental health among other benefits. It is therefore important that participants take part in physical exercise as well as sports events to improve their traits to enable them enjoy the benefits of physical fitness and to enhance academic

34 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 35 SPICES PRODUCTION IN KENYA: THE UNEXPLOITED MARKET OPPORTUNITY

Leading Spices Producers Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, In order to leverage on this opportunity, Mexico and Tanzania. various countries produce spices suitable to India is the largest producer, consumer their environments for domestic and export and exporter of spices in the world. The markets. Black pepper that is widely used for major importers of Indian spices are the seasoningcan be found in good quantities in United States of America, Germany, China, countries like Vietnam, India and Indonesia the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia. which are the major producers.According Imports include black pepper, chilli, turmeric, to the World Atlaswebsite, Vietnam leads coriander, cumin and fennel. Indian Spice the global pack by producing 163,000 tons Export in 2016 –2017 amounted to 9, 47,790 of black pepper, making approximately tons – worth Rs. 17664.60 Crores (10 Lakhs thirty four per cent. Ninety five per cent of equivalent to 2633.30 million USD). They it is for export primarily to the Netherlands, command a share of forty eight per cent in India, USA, and Germany. At 89,000 tons quantity in world spice market, and 44% MRS N J Mathu is Indonesia and 53,000 tons from India in value. Export of value added products Ministry of ICT, INNOVATION making them the second and third largest include 28,500 tons of curry powder/paste AND Youth Affairs - KENYA producers, respectively. worth Rs.599.10 Crores; and 12,100 tons of pices are major constituents for food Spice Factors website outlines ginger Spice and Spice oils worth 2307.75 Crores. as they provide taste and flavour. Some producers as: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, From the outlook on major world spices spices such as ginger and turmeric Fiji, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Madagascar, producers, Kenya does not feature in any S Nepal, Nigeria, Tanzania, Vietnam, Sierra category. On a marginal scale, the main contain anti-inflammatory properties, while cumin and cinnamon helps in digestion and Leone and Srilanka. Cardamon is grown in spices produced in the country include garlic, maintenance of weight. Spices do possess El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, cayenne, chili, bullet chili, cloves, ginger, various therapeutic properties that are useful Malaysia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, turmeric, tamarind, coriander and vanilla. to our bodies which may include body Srilanka and Tanzania. Paprika is a favourite These are grown by smallholder farmers who building, disease resistance as many of them for countries such as Bulgaria, Chile, are not able to meet the demand.However, the are good sources of vitamins. Chilies and Indonesia, Mexico, Morocco, Hungary Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries garlic for example contain Vitamin C, which and Uganda while vanilla does well in Fiji, and Irrigation(MoALF&I)isof the view that is useful in fighting off ailments like common flu. Other than seasoning, drugs preparation and their consumption for various ailments, spices are export goodsin some countries like India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Tanzania, among others. Globally, there are over 40 types of spices of culinary and economic significance. Some are used in customary cuisine, while many others which are harvested in their natural form are yet to contribute to any substantialbusiness deals. In 2012, for example, the spices fetched about 12.7 billion U.S. dollars in the international market. In between 2013 to 2019, a 4.8% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was estimated to have been experienced extending to about 16.6 billion U.S. dollars by the end of 2019, according to Jan Conwayin an article published on October 22, 2019in statista. com.

A shrub of red pepper, a spice used in seasoning foods in either raw or processed form.

34 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 35 Kenya is capable of producing much more which are in charge of extension services health conscious population that generates than what it does presently. have not delivered, leaving farmers to their potential to create high demand, the potential Due to the production deficit, processing own machinations. As a result, there is scanty for increased production for domestic and companies in Kenya have continued to rely data on domestic production and imports. international market, is substantial. The on imports from India and Zanzibar for spices This compounds the problem of planning, country is also gifted with abundance of supplies. As there is unavailability of current budgeting and monitoring the trends in the suitable climate and good soils, which are data, extraction from the 2014 MoALF industry. It therefore means that thorough suitable for spices production. figures indicate the sub sector contributed and well thought out interventions need to be less than two percent of the total value of considered in subsequent planning processes Conclusion the domestic horticulture which amounted to to enable the country to tap into this lucrative There is a marked rise in demand for only KShs 4.3 billion. The area under herbs market. spices as global populations warm up to and spices stood at 11,007 hectares inthe food diversification, traditional cuisine same period, with a production of 136,516 Why Venture into Spices Production preferences, the yearning for fresh flavours, million tonnes. There are several reasons for pursuing spices and rising intake of processed foodstuffs, production which are; high demand for spices which need aromatic herbs and condiments Challenges in Spices Production both globally and in the country; spices are for their preparation. Some like essential and Possible Solutions low volume and high value enterprises with oils can be tradedin a dried form or as The spice production sub-sector is high incomes generated from small acreages; extracts which gives them a high value per dominated by small-scale farmers who lack spices are easily incorporated into existing unit weight. Kenya stands to benefit from basic information on production, processing cropping patterns as intercrops or climbers these opportunities by encouraging more and marketing of their produce. Another on shade trees and have high potential for production and hence increase its trade concern is lack of quality planting materials employment creation through value-addition volumes. This will not only reduce imports as they depend on the traditional knowledge at different levels. but it will also create employment and and a few who are technologically advanced Given the many proven health and contribute towards achieving the country’s use the internet to get the information on medicinal benefits and with an increasingly food security agenda. the market trends. The county governments REPOSITIONING KENYA AS A REGIONAL TOURIST REGIONAL HUB

lectures begin. Many of them capture my grandfathers. The video reminded me of our attention as they do, to many participants in great nation, what could we do to have such the auditorium, but this particular one had attractions and where would they be located cosmic effect upon us. Everyone was quiet so that we leverage on our unique position and glued to the mammoth screen as we as a country as we tap into this inspiring watched the clip on Singapore, the babychild creativity to become the ultimate destination. of the great Lee Kuan Yew. Kenya is split into near equal halves by Of particular interest to me were the the Equator with Nairobi located about two- beautiful gardens, rooftop swimming pool hour drive from the center of the world. shielded by glass through which one fed Tourists visiting our country go sightseeing their eyes to the beautiful Marina Bay in our national parks, beaches and forests. below and the mesmerizing tall buildings The most adventurers among them visit our which appeared to hug each other across museums and other destinations where they the bay, the Rain Vortex and the Forest experience our rich culture and enjoy our Mr N Ndaya Valley among other attractions. Lost in the hospitality. But they only stay a few days or beauty of the city, which I hope to visit weeks. When they leave, they do not carry Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, Kenya someday, not to bench mark as some of our much with them because of the bulkiness of motherland colleagues are famous for, but the souvenirs for their visit. They have no ne morning during the nineteenth to give a lecture about our achievements as time for special arrangements to transport week at the National Defence a country. The aim will be to inspire young their mementos, neither is there a place for College, our participant colleague Singaporeans to follow the new path we will bulk shopping of these items at the airport. O have taken as a country after revolutionizing That they conclude their short stay with little from India played a video for us as he usually does sometimes to brighten our our magnificent policies and implementing or no shopping for those back at home is a mornings and engage our thoughts bef¬¬ore our aspirations which we lend to their cause for concern. Watching the Singapore

36 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 37 video gave me an idea that we could try as a country. way. This can provide not only a market for Kenyan goods but also But how do we package ourselves to become that desired provide employment at the terminal. The hotels, malls can be located destination. First, we need to capture the world’s imagination. In this somewhere between the land side and the air side and be manned by age of National Geographic and Planet Earth channels, marketing vetted staff to ensure safety of both their colleagues and passengers. tourism with the hope that tourists will just come to watch the animals Recreational areas in the airport are also key facilities to breaking is no longer enough. We need to combine that with actual experiences the monotony that results from having to stare blankly at the same that capture not only the imagination of our clients but their psyche thing, like the back of the head of a stranger or through the window of and self. We can offer them actual pleasure cities where perhaps they a plane to the clouds down below. The airport can provide recreational can enjoy after the game drives, enjoy and desire to visit again and facilities like gymnasium, Jacuzzis, swimming pools, indoor games, again. This can be modelled on the Singaporean or the USA’s Las libraries with literature on various issues about Kenya or audio visual Vegas success stories. tours of the country to passengers waiting to take connection flights. Secondly, Kenya needs to negotiate enough bilateral and It can also integrate an urban touch with a wild feeling by blending multilateral air agreements with as many countries as possible in urban with wild either by providing entertainment spots integrated order to attract direct flights to Kenya. As it were, passengers from the with zoos, aquariums or hair raising roller-coaster rides through Far East, Eastern Europe and South America have to make connection manmade forests with wildlife behind metal and glass cages and travels through several countries before they arrive in Kenya. This others in the open especially the friendly ones trying to scare transiting makes it very unattractive for tourists from those destinations to visit. passengers who take a break from their trip to enjoy themselves as This can be avoided by having in place bilateral and multilateral air they wait for connecting flights. They would definitely want to be agreements between Kenya and countries from these areas. back especially if they also happen to see arriving passengers being As a country, we are advantaged to have Jomo Kenyatta welcomed by a Kenya Wildlife officer trailing a lion, cheetah or a International Airport (JKIA) and one of the most prestigious airlines leopard or witness others being carried by a zebra or a buffalo as in the region. However, over the years it has been making losses children do with donkeys and camels. What a sensation that would while the government has had to rescue it occasionally to keep it be to the transiting passenger! Don’t tell me it can’t be done since afloat. For Kenya’s JKIA to maintain its stature as a regional hub African wild animals have stayed true to the wild. for flight connections, it requires a strong national carrier which Elsewhere in the world, some wild animals have been domesticated can have an edge above most others operating in the region. As it considerably to facilitate particular purposes including acting as pets were, the Pride of Africa is being rivalled and needs to up its game to prey they were supposed to be mauling in their natural sense. and overcome management and financial challenges it is facing if Indians milk buffaloes! Why can’t we have a few tamed and well it is to restore its waning glory. It’s fairly new management ought fed lions, leopards or cheetahs accompany a traditional dance troupe to translate modernization efforts by its predecessors to profits and welcoming arriving visitors at the airport. Or visitors play a tennis efficient services. game and have a trained monkey bring the tennis ball to the players? JKIA being a regional flight connection hub lacks suitable Everything appears difficult at first but by the end of the dayI facilities for the job. Firstly, passengers who need to connect flights realized that, if we all were to follow the advice of the Commandant, and their airlines are not due in a few hours need a place to rest, National Defence College (NDC), Lieutenant General, Aden Mulata, have a decent meal or shop especially if they have had a long flight. that for change to be realized, people need to do things differently, They need to do this without the hustles of having to enter through JKIA and Nairobi - the former City in the Sun which we aim to immigration to grab a nap or an item. This calls for the airport to change to a 21st Century Metropolis - would have an edge in construct decent hotel accommodation where travelers can taste attracting passengers and visitors respectively. Kenya would thus our hospitality before returning someday with the hope of reliving become the number one destination not only in attracting tourists but delightful moments. Further, excellent shopping malls are needed for also in retaining them. those wishing to get something exquisite for their loved ones on their

36 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 37 PICTURE SPEAK

Rwanda Uganda

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1. Visit to the Rwanda Defence Force HQs’. 1. NDC Course particpants at the Uganda’s Ministry of 2. Participants visit Inyange Industries. Foreign Affairs. 3. Deputy Commandant Ambassador Ngesu receiving a 2. Maj Gen M A Badi SDS (Air) presents the NDC Plaque plaque from General J B Kazura, CDF Rwanda. to Uganda Chief of Defence Forces Gen Muhoozi 3. Course particpants receive briefing at UPDF HQ’s.

38 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 39 PICTURE SPEAK

Cameroon Egypt

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1. Maj Gen P A Amogola and the Course participants with 1. Lt Gen A K Mulata, Commandant NDC, on board the the Deputy Chief of General Staff, Cameroon. Flagship of the Egyptian Navy, ENS Gamal Nasser. 2. Course participants at the Cameroonian National 2. Course participants at the Pyramids with the Comman- Museum. dant. 3. Group photo with the Minister for Transport, Cameroon. 3. The historic library of Alexandria.

38 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 39 BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY: OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES OF STRATEGIC PLANNING

Blue Ocean strategy’ is a field of Key Applicable Concepts in the Blue management that ensures an organization Ocean Strategy ‘remains profitable and maintains a continuous success in a dynamic environment. Value Curve The strategy challenges decision makers to These diagrams are used to show instantly create uncontested market and a growing where value is likely to be created in service demand hence not risking to immerse in delivery. This is achieved through creation Red Ocean full of ‘bloody’ competition. The of a framework for comparing your strategy strategy helps in opening up opportunities that against that of your competitors, focusing are not only realistic but also creative enough sharply on the things that differentiate you to aid an organization realize its optimal from your competitors, and developing a clear productivity through creation of ‘blue oceans’ and easily explained value proposition. for competitive advantage. It also ensures The idea was introduced in 1997 by W. Chan effective execution of strategies through the Kim and Renée Mauborgne who believed that big picture thinking. MS M N Karanja an effective strategy needs to have three main Competition in overcrowded industries National Police Service - KENYA factors, which the value curves try to address:- is a common thing in modern businesses. a clear focus, divergence from the competition Organizations have to survive uncertainties and dynamic business and a compelling tagline. environment through the use of good strategies. One of the strategy A good example of a company that has maintained compelling is to exploit real opportunity in creating ‘blue oceans of unexploited taglines over the years is Coca-Cola. Its tagline today is “refreshingly market space’. good” and over the years, the company has convinced its customer in ‘Blue oceans’ refer to methods of doing ‘business’ that is not different ways. being employed in the current market and hence not tainted with competition hence attracting demand rather than fighting for it. Strategy Canvas Due to the natural uncontested niche, opportunities for growth are These are graphical representations, which enable leaders to conduct created. By embracing ‘blue ocean strategy’ an organization avoids a competitive analysis. It is a graph, which is plotted between the being caught up in the ‘red ocean’, a situation where an organization factors, which are considered very important for competitiveness. It is caught up by too much competition and intense challenges. To is a tool for competitive advantage. It is a diagnostic tool as well survive in such situations, it calls upon a change of tactics and a as framework for action. Strategy Canvas lets you focus on the big deviation from the usual ways of doing things. Such new ways of picture in strategy formulation. To examine how we are doing in the ‘doing business’ among others is the utilization of six blue ocean job market, we may plot our own airline against the existing ones. strategies as illustrated in figure 1. This helps benchmark and aids in seeing where our weaknesses, lies make remedy and even raise the bar to ensure that we remain at the top, a thinking explained as the ‘granddaddy of all mistakes’. When strategy canvas is overlaid with other competitors, weaknesses are exposed and potential opportunities to capitalize on, to create competitive edges are unearthed, see figure 2 and 3.

Figure 1. Figure 2..

40 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 41 Visual Communication are ‘before’ and ‘after’ strategy profiles, distributed in a way that make it easy for comparing decisions for new competitive strategy.

Pioneer, migrator, settler (PMS) map Pioneer are businesses whose strategy canvas were unbeatable through reaping the fruits of the blue oceans. Settlers-businesses are those with value curves conforming to the basic shape of other industries hence ‘me-too’ businesses. They are stuck in Red Ocean and bring little or unpredictable returns. Migrators are businesses that lies between making profit or loss hence unreliable as they fall between red oceans and blue oceans. Pioneer metaphor is prediction and a tracking tool based on analysis of Pioneer-Migrator-Settler (PMS) maps. Figure 3. Delivery without payback, should be avoided at all cost, occurs when the blue oceans techniques such as strategy canvas and seeing the big pictures approaches are not put into proper use. Internally or Externally Driven An incoherent strategy should be avoided at all costs, as it keeps This is an insight as to how the strategic vision is built on, an an organization running and everyone busy, but collectively does ‘outside-in’ perspective, driven by the demand side, or an “inside- little to distinguish itself as the best competitor or to provide a clear out” perspective that is operationally driven. For example, the terms strategic vision, a reflection of an organization with divisional or used to describe the vision, should be customer oriented (outside in) functional silos. rather than operation jargons (inside out) that customers may not Strategic contradictions occurs when an organization fail to offer comprehend or have to struggle to get to understand. equally to all factors of productions leading to neglect of some which brings setback in the overall achievement. A good example is Being in the Red Ocean investing on modern typing machines, yet not training the typists on This is a description of a situation where an organization value curve modern technology. converges with its competitors; and described to be in the red ocean and in bloody competition. This as opposed to being in the ‘blue Conclusion ocean’ a situation where an organization is operating at its optimal From the foregoing, opportunities from the blue ocean strategy has level arising from creation of continuous competitive edges using a helped provides solutions by improving strategic planning process, blue ocean strategy and hence its competitiveness is uncontested in which is key to the success of corporates. By continuously addressing the job market. The organization is also described as to be at the top internal and external threats that bedevils corporate success, Blue of the ‘things’. Ocean creates competitive edges and a competitive advantage that ensure sustainable success in the competitive corporate world. Overcoming the limitations of strategic planning There is, therefore a lot that the strategic leaders nationally and Visualizing strategy. Realized through analysis of the strategy canvas globally can learn from the Blue Ocean strategy. This would help and strategy curves. It deepens understanding of other businesses in overcoming hurdles experienced in day- to- today planning and and its own operations, which fosters the in-transfer and maintenance execution of organization’s strategies in a globalized environment. of best practices. Visualizing strategy help in predicting and Embracing Blue Ocean, strategy techniques, among others, would planning for the future growth and profit through visual awakening, ultimately leads to efficiency in service delivery and an eventual visual exploration, visual strategy fair and visual communication. coveted growth. Visual Awakening is achieved by assessing the job market, making comparison and getting a picture of what is happening. Visual exploration involves going to the field to find ways of creating blue oceans strategy paths. i.e. assessing market conditions, finding out the big picture, creating niches through the right strategy sequence, overcoming challenges and creating a successful strategy. Visual Strategy Fair entails drawing ‘to be’ strategy canvas based on findings from the field and feedback from customers, competitors’ and non-customers all which help in building the most suiting ‘to be’ future strategy.

40 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 41 POWERING THE WORLD’S ECONOMIES: KENYA’S QUEST FOR CLEAN ENERGY

in fact, the more developed a country, the dirtiest. The extraction, refining and the higher the consumption of energy per burning of coal and oil has serious impact capita. The energy that economies use can both on climate change and public health. be classified as primary or secondary; clean These activities release into the atmosphere or dirty and renewable or non-renewable pollutants ranging from Nitrogen Oxides energy. Primary energy can be used in its (NOx), Sulphur Oxides (SOx), mercury natural form without the need to change it to carbon dioxide; the latter gas soaks to another form. Solar energy as an example infrared emissions which are blamed for of primary energy can be used directly to dry the ‘greenhouse’ phenomenon. Besides food for future use while electrical energy Carbon dioxide, the other contributor to the on the other hand is energy that has been greenhouse effect is chlorofluorocarbons. converted from another primary source. These gasses are said to ‘wrap’ themselves Primary energy sources include fuels that around the earth much the same way an can be mined, extracted or harvested directly individual uses a blanket to cover oneself. MR T M MACHARIA such as biomass, petroleum, natural gas This has a warming effect and the more the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR AND COORDINATION and coal. Flowing water, wind, and solar Carbon Dioxide emitted into the atmosphere OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT - KENYA radiation can also be considered primary the more the heat trapped within the if it is used without conversion. Secondary atmosphere. This extra heat is responsible conomic and technological energy on the other hand refers to energy that for the melting of ice caps and glaciers. developments are intricately has been converted from the original primary This melting of ice caps leads to a rise in intertwined with shifts in the sources E state to another state such as electricity. sea levels and the increase in the frequency of energy. Apart from using his own muscles Production of energy is not without of extreme weather such as extreme heat, and that of animals, man has continued to effect to the environment. Clean energy is drought, wildfires and flooding. Cases of discover and use various energy sources considered to be that which has the minimum heart disease, cancer, stroke and chronic since he devised a way to burn wood to polluting effect on the environment. Hydro, respiratory diseases are said to be directly produce fire. Fire enabled man to cook solar, wind and geothermal energy are among related to environmental pollution. food. Charcoal was subsequently used to the sources of energy with the least polluting The race for economic development and heat ores in order to extract various metals effect on the environment and therefore rising global populations has put pressure therein. The Greeks were the first to use are considered ‘clean’. ‘Dirty’ energy on on governments to produce the energy water as well as wind and other such energy the other hand is energy that pollutes the resources needed to power industries, light to power devices. Subsequently, the18th environment. Coal and oil are considered homes, schools and towns, drive cars, power Century ushered in the new age of the steam engine with its concomitant new methods of powering devices. Steam engines running on coal together with power plants became the foundation of the industrial revolution. A desire for more efficient fuel led to the increasing use of oil in the beginning of the 20th Century hence increasing oil’s importance. The development of an engine in which combustion occurred inside rather than in a separate furnace enabled the manufacture of motor vehicles. In the maritime domain ships also begun to use oil as a propellant thus cementing the pre- eminence of oil as a fuel. Besides oil, natural gas was also tapped as technology developed. Nuclear energy was developed around 1945 initially for atomic bombs, then for naval propulsion and for making electricity. All the economies of the world require vast amounts of energy to power them; Garissa Solar Power Plant.

42 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 43 electronics, among other uses. This demand has been growing steadily. The world’s biggest economies continue to be the biggest producers and consumers of energy. Fossil fuels continue to disproportionately power humanity’s myriad activities. The fuels powering these activities in 2017 were; Oil 30.4%, coal 25.9%, gas 21.2%, bio fuels and waste 9.1%, hydro 6.5%, nuclear 4.1%, wind 1.7%, solar 0.7%, solar thermal 0.3% and lastly geothermal accounting for a partly 0.2%. The Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports that energy use increased substantially two years ago, on account of the prolonged expansion of the Chinese economy, which has consistently used the highest amount starting from 2009. China consumed 3,164 Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) of energy followed by the Unites States (2,258 Mtoe), India (929Mtoe), Russia (800Mtoe) and Japan (424 Mtoe). The pressure on energy resources has ignited debate on its various sources. Some sources especially those generated from natural processes that can be replaced or replenished over a relatively short period of time like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and biomass are Lake Turkana Wind Power Project. termed renewable while non-renewable take a long time to replenish and are only available in limited amounts and locations. Crude oil of implementation. It is also key in the Big Four Agenda where for instance takes millions of years to form. Renewable energy is government has prioritised food security and nutrition, affordable typically clean while non-renewable is dirty. Efforts are continuing universal health care, affordable housing and manufacturing. Clean in many parts of the world to get more efficient and clean energy energy is a common thread running through Kenya’s development sources. However, renewable energy sources cannot keep up with the efforts. The Ministry of Energy has set for itself a mission geared annual worldwide requirements. towards ensuring Kenyans’ access to stable, cheap, high-quality In 2015, 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were energy services necessary for growing the economy while remaining developed. They, inter alia, imagined a future safe from the worst seized of the need to protect the environment. Vision 2030’s Third effects of climate change. SDG 7 seeks to secure cheap, clean energy Medium Term Plan 2018 – 2022, cites additional power production of for use by all humanity The use of clean energy will not only help 568MW bringing the total to the current 2,336MW; a 71.72% increase limit the increase in the planet’s average temperature but will also be in household connectivity to the current of 6,456,516 households; in tandem with SDG 13 which aims to combat global warming. construction of an additional 1,426Km of high voltage (HV) lines The Paris Climate Agreement, which is an international all as of 31st December, 2017 as some of the achievements of the arrangement dealing with measures to reduce the discharge of the Second Medium Term Plan 2013-2017. It sets investment in increased gases that cause global warming into the atmosphere and various production of clean energy and stimulation of the 24-hour economy as activities that facilitate this objective was signed in 2016 and as of a priority area to be addressed under the current period. Additionally, November, 2019, 195 countries had signed it. Its main objective is the Mwananchi LPG Project which is meant to upscale LPG usage to cap the rise in the world’s mean temperatures to less than 2 °C by enhancing LPG penetration from 10% to 70%, will be rolled out. above those levels existing before industrialization commenced. The Project will increase the usage of LPG for every Kenyan by an The other goal is to cap the rise of the temperatures at 1.5°C taking additional 13kg thus raising it to (15) kg from the baseline of (2) Kg. cognisance of the fact that such an effort to a large extent minimises Kenya’s recent renewable energy projects other than hydro include the damage and overall effects of global warming. Every Member the Power project set at Lake Turkana which will use the area’s State is expected to set targets and periodically submit a report on abundant wind energy to generate 310MW of electricity. The Project the plans it rolls out to reduce effects of climate change. Kenya was inaugurated by President Uhuru Kenyatta on 19th July, 2019. submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) on 28th It is the single largest wind farm in Africa. The project is expected December 2016, when it deposited its instrument of ratification. to enhance access to electricity by nearly 13%. This is expected to Kenya’s NDC sets out an ambitious mitigation contribution of abating minimise the need to burn fossil fuels to generate electricity thereby greenhouse gas discharge equivalent to 30% by 2030 compared to the plugging supply gaps occasioned by periods of water scarcity. The baseline figures of 143 Metric tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent 54.6-megawatt (MW) Garissa solar power plant, the largest in East (MtCO2e) by following a climate resilient development pathway and Central Africa, raises Kenya’s green energy to 93%. The plant that adopts mitigation measures such as increased use of geothermal, was inaugurated on 16th December, 2019 further demonstrating hydroelectric, solar, wave and wind power combined with an effort to Kenya’s resolve to use renewable energy. Kenya is also the leading achieve the 10% target that has been set for forest cover. producer of geothermal electricity in Africa, accounting for 29% of The main aim of the country’s development blueprint (Vision its total electricity production. 2030) is to revitalize and regenerate its production processes in Having examined access to clean energy in Kenya, it is clear order to deliver the kind of standards of living enjoyed by the middle that it is imperative to do more to enhance this sector’s contribution and highly developed countries to its people in a non-polluted and in the overall energy consumption. Currently, the sources of the properly secured space. Energy is acknowledged as a foundation country’s energy are biomass such as firewood and charcoal (68%), for the Vision and one of the infrastructural ‘enablers’ of its pillars hydrocarbons (22%), electricity (9%) while others account for 1%.

42 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 43 LIVING THROUGH THE DIGITAL WORLD WITH ITS CONSEQUENCES “I fear the day when technology overlaps with our humanity. The world will only have a generation of idiots.” Albert Einstein

e live in a digital era where almost Emotional Intelligence every aspect of our lives is affected Dependency on the digital platform for Wor controlled by technology. The social interactions has immensely reduced digital era has an influence on people of all face to face interaction between humans ages in the way we work, socialize and even thereby affecting their emotional intelligence, how we do business. Indeed, the era that Albert which is the capacity to be aware of, control, Einstein feared most has caught up with us. and express one’s emotions, and to handle Technology has moved forward from simple interpersonal relationships judiciously and computer gaming, SMS, chatting or emails to empathetically. Emotional intelligence is the assignment completion tools and video calling. key to both personal and professional success. Experts in the field of technology are doing Most of the youth are living in a virtual world wonders especially with new innovations which is “unreal”. It is common today to find and the ease of doing business. It is not my youths physically together, yet miles apart intention to focus on the negative aspects of Col E M Mwanyika emotionally due to the fact that each one of technology, however, the reality is that a lot KENYA ARMY them is busy on her/his mobile phone chatting of the current generation is actually controlled with online friends instead of socializing. In by technology to an extent that at times their most cases many youths prefer to live alone thinking is impaired, thereby affecting their cognitive, social and but constantly interact online with friends continuously leading to emotional wellbeing. That begs the question: “are we raising a the underdevelopment of interpersonal skills and social interaction. generation of idiots as espoused by Einstein”? This article discusses Youth get self-fulfillment in the number of ‘followers’ than ‘real life’ pertinent issues regarding the impact of the digital era on the young friends but remain emotionally empty when reality dawns that these generation. are actually not friends. Followers are people you interact with online on a daily basis, yet they do not actually value your emotions but only Ability to Communicate and Impatience your contributions on issues online. By doing so we are increasingly A common complaint from university professors and employers is raising ‘socially inept ’characters/individuals who have lost or are in that the current generation of youth entering the workplace don’t the process of losing interpersonal relationship abilities. know how to communicate, both orally and in writing. This has been occasioned by the digital platform that these youth constantly use to communicate or write. The platform gives suggestions and options on anything thus reducing their ability to think. Talking to an engineer recently during our visits to one of the factories in Nairobi, he indicated that working with the digital generation in an environment where strict adherence to standing operation procedures is a must, can be challenging at times because some procedures may be long yet these young individuals do not have much patience. They instead prefer to use short-cuts which is dangerous and a safety hazard.Patience is a virtue that is continuously being eroded by technology to an extent that the youth that are getting into the job market hardly keep their jobs for long. They are restless and do not believe in working in the same environment for long and therefore are constantly changing jobs. They expect to achieve results instantly and earn profits instantly and so most of them prefer self-employment. It is for this reason that many of this generation hardly engage in agriculture that takes some time to realise any tangible output.

44 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 45 Many youths in college struggle to us to be. Addiction to the use of the digital motorists have to be cautious of individuals develop social skills and demonstrate platform leads to loss of confidence and self- crossing the roads while their eyes are glued loneliness, depression, and isolation esteem when exposed to an environment on their phones. throughout their collegiate experience. devoid of internet connection. Just make an People meet online, date online and finally observation even in serious discussions; how Concentration due to fatigue get married before even knowing or meeting long do individuals stay without checking Arising from the above-mentioned addiction, each other. The reality is that many young their mobile phones-even in church, over youth hardly get enough sleep and therefore people are missing out on opportunities to a dinner table or in a meeting. The urge to lack concentration in their assigned tasks. develop key social and relationship skills remain relevant in discussions taking place Arising from this their concentration span thus preventing them from developing or far away is always nagging one to respond. is lowered due to fatigue and they have a maintaining close relationships. Youth today No one wants to miss out on any trending tendency of not being interested in lengthy expose themselves to strangers online and issue. The desire for an instant feedback and discussions or tasks that take too long to find give out information to them more than they a quick response attitude may translate into a solution. In the case of those working in do to real-life friends. They are emotionally how the youth operate and think. They prefer industries, lack of concentration becomes a more attached to such friends to an extent to work in an environment where issues are safety hazard. that the advent of the so called “cancel resolved immediately, without delay. Use culture” has detrimental effects on them. of the digital platform at times creates false Parenting Cancelling someone online is like shaming confidence and encourages people to respond Apart from relying on online friendships, someone for his/her acts and by doing so, without giving that response a deeper social learning that was associated with such individuals get ignored, blocked, thought. (Distance confidence!!)Addiction parenting is no longer valid but its controlled alienated and completely cut-off by other has turned the youth into zombies that can’t and influenced by technology. Sometimes online friends who react to an issue they are afford to think or act on their own without the parent’s views and teachings seem to not even fully aware off due to the magnitude the digital platform. People walk on the contradict what the child learns on TV or of influence among the community of online streets, parks and even corridors with their other online programmes or what the larger friends. eyes glued on the phones, thereby impairing network of friends think. Reduced interaction their vision, reaction time and assessment of within the family has increasingly led to Addiction surrounding danger. In May 2013 a young divisions. Parenting in digital age has now As mentioned earlier, currently our lives Kenyan was killed by a helicopter while become more challenging than ever before. are almost entirely controlled or dependent walking in the street because as many other Telecommuting is a concept that institutions on the digital platform through real- people in the streets were scampering for have embraced which involves staff time data acquisition, social networking, safety and warned him, he was too busy/ working from home. While this is helpful in communications, working and shopping engaged with earphones on to see or hear multitasking, it has led to parents bringing which can be viewed in the context that it is the sound of the impending danger. On a their offices to their homes and sacrificing actually molding us into being what it wants daily basis in the streets of any major city, family time.

44 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 45 UNDERSTANDING MILLENNIALS IN THE WORK PLACE IN KENYA

Generation Z consisting of those born from when their opinions and inputs are valued. 2001 to date are beginning to enter the Strongly related is the idea that millennials workforce. Traditionalists are conservative are constantly looking for professional with information and are normally pleased development. Where a company doesn’t by a job well done. They work in a company offer them the opportunity to advance, they for a longer period where they gain a lot of quit for another job. They do not stay at a experience. They are devoted employees who job that doesn’t satisfy them personally and prefer the traditional hierarchal management professionally. structure. They normally take charge when Millennials do not like focusing on in leadership. The baby boomers strive for mindless work. They like being involved in growth change and expansion characterized a job which they are passionate about and by long working hours with many not that makes a difference to others. They are planning to retire. They are optimistic, keen on meeting their individual goals and confident, dislike dictatorship and laziness. performing work that brings benefits to the However, they like micro managing others. world. As such, making a lot of money is Col M Mwenga Generation X appears to lack societal skills less important to them than contributing KENYA ARMY of its parents but represent strong technical to the society, parenting well and enjoying abilities. It is self-reliant, individualistic and a balanced life. Additionally, they are he millennials, also referred to as normally embraces change. When employed, attracted to jobs which are flexible in their Generation Y, is the generation born this generation normally prioritizes long- work schedule. For example, now that one from 1981 to 2000. Just like the T term employment and tends to respond well can work online, gives the possibility of one other generations before them, millennials to proficient leadership. It is educated and working out of office which really appeals strive for a good life. It is a generation that technically skilled which them move into the millennials. This generation is actually is keen in controlling their destinies, finds management levels fast. much happier and more productive in gratification in a blend of professional The millennials, though the most affluent flexible work environments. pursuits and is willing to work hard work of all the generations, is maturing during a to achieve their objectives. What sets them period of economic difficulties and violence. apart from the other generations at the work The generation grew up in an electronic, Millennials do not place is their resolve to change the work online and socially networked world. It tends environment. They want good jobs with like focusing on to be confident having been raised under regular payments, comfort at the work place, the chant of follow your dreams and being working in teams and for few hours. They mindless work. They told that they are exceptional by parents always want to have money to spend not who were very encouraging, involved and like being involved in only on what they need, but also on what ever-present. They therefore entered into they want. Understanding the millennials is a job which they are adulthood with unrealistic expectations. On therefore important because they make up the joining the work place, they expect a parent majority of today’s workforce and have also passionate about figure leader who is involved and ever- revolutionized the working environment. The present, otherwise they get disillusioned. and that makes a strategic leadership in any organization must Compared to the previous generations, they therefore strive to understand the character difference to others. are less likely to put up with an unpleasant and capabilities of the new workforce work environment and they will use social because it demands change of tact in human platforms to broadcast their concerns. They Millennials tend to favour transparent resource management. Employers wanting quit when they are uncomfortable even and honest leadership style that also has to engage and retain this generation should where previous generations persevered. the capacity to listen and motivate others. invest in them, help them develop skills and In the workplace, millennials are They want immediate response on their offer them flexibility at work. motivated by someone who can coach performance and work best when their The entry of millennials in the work place, them since most them get hired just after skills are recognized and matched with created a workforce of four ‘generations’. graduating from college and as such they challenging work that pushes them fully. In The traditional generation, which consists of lack experience in the job market. They don’t the workplace, they have high expectations people born between 1900 and 1945, the baby like someone who simply tells them what on leaders for assistance and mentorship in boomers generation, those born between 1946 to do. They want a leader who can guide order to enable them attain their professional and 1964, Generation X, those born between them and make them feel part of the team. goals. They value long-term interactions 1965 and 1980 and the millennials those More importantly, millennials feel well with their employers, but on their own terms. born between 1981 and 2000. Additionally,

46 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 47 Good jobs and mentorship is also important to them. In the millennials world, a mobile 1:59 INEOS CHALLENGE phone is a private accessory, a personal communication device and an individual FROM THE EYES OF DAMARY entertainment centre. It is a device for work and play, friendship and family. Their phone symbolizes freedom and flexibility. makes his first attempt at “Breaking This generation has an excellent mastery Two” Project. He misses it by twenty six of and reliance on technology which has seconds. Fast forward, 6th May 2019, altered the way they view issues from the Kipchoge announces his intention to break previous generations. They believe that due the legendary two hour barrier, optimistic to technological advancement, they should work flexibly, from any place and time and of going twenty six minutes faster than his should be evaluated on work produced but first attempt in Monza. “When you work not where, when or how they got it done. hard and when you believe in yourself In addition, they believe that if technology anything is possible.” “I want to unlock can do it, why struggle? For example, if a the thought that there are limitations in fighting drone can do the work, why usea the human being” “There are no barriers manned fighter aircraft? They cannot live when you believe in yourself and try and without technology and it is as if they want trust in what you are doing” said Kipchoge. technology to replace them. These words inspired Jim Radcliff, British In order to get the best out of the Mrs D N Kimathi founder of chemical firm INEOS who millennials, strategic leaders should seek to National Intelligence Service - KENYA immediately declared his sponsorship for minimize generational friction in the work place. For the millennials, a flexible work et’s gooooo…. let’s gooooo…….. the Challenge and support Eliud to unlock schedule is necessary for optimal output as let’s gooooo…….twendeee……. human potential. This set the wheels opposed to the traditional whole day work Ltwendeee……. twendee……. rolling, preparations to identify a location schedule. They love flexible working hours. ngebe….. ngebe…… ngebe…… you can do with perfect conditions began worldwide They prefer a work ethic that no longer it, you can do it, you can do it, yey! yey! in earnest and Prater Park, Vienna, Austria mandates ten hours a day. They are effective yey! alilililililili! waaau! These are some of was the place. Kipchoge embarked on when they work for short hours. Since the sounds that could be heard across the training to condition his body for the task this generation is aspiring but not entirely country. Man was making history! Eliud ahead. Behind the scenes, Kipchoge had a focused, the leaders should harness their Kipchoge, the son of Kapsisiywa was team of six experts who played a role in his ambition while at the same time directing breaking the barrier through the INEOS success. Forty one pace setters from across their focus towards the work to be done. This marathon 1.59 Challenge, 8,571kilometers the world were selected to ensure the athlete can be done through group decision making model where all workers are involved in away from home. Prater, Vienna, Austria maintained his pace and shielded him from decision making. As a result, they feel their was the place. The whole country was at the head wind which had the potential of ideas and contributions are valued. This stand still as the Kenyan son attempted derailing him. generation also value instant and frequent to prove to the world that “No Human is 12th October 2019, at exactly 8:15AM feedback on their work. This is because they Limited”. The country was expectant, there CEST, the challenge began. The race was are used to receiving a lot of feedback from was anticipation. Kiambu was on fire, broadcasted live by more than two hundred their parents who listen and help them in Nairobi was on fire! Kericho too was on television stations worldwide. It was also problem solving. Also the video games they fire! Eldoret…..Eldoret was the real fire! streamed globally on You Tube and INEOS love playing give them instant feedback. The whole country was a blast. website. In other words, the world watched Millennials are mostly at ease when working It all started in Rio De Jenairo, Brazil, one more history being made in the world in teams. Leaders should therefore uphold during the 2016 Olympics, when I realised of sport, second to Ron Clarke, who on 10th and promote team building and teamwork at the work place. Since this generation is so that Eliud Kipchoge was indeed a special July 1965, became the first man to break much attached to their gadgets, leaders should athlete. Even after completing the forty two 28:00 for 10,000 meters. In Kenya, big explore ways and means of providing them kilometres race and winning a gold medal, screens across the country broadcasted the with innovative company gadgets that can be he still had the energy to run towards the race live. From the top leadership to little used to enhance company productivity. It is Kenyan delegation in celebration of his children, the country was united in support also important to note that millennials do not achievement. As a human being, and with of Kipchoge, each waiting in anticipation like long formal meetings. They like staying the difficulty I go through trying to jog for a for one of their nationals to cross the finish connected and communicating through straight two kilometres, I could not fathom line within the two hour mark. INEOS was texting and emailing. To them, texting their how Eliud would still hold strong thereafter. trending at number one, INEOS songs had leader is not being rude rather it is part of 6th May 2017, the place is Monza, at been composed and the Kenyan psyche was being efficient and engaged. the motor racing circuit in Italy. Kipchoge so upbeat. Eldoret town was at stand still.

46 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 47 Kipchoge sees the finish line.

Roads were closed, passengers stopped to watch the race on the big not competing with one of their own. What a moment to be alive! screens dotted across the town. It was amazing seeing how Kenyans, As Kipchoge crossed the finish line, cheers and celebrations were with their signature phrase of ‘tuko na haraka boss’ (we are in a hurry witnessed across the globe. boss), could gladly wait for two hours, without being coerced to do Kenyans burst into song and dance, there were celebrations all so by anybody. over, and some business entities priced their products at Kshs.1.59 to At Kapsisiywa village, the homestead of Kipchoge’s mother was celebrate Kipchoge’s huge achievement. Indeed, thank you Kipchoge abuzz with activity. A television set in the house, a big screen outside, for allowing us to share in your success. The events of 12th October seating in both areas filled to capacity. The first half of the race was 2019 were a confirmation of how humanity is such a beautiful thing. watched pretty much calmly. But as the race progressed, so did the Apart from being encouraged that no human is limited, I also learnt anxiety build up. At some point, some kilometres into the last quarter that celebrating one person’s achievement brought a lot of satisfaction of the race, there arose some feeling of despair; the clock seemed to to me, and I believe it did the same to many more people. This time, be ticking so fast, part of the audience saw the mark being missed. forty one accomplished athletes were not competing against each You could see some level of dejection and loss in their faces. other, but were cheering on as one of their own competed with time. Kipchoge and his team of pace setters did not seem disturbed, they What an inspiration to humanity this was! were in their comfort zone, I would say. The pace setters’ changeover So, why do we waste a lot of energy trying to hate on each other, was seamless, except at one point when Kipchoge was almost tripped, while we have many more things to celebrate about and make the and I felt my heart skip, for this would have meant a disruption of world a better place, where peace and security can be achieved? How the whole event. However, Kipchoge managed to gain his stability about shifting our attention a little bit from the hard issues that tend and gracefully continued with the race. The last swap of pace setters to create more conflicts in society, and engage in those that bring us meant the final moments of the race. There was an oscillation of together, just for a moment, and see how the world will be? After all, emotions in most Kenyans, who were filled with both optimism and humans are rational actors. With an array of options at our disposal, dread. we can decide to choose the options that bring peace rather than war. The last 500 metres final stretch will forever remain in my visual I believe there are many things that can bring us together compared mind. I can vividly see Kipchoge brush aside the pace setters, point to those that divide us. How about starting with sports? What if we, to the galleries and wave. All this time, the pace setters cheering him for once, emulated our sportsmen and women? I indeed admire their on with huge smiles, fists pumped up in the air, watched themselves spirit, they engage in positive competition, and after a game, salute being part of history in the making. Seven out of the forty one pace each other with the words: good game! good game! good game! setters, from different parts of the world, were here celebrating and

48 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 49 COMMUNICATION, PEACE AND CONFLICT: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE

to serious socio-political and economic and eventual conflict; it has on the other hand consequences. enabled peace by providing opportunities On the other hand, some have argued that for promoting values that are critical for communication with its main component of management of conflicts and peace building media is a key pillar in providing desired in society. The assumption made in the essay information to the public for the promotion is that no communication is neutral and that of peace. The quick transmission of each communication supports a particular information currently witnessed can lead position. The paper will therefore look to positive messages being transmitted at the different meanings of the concepts across and consequently promoting peace peace, conflict and communication and their in society. This is by highlighting structural complex interaction within communities. issues that would bring disharmony in the Similarly, the use of media and community and informing the public when communication may overlap at some point MR H MASESE relations between and within communities in the arguments. The essay is justified by become intolerable for action to be taken. In the fact that conflicts bring about serious NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE - KENYA this conception, communication is seen as a consequences to the communities and thus key component in the creation of cohesion there is need to bring about an understanding ebate on the importance of and peace in society. In the middle, we have about how communication can be misused communication in the discourse of those who argue that media only reports by ill-intentioned people and conversely how conflict and peace has been high D news in a neutral manner and only highlights it can also be used by people of goodwill to on the agenda of scholars for a long time. what is going on in any conflict without solve conflicts. This is more so in the 21st century in which slanting news for any particular purpose. we have witnessed is great acceleration What is reported mirrors what goes on in Conceptualizing peace and expansion of global communications, society and any reporting about conflicts is The term peace is contested in the security especially via electronic technology, that has portrays what exists. In this view, the claim discourse. Peace is seen as the absence allowed virtually instantaneous transfer of is that what is being reported mirrors what of violence, rebellion, or conflict. It is a information from one side of the world to the happens in society. description of existence of harmonious other. This growth of telecommunications In consolidating the views above, the relationships within a society; where there has enabled the expansion of the mass media paper argues that whereas on the one hand is nonexistence of hostilities between including: television, newspapers, internet communication has led to misunderstandings communities and groups and where and direct satellite broadcasting worldwide to areas that hitherto were unreachable. The communication revolution has led to high consumption of information, empowering people in all aspects and in the process changing their outlook especially in areas of peace and conflict. However, there seems to be no agreement on the extent to which communication has impacted on peace and conflict. Three views have emerged on how different people conceive the role of communication in peace and conflict. On the one hand, there are those who claim that consumption of biased media reports and unverified information existing in the internet has exacerbated conflicts in many parts of the world. This misrepresentation has caused conflict between different communities leading

48 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 49 co-existence is assured. However, a distinction is made between two clear movement and desire for social change. The process of removing terms that explain peace. According to Dijkema, negative peace refers these undesired societal elements would thus lead to conflict. to the nonexistence of hostilities; whereas positive peace deals with In the same note, French and Tillet, claim that a conflict can processes that restore relationships and contribute to the resolution of occur when people or groups perceive that their values or needs are conflicts. The concepts are further expanded by Galtung in Chetail incompatible; whether or not they propose at present or in the future (2009), who defines negative peace as the non-existence of organized to take any action on the basis of those values or needs. The critical aggression between individuals, groups or states. He further explains point here is that values and needs would bring about conflict if one positive peace as being a long term establishment of sustainable group feels that its values are being eroded and thus they must defend peace through elimination of root causes. their position. Hence any person who would impede the other from achieving a need would bring about conflict. Conceptualizing Communication Various scholars have come up with divergent definitions of Contribution of communication to conflict communication. According to Hanson, communication is a process; Some communication theorists have claimed that communication an interaction that allows individuals, groups and institutions to is a major factor in creating and or exacerbating conflict. According share ideas. To Hanson, any transmission of ideas from one end to Moore, conflict is the result of poor communication whether to another would constitute communication. It does not matter the in quantity, quality or form. Moore’s claim is at the core of the form in which the ideas are in. On the other hand, Baran, explicates arguments that postulate the position that whichever the amount of communication as the passing of a information, conflict would result if the message from the originator to the In the same vein, media information passed is not believable or recipient. It is thus a process of creating during a conflict can the information is without focus; or if and sharing meaning. This standpoint is through the influence of the medium supported by Moss and Tubbs who add empower one party by the information passed is not received that it is not only a process of sharing giving prominence to as intended. The effect is that messages meaning but also a process of sharing can be misinterpreted leading to the experience. The two authors place a lot ideas from one side and creation or worsening a conflict. of emphasis on the process; in that there or neglecting issues from Globally, most disagreements is a clear way in which the messages are arise from imprecise communication created and transmitted from one person the other side. This is the and biased reporting, leading to to another. misperceptions which aggravate According to French and Tillet, situation when media conflict situations. Media coverage communication starts with an originator take sides in a conflict; especially through playing clips from of a message sending the message to hot spots exacerbate the conflict by another consciously or unconsciously. distorts the truth by being expanding the audience and increasing In this context, there must be a clear subjective in the reporting bitterness as people witness the goings- intention by one party to pass a message on in the theatre of conflict. Some of to the other deliberately or involuntary. and making readers the images broadcast from conflict The vital element is that the message believe the perspective situations consequently serve to must be passed from one party to enflame the conflict and sometime push the other. Correspondingly, Cohen that is portrayed by the it to the extreme. goes further to say that for there to be slanted information. In interactions within the communication, the message must international system, communication is be correctly understood by being of a critical element in the maintenance of sufficient resemblance, if not likeness between the dispatcher and relations between states, international organizations and foreign non- the meaning ascribed to the receiver. In sum, communication would governmental actors in the international system. How information involve a message, the medium, receiver and more importantly the is passed on would determine whether relationships would endure purpose of communication as important ingredients. or there would be a conflict brought about by any breakdown of communication. The implication is that a conflict of such a nature Conceptualizing Conflict would be difficult to settle given the complications that happen within Conflict is a contested term and has been used differently by different the international system. people depending on time, location and motivation. According to In the same vein, media during a conflict can empower one party Mack and Snyder conflict is a struggle not only for status but also for by giving prominence to ideas from one side and or neglecting issues scarce resources and for significant social change. It can originate from the other side. This is the situation when media take sides either from goal incompatibility or hostility (or in both), and that it in a conflict; distorts the truth by being subjective in the reporting must involve a conflict behavior. The claim by Mack and Snyder and making readers believe the perspective that is portrayed by the is that there must be an undesirable condition that people want to slanted information. This has the consequence of tilting the balance emancipate themselves from, resources for them to fight for and a to one side, leading to feelings of neglect and eventually expanding

50 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 51 a conflict beyond space and time as more people with distorted In negotiations, communication can be a strong influence in information are brought into the conflict sphere. the outcome of negotiations. By highlighting the state of structural Communication has also been found to have a great impact conflict within society, the media can make the authorities and during negotiations of conflicts especially in relation to language. people concerned to continue managing conflicts at the latent level The choice of words whether spoken or written would be very to avoid open hostilities. The measure of peace is the extent to which important in determining whether a conflict would escalate into latent conflicts are managed in order to bring about harmonious large scale disagreements and eventually degenerating into disorder. relationships in society. It can also highlight the negative systems Goldsmith and Clarke claim that the words used in a conflict can within the society that encourage structural conflict, and how that can contribute to the worsening of the conflict as the words reflect a set of be dealt with by the concerned parties. hidden assumptions and the meaning of conflicts. There can thus be Similarly, during the conflict phase, media can provide a platform misrepresentations arising from communication that may exacerbate for conflicting parties to pass peace messages to their supporters conflict. and thus reduce tension. They can also highlight the cost of conflict Uwazie and Olawale equally claim that intensely offensive and in terms of human, economic and social costs to dissuade conflict negative remarks of disputants could worsen the conflict; ambivalent parties from escalating the conflict further. They can also sensor or unclear information could also lead to conflict, especially when images that may inflame the conflict further and thus help changing given an offensive interpretation. In this explanation, the style of the trajectory of the conflict. Since reporting can be real time, the use communication in a mediation phase is critical in determining whether of different mediums can assist in getting out peace messages and a conflict can be managed successfully or not. If communication is positive reporting about the progress of negotiations, with the aim less accurate or is perceived differently by conflicting parties, it can of promoting better relations in society in the aftermath of a conflict. escalate a conflict and may push it to the extreme making it difficult Likewise, communication mediums can relay negotiations real to solve. time to the benefit of the public, highlighting the positive steps being made by the protagonists and consequently putting pressure on the Culture, Communication and Conflict parties to compromise. They can also empower the minorities in a One of the critical elements in the literature of conflict studies is conflict by airing their positions to avoid being dominated by those the influence of culture in communication and the serious impact it with power. The different mediums can thus create positive influence creates in conflict. Language and the way words are used can show in a conflict and create confidence between parties. how a conflict would manifest. The usage of words can demonstrate Dissemination of proper messages may make issues clearer to avoid biases and attitudes that one community has towards the other misunderstanding or counteract disinformation and inflammatory and the propensity to agree to quick solutions during conflict. rumours, underscore the costs of conflict, depolarize and humanize Additionally, the common everyday usage of words can show what the conflict. . Such actions can generate or bring about pressure for the words mean and how they can be utilized in enflaming particular negotiation or abandonment of the use of violence. Media can be conflicts. Similarly, claims that many people are reluctant to express one such medium which can provide an arena where parties can also disagreement openly when they are concerned about hurting feelings debate impartially and bring out the various viewpoints for the good or dealing with out of control emotional reactions. The end result of society. is that it inhibits conflict parties from expressing themselves freely and thus creating a situation where people keep hatred to themselves Conclusion and Way forward which would manifest when there is any disagreement. The paper has demonstrated that Communication is an important According to Spector in Zartman, cultural differences brought about ingredient in either exacerbating or reducing conflict. Approaching by lack of understanding of each other’s rule for communication can conflict through effective communication using agreed procedures become so high as to keep messages from reaching their destination; can reduce barriers to positive messages leading to de-escalation causing the negotiations to break down. In the area of international of conflicts. Poor communication may lead to frustration; erode negotiations the potential for discordance inherent in inter-cultural confidence and sometimes destroy the whole process of conflict communication takes concrete form not the simple unmediated management. Communicators must thus be able to correctly judge conversation, but a complex and sustained undercharge of proposals a situation and know which language to use; avoiding making over time, overlooked by level after level of inter-agency consultation, unsupported assumptions as a basis for decision making. political supervision, media and legislative oversight. This would Consequently, communication should be used in a constructive lengthen any negotiation because of this misunderstanding. As manner in order to enhance peace in the community. However, discussed, communication if not well utilized can exacerbate conflicts this can only be achieved if there is deliberate capacity building and lengthen the process of conflict management. of communicators on conflict across all mediums. This will be for the purposes of equipping them with proper skills to enable them Contribution of Communication to Achieving Peace use communication in a proper way so that they do not escalate a Communication can also be an important element in fostering peace. situation by misreporting or setting a wrong agenda. They can be able It can through its many mediums contribute to ending violence, to report on peace prospects, deliberately report peace messages and often by focusing on non-violent solutions or presenting alternative give positive prospects about a conflict with the hope that the conflict methods. Media can also provide coverage for voices of moderation, parties can see a clear path to peace. propose solutions, point out common ground or even urge negotiation.

50 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 51 A SNAPSHOT OF BEEF PRODUCTION IN KENYA

and other supporting infrastructure. Though Nomadic pastoralists are usually found the official trade volumes in live animals in arid and semi-arid environments.They within Eastern Africa are low, Kenya are less sedentary and migrate seasonally, exportslive animals to Uganda, Mauritius as dictated by weather patterns, with and the Middle East. At the same time their cattle and other livestock in search the country is not self-sufficient in meat of pasture and water. They are relatively production and since prices of animals in less commercialized, but are largely Kenya are higher than in neighbouring dependenton cattle and other livestockfor countries,there is a net flow of live animals their livelihood. They maintain cattle and from Tanzania, Ethiopia and Somalia and to other livestock principally as a capital alesser extent Sudan into Kenya and cultural asset, to be sold only when Kenya is endowed with diverse animal absolutely necessary. Agro-pastoralists, resources comprising 17.5 million cattle, on the other hand,live sedentary lifestyles MR H K Ngenoh 28 million goats, 17 million sheep, 3 where they keep cattle and other livestock million camels, 32 million domestic and at the same time cultivate crops, and are Ministry of Agriculture birdsand about 2 million donkeys. There relatively commercialized. n the twenty first century, food is an undetermined number of companion, Ranching is another system of beef production systems, both crop-based aquaticand gameanimals. Approximately production and is a practice of keeping Iand animal-based or a mixture of the 60% of the livestock population is found herds of animals on expansive tracts of two, have managed to supply and meet the in the marginal areas of Kenya, specifically land purely on commercial basis and may demand for food both at the domestic level the ASAL, where it employs about 90% of include growing of some crops mainly to be as well as the global markets. However, the population. Livestock sector in Kenya used as feed or for sale. Ranchers routinely intensification of food production, which plays critical role in ensuring food and control the grazing on their private land by is often associated with high use of nutritionsecurity as well as cash income use of paddocks and practise supplementary external inputs, goes side-by-side with to rural households. In terms of human feeding for proper weight gain. In contrast, environmental degradation in form of nutrition,livestock serves as source of the pastoralists and agro-pastoralists massive deforestation, contamination animal protein which are of high nutritional generally practice open grazing, with of water resources, loss of biodiversity, value and essential for physical and limited use of supplementary or purchased increased emissionsof greenhouse gases and cognitive development. soil depletion among other negative effects. Beef production in Kenya is largely Ranching is another In terms of the global agricultural concentrated in the ASAL areas which system of beef economy,the livestock subsector has accounts for seventy percent of total demonstrated a relatively faster growth production. Approximately 13 million production and is a rate compared to other subsectors, and this Kenyans living in the ASALs derive their practice of keeping is particularly so in developing countries. livelihood largely from livestock. Of In most African states, livestock subsector the entire beef produced from the ASAL herds of animals is relied upon by rural households for areas,fifty percent comes from the extensive on expansive tracts their livelihood and contributes greatly to pastoral production systems, twenty five the rural economy, especially in the Arid percent comes from the commercial of land purely on and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs). To meet ranches and twenty five percent is produced commercial basis the rising demand for livestock products from agro-pastoral beef production systems. such as dairy products, meat and eggs in About seventy percent of beef produced in and may include the developing countries, some emerging the country is mainly based on Zebu cattle growing of some livestock challenges need to be addressed. population found in the ASALS while the In the East African perspective, rest (30%) is from culls from the dairy herd. crops mainly to Kenya’s livestock industry is considered Cattle are the most important source of red be used as feed relatively more developed compared to her meat, accounting for 77 percent of Kenya’s neighbours, especially in terms of genetics ruminant off-take for slaughter or for sale.

52 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 53 feeds (except during prolonged dry periods). Earliest ranches were On the aspect of marketingofprocessed meat and meat productsin located in the Kapiti plains, Laikipia plains and in Rift Valley and Kenya, over eighty percent of the total meat produced is consumed consisted of 5,000-20,000 acres of good grazing land, which were locally. The rest is exported to the various destinations including divided into fenced paddocks and had well-developed water sources. East African Community Region, DRC and Middle East Countries The development of ranches can be traced back to 1963 when the especially United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Egypt and Yemen. Kenya UNDP laid down the foundation of an extensive range and ranch does not export meat and meat products to the lucrative European development. Union markets due to presence of trade-sensitive livestock diseases The relatively low substitutability of beef and the growing in the country. demand for various types of beef in Kenya, especially roast meat Livestock diseases remain one of the key challenges to beef popularly known as Nyamachoma, suggest that there might be production in Kenya.Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) opportunities for further trade in beef in the domestic market. and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) are some of the trade-sensitive Therefore, it appears reasonable to improve resource utilisation in diseases which continue to impair the growth of this sub-sector. The order to enhance supply. The need to meet expected increases in government has put in place control strategies for these diseases demand for meat is coupled with challenges such as competition for but this calls for the concerted efforts from all concerned, including resources between enterprises, and concerns to reduce greenhouse the pastoralists and ranchers, the county governments, the NGOs gas emissions in livestock food chains. operating in the sub-sector and any other stakeholder. In terms of beef processing, there are a number of facilities which In order to reverse the challenges facing beef production in Kenya, serve the Kenyan market and beyond. These include but not limited a multi-stakeholder approach is necessary. This is a good ingredient to a) Kenya Meat Commission (KMC) – this is a government- for designing and formulating effective livestock policies, strategies owned export slaughter facility which is highly underutilized. and investments because it will consider and manage the trade- It undertakes slaughter of cattle, sheep, goats and camels and offs intrinsic in the multifaceted dimensions of the sector. Multi- processes the meats into various cuts and products before marketing. stakeholder approach, assessing the livestock sector from different In the entire Eastern and Central Africa region it is the only export standpoints, will stimulate a common understanding of livestock meat processing facility with the capacity to process corned beef. production systems, and hence arrive at practical conclusions about Plagued by mismanagement and potential solution is divesture the alternative policy actions and investments. by invitation of strategic private partner; b) Farmers Choice Ltd In conclusion, Livestock specialists do opine that contribution – in terms of capacity, this is the biggest private meat processing of livestock production is underquoted in the computation of GDP company specializing in the slaughter and processing of pigs and estimates of African nations, Kenya included. This is because such beef cattle mainly marketed locally; c) Alpha Fine Foods Ltd – this estimates are usually based on official sales records, which miss is yet another private meat processing company which specializes production that is informally traded or direct home consumptions, in the manufacture of high value products that are mainly marketed not to mention the animal manure which is seldom valued.Livestock in Kenya; and d)Quality Meat Packers Limited – this is a private sector will take on a new economic significance when and if these meat processing factory specializing in fresh cuts and value added shortcomings are corrected. products mainly exported to the Middle East countries.

52 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 53 HUMAN INTELLIGENCE: AN ISSUE OF EFFECTIVENESS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM

the expression “new threats” often used Fundamentally, HUMINT consists of to describe this scourge. Terrorism is a gathering information through infiltration, set of methods of combat rather than an interviews, collecting data from people and identifiable ideology or movement, and institutions, and extracting any information involves premeditated use of violence of tactical and/or strategic value. This entry against (primarily) non-combatants in order discusses the types of HUMINT activities, to achieve a psychological effect of fear on the training and skills required for HUMINT others than the immediate targets. operators, the steps in handling information, and recent operations. The central position of intelligence. Terrorist groups are diffused and seem Classification of intelligence. elusive. But you can only fight an enemy Classification may be based on the level of if you know him well. This statement, decision, the nature of the information, or which has always been the leitmotiv of the means of acquisition. Thus, based on the Col M Ndenzako the great military leaders, applies both to level of decision-making, we distinguish Burundi National Defence Forces conventional wars and in the fight against between strategic intelligence, operative terrorism. Concretely, to know a terrorist intelligence and tactical intelligence. Human intelligence (HUMINT), still group is to determine its nature, its volume, Strategic intelligence is the intelligence called Human Research, is the most its location or its hideout, its objectives, its necessary to define the general military appropriate in the fight against terrorism. methods of action, and its financing. strategy, to plan possible operations and By infiltrating terrorist groups, it makes it to conduct campaigns or operations at the possible to detect their intentions in time What is intelligence? level of the operational strategy. It is the and to prevent attacks accordingly. Thus, Intelligence can be defined as information intelligence necessary for the development the defence and security forces, instead of that has been given meaning; in other of Defence Policy and military plans, merely reacting, will have the initiative. words, information that has been processed, at the national or international level. It Infiltration also destabilizes terrorist cross-checked, analyzed using well- allows for government decision-making groups by creating a climate of distrust defined procedures by specialists. It is an and offers political decision making on and insecurity within them. To do this, operational function in the same way as all the commitment of forces, the definition intelligence officers must study languages the others that are taught in military high of strategic objectives to be achieved and and sociology in order to better understand schools. Thus, the intelligence function is the combination of actions to be carried human societies in order to infiltrate terrorist the set of activities enabling the systematic out in theatres of operation. Operational groups. We can only succeed in infiltrating acquisition and exploitation of the intelligence is that necessary for the Boko-Haram if we talk and behave like a information necessary for the planning and Nigerian from the North. conduct of actions, concerning the context, Intelligence can the environment and the various actors in a Terrorism: a security threat. theatre of operations. be defined as The explosions of joy following the fall of information that the Berlin Wall, which marked the end of the What is human intelligence? Cold War, quickly gave way to desolation. Human intelligence (HUMINT) represents has been given The Cold War gave way to a hot war, so hot the oldest and most elemental form of that the world boiled like water brought to intelligence activity. Although technological meaning; in other a temperature of a hundred degrees. This is advances in technical intelligence services words, information the so-called “civilized” world war against such as signals and imagery have lowered terrorism. Since nature abhors emptiness, the profile of HUMINT activities, in that has been actors of blind violence, driven by certain recent years the focus on terrorism and processed, cross- obscurantism and a very characteristic non state actors has again emphasized the ignominy, are invited into the international importance of HUMINT. Specifically, checked, analyzed scene. They have adapted terrorism, military branches have made HUMINT a using well-defined which we must acknowledge is not new priority, as many criminal and/or terrorist to technological developments, giving rise groups have reduced their visibility and use procedures by to a remarkable revival in the organization of communications technologies open to of groups and their modes of action, hence signal intercepts. specialists.

54 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 55 development of plans, the conduct of campaigns and major operations in order to achieve strategic objectives in theatres or areas of operation. Tactical intelligence is necessary to plan and conduct tactical engagements. When we look at intelligence by its nature, we distinguish between documentary Intelligence, situation intelligence, operational intelligence, environmental intelligence, target intelligence, damage intelligence, warning intelligence and attitude intelligence. Documentation information is information on any subject that can establish reference material for use in the planning and evaluation of subsequent raw information. Valid in peace-time, it must be constantly updated, particularly when a crisis develops during which it can be assimilated in part with strategic intelligence. Its validity is measured in months or even years. Situation intelligence describes the current situation at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. As it applies in times of crisis and We don’t seem to be learning anything. you have to do is have some very clever, to commitments, its validity is generally The deployment of the latest generation of courageous, risk-taking agents. Most short and depends on the evolution of the aircraft did not prevent the attacks of 11 intelligence services do not appear to be situation. Operational intelligence, on the September 2001 or others that followed. effectively exploiting this avenue, although other hand, involves the enemy, human They therefore already condemned the it could be the key to success. intelligence conditions or human research. flagrant lack of human sources in the global In the meantime, the Taliban have jihad nebula. succeeded in infiltrating some of the Afghan The primacy of human sources. This view supports the idea that man forces. This has resulted in shootings and The tremendous advances in science and should be placed as a sensor at the centre of attacks inside the bases with the loss of life technology in recent years have relegated the intelligence-gathering apparatus. of both Afghan soldiers and their American man-made intelligence to the background, Indeed, human research has produced allies. If they have done so, the reverse, that especially since the digitization of the very satisfactory results in recent years. It is is, an infiltration of Afghan intelligence battlefield. This is the era of ‘high tech’. a human source that has made it possible to agents into the Taliban camp is possible. Some people think that machines can do trace back to Osama bin Laden who would This can have a double effect: gathering everything. However, while technological sit quietly with his family in Abbottabad in information and then destabilizing terrorist applications are proving to be very useful Pakistan, safe from satellites and drones. movements from within, creating a situation in certain areas such as the fight against It was for this reason that the Pakistani of insecurity and suspicion within them. maritime piracy where acquisition of authorities had arrested a doctor suspected People can also be involved in their radars, satellites, drones, helicopters and of having denounced him immediately after own safety. It is necessary first to gain the surveillance aircraft are very effective; it his assassination by the American Special support of this population for this cause. must be recognized that their importance is forces. It is also a human source who Indeed, an attentive person who can report less in the fight against terrorism. Indeed, guided the American soldiers to this farm what he sees or listens is often more reliable the end of East-West bipolarity has not been near Tikrit where Saddam HUSSEIN was than all other sensors. He can detect actions, followed on the ground by a mutation of hiding. attitude or behavior of a suspect; what other the defence and security forces in general Terrorism can be effectively combated sensor cannot do. Generally, terrorists do and the intelligence services in particular. using trained agents capable of infiltrating not act blindly. They are true professionals. While the threat which was at that time, terrorist groups. This is possible because Before taking action, they study their was the confrontation of large armored these groups are not closed as one might targets, make a reconnaissance and take units, mechanized, and of large artillery has think. Like all movements that want to pictures if necessary. radically changed, leaving the place to a survive, they need to increase their numbers The other sensors cannot accurately diffuse threat. in order to have candidates for martyrdom, account for the suspicious attitude of a The phone-tapping scandals that have that is to say, people capable of committing person who is prowling around a building. marked international headlines in previous attacks. This implies recruitment. But a Only man can do it. This implies that only years are very instructive in this regard. group that recruits can be infiltrated. All man can understand man.

54 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 55 COMMUNITY-BASED WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN KENYA

in the decimation of significant number of form of land use under Kenya’s wildlife wildlife through retaliatory attacks, habitat laws, making them a competitive land degradation as well as poaching which use option where communities and other threatens sustenance of entire populations if land owners can benefit from nature based quick remedial measures are not put in place. resources. By participating in conservation Communities need to appreciate the value of the communities get involved in decision wildlife and the need for its conservation. making processes on wildlife conservation However, this can only be achieved if they and management in addition to improving see the benefits of conservation. their livelihoods through wildlife based The government has since put in place enterprises including tourism thus several strategies aimed at restoring reversing wildlife decline, while protecting positive attitudes amongst the community the country’s iconic wildlife for future and encouraging them towards wildlife generations. conservation and management. This is aimed Conservancies provide communities MR G O Nagwala at dealing with the effects of human-wildlife with a great opportunity and platform for Kenya Wildlife Service conflicts, habitat degradation and loses of benefitting from wildlife based tourism livelihoods. One of the strategies in place where they obtain direct benefits that would enya is host to diverse is the creation of wildlife conservancies on go a long way in improving their livelihoods wildlife species both in and communal areas and private sanctuaries at house hold level. Through this platform outside protected areas. Since K commonly referred to as Community Based they are able to get employment as well independence communities have felt that Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). as develop other social infrastructure wildlife conservation and management was The objective here is to empower necessary for their well-being. Most of the preserve of the national government communities to be directly involved in the conservancies are located in very and that they had very little role to play. wildlife conservation as well as participate in remote and far flung areas which lack Studies have revealed that 70 per cent of planning for wildlife management a process basic health and education facilities and wildlife is actually found on community which is vital in improving the interactions therefore revenues accrued from tourism and private lands outside protected areas. between local communities, protected can be spent on developing these important These rangelands are normally unfenced area management and the nature. This infrastructure. Several conservancies have and uncultivated adjacent to protected areas, empowers and instills feelings of ownership been recorded as having contributed towards offer nice dispersal areas to wildlife therefore and leadership amongst the communities ensuring their survival. Maintenance of these over the natural resources they live near dispersal areas provide the much needed or within while equally balancing their Wildlife space necessary for migration of wildlife. needs for development and environmental After independence there was very little conservancies are conservation. community participation in management The above approach is a departure a recognized form of wildlife especially those found in from the previous top down approaches communal land. In these communal of land use under where management decisions were made areas, wildlife interact with humans and on their behalf. With increased integration Kenya’s wildlife laws, livestock all competing for the available of development and conservation, there is natural resources. The traditional livestock need to ensure that opportunities to benefit making them a pastoralism was considered very compatible from wildlife resources in a meaningful way competitive land with wildlife conservation thus ensuring co are both available and effective for local habitation. However with the increase in people. The end result is capacity building use option where human population and sedentary activities, on wildlife management as well as deriving most of this wildlife is increasingly being communities and economic benefits from related enterprises. pushed away as a result of incompatible land A community conservancy constitutes one other land owners uses including settlements and conversion or more communal ranches that aim at of land for agriculture. This has caused can benefit from leveraging the land on the wildlife livestock an upsurge in cases of human wildlife interface for conservation and tourism. nature based conflicts that leads to lose of community Wildlife conservancies are a recognized livelihoods. These conflicts have resulted resources.

56 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 57 alleviating education and health standards in their areas. There are various categories of conservancies although the most popular ones are the community conservancies which are created and owned by the communities. Communities are empowered to decide on how to manage wildlife on their land by creating management boards that include representatives from themselves and Kenya Wildlife Service which is the agency responsible for wildlife conservation and management. These boards are responsible for the daily management of the conservancies. Several successful conservancies’ stories have been recorded in various parts of the country. In Narok County for example, 15 conservancies around the Maasai Mara National Reserve and thrice the size of the reserve have been created forming a huge dispersal area for the spectacular wildebeest livestock. This has reduced overstocking areas. The model has also reduced migration which the area is famous for. The in the conservancies while encouraging tensions and conflicts between farmers and area is also home to the third largest elephant vegetation recovery and ensuring habitat pastoralists. Group conservancies can be population in the country making it the most restoration. Wildlife conservancies have very instrumental in creating easements for preferred tourist destination. Communities also ensured better land management sustainable ecosystem conservation. in this region have benefitted the most from practices where land use is properly planned This approach however, is not devoid of wildlife related enterprises. to ensure sustainable access to resources and challenges. Variations in climate result in Communities in the northern region reduction of conflicts. The conservancies the decline of annual rainfall and prolonged have taken it upon themselves to protect the have influenced spatial planning at the local droughts that affect vegetation reclamation rare hirola antelope and the endangered sea levels thereby discouraging unnecessary which inhibits pasture availability. The turtle. This antelope is endemic to the region land fragmentation and securing it for the prolonged droughts encourage influx of and their efforts have seen an increase in the posterity of the pastoral communities. other immigrant pastoral communities animals’ population thus attracting support Additionally, conservancies provide that causing resource conflicts. Another from donors. The hirola is a rare antelope opportunities for local natural resource challenge is the proliferation of invasive only found in areas along the Kenyan- conservation and management by creating plant species that suppress the growth of Somalia border. It is listed as critically a balance between people, livestock and pasture for livestock and wildlife. Some endangered under CITES as among 10-top wildlife by ensuring harmonized co- of them if ingested have poisoning effects focal species at risk of imminent extinction. existence. on animals. Competing land uses such Several non-governmental organizations The other type of conservancies is the as overstocking, dryland agriculture, have come forth to complement the state’s privately owned conservancies which are deforestation, sand collection, charcoal efforts in empowering communities created on private land by individuals or burning and poorly planned settlements conserve, manage and derive livelihoods companies with the aim of conserving have negative effects on conservancies. from wildlife related enterprises. Among and managing wildlife. The land is either These challenges can be tackled through the NGOs is the Northern Rangelands Trust owned or leased. Most privately owned development of human support infrastructure that has assisted 39 member conservancies conservancies target high end tourists by which includes health, education, governance in Laikipia, Samburu, Marsabit and marketing exclusive experiences due to as well as implementing the natural resource Garissa counties of Kenya, transforming low volume visits thereby ensuring less management plans in order to mitigate the the community lives in those areas. There habitat degradation. They also guarantee effects of climate change, competing land are numerous benefits that can be derived high standards of tourist facilities in their uses and other environmental variables. from conservancy management. They conservancies. Community based conservation model, provide linkages to livestock marketing Lastly group conservancies are created though skeptical during inception, is picking opportunities. For example, in 2009, by bringing together different parcels of up and surely proving a game changer in communities in a conservancy in Laikipia land owned by individuals. They agree on the arid and semi-arid areas in the country. County have partnered with a private structures and management models of the Communities are now assured of deriving investor that have introduced improved conservancies. This model has been very sustained livelihoods while ensuring that livestock husbandry and markets that instrumental in stopping land fragmentation their environment is well conserved as fetch better prices for the community and ensuring that only compatible forms they strive to find lasting mechanisms to of land use are practiced in particular interactions with wildlife.

56 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 57 MILITARY CONTRIBUTION TO DIPLOMACY: THE KENYA DEFENCE FORCES experience

usually keen on advancing security, political, establishment and interests. The DA economic, scientific and cultural relations therefore, is traditionally responsible for as they conduct international commitments all aspects of both bilateral and multilateral in order to advocate for peaceful conflict military and defence engagements. resolution and at the same time fully defend However, following the changing dynamics the fundamental human rights. Taking in the security environment and with a cognizance of the changing nature of view to building confidence and trust, there military cooperation and the need to bring is currently an increased collaboration out the most of this instrument of defence in military diplomacy between the EAC diplomacy, scholars coined the expression countries and even extending to the larger defence diplomacy, also known as, military Horn of Africa region. In this context , diplomacy to describe all peaceful related military activities that have been undertaken activities carried out in favour of peace by these countries include but not limited and stability by its defence forces and the to exchange visits and scheduled regular Col S Kiswaa ministry of defence at large. meetings by the Chiefs of Defence and other KENYA NAVY In common parlance, defence diplomacy cadres of the Defence Forces, joint military generally refers to the implementation of exercises, training as well as the promotion he use of the Defence Forces to foreign policy objectives through peaceful of other mutual engagements such as joint support state’s diplomacy dates back means and initiatives. While there is a sporting and cultural activities amongst Tto the very origins of nation-states. contention on the definition of defence others. This support was intended to bolster national diplomacy, it may be described as the peaceful Kenya is diplomatically focusing on interests by demonstrating a country’s or occasional use of military resources maintaining good relations and interactions military capability to impose its will on to achieve largely positive outcomes with the militaries of the region with a view another, or to act as deterrence from foreign in a country’s bilateral and multilateral to achieving a common understanding on advances, be they political, territorial or engagements. In the Kenyan context defense mutual areas of interest and concerns which economic. Diplomacy itself encompasses diplomacy is quickly emerging as one of the will then go a long way in the maintenance the ways and means through which States most useful tools of military statecraft in of peace and security in the region. through the world over conduct diplomatic an effort to minimize on the use of military related affairs in order to ensure and promote force to advance the country’s foreign policy. peaceful coexistence. The main objective States and International Organisations The Kenyan case of of each diplomatic service is basically to as a matter of regular practice, undertake military-diplomacy safeguard and promote the interests of ‘after action review’ exercises after their respective countries at the international operations or even training exercises relationship can stage. Yet militaries, globally, are also always -whether military or civil- with a view to expected to promote national interests in effecting improvements on areas observed be explained with international relations through mainly the use to be unsatisfactory and where possible reference to five of force and or coercion. Furthermore, the government agencies and International 21st Century security and defence challenges Organisations should share such lessons aspects, namely should be thought of and executed in the light and concerns with each other as one way its geographical of an overriding concept of interdependence of improving and advancing their relations. as these threats go beyond a single country’s The Kenyan case of military-diplomacy positioning, strategic efforts. The new threats and risks must be relationship can be explained with reference addressed from an integrated approach not to five aspects, namely its geographical responses, the only within the country but also regionally positioning, strategic responses, the military military means of and internationally. means of foreign policy, the military means The Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) of diplomacy and the military-diplomacy foreign policy, the has over the years undertaken defence nexus. military means diplomacy in the form of peacekeeping The defence aspect of diplomacy by and humanitarian aid operations thereby KDF was traditionally undertaken by the of diplomacy playing a critical role in the management use of Defence Attaché (DA), who serve and the military- and conflict resolution in various parts of the in particular embassies abroad and act as world. Militaries practicing diplomacy are a representatives of the country’s defence diplomacy nexus.

58 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 59 Therefore in pursuit of these objectives, the KDF engages in scholarly training, directing staff and military exercises exchanges. For example the Kenya’s National Defence College (NDC) and Defence Staff College (DSC) courses that are run annually draw participants from various allied countries from within the African continent and beyond thereby deepening relations with these selected allied countries. KDF together with other regional militaries engage in defence diplomacy and peace and security aspects particularly focusing on the Eastern Africa Standby Force (EASF) and the East African Community (EAC) regional economic bloc activities. The EASF secretariat and planning headquarters, Eastern African Standby Brigade Co-ordination Mechanism (EASBRICOM) are based in the outskirts of Nairobi city which then underlines the importance and priority which Kenya attaches to these diplomatic initiatives and thereby, giving the country both status and visibility as one of the most experienced countries on the continent in terms of peacekeeping operations. The International Defence Cabinet Secretary Amb. Raychell Omamo hands over Medical Supplies to Peace Support Center (IPSTC), also Mozambique Defence Minister Mr. Atanasio Salvador M’ tumuke at the seaport in co-located with EASBRIG HQs, conducts Mozambique on Saturday, 18 May 2019 following Cyclones Kenneth and Idai. The Kenyan peace support operations training for both Navy Ship (KNS) Jasiri Crew on a training Cruise looks on. military and civilians and hence immensely contributes to Kenya’s positive image in both men and women. between the two countries. Amb Omamo defence diplomacy. Through the Kenya Navy, the KDF further said,“The effects of climate change The defence aspect of diplomacy by conducts annual sea training cruises within are real as witnessed recently. Therefore, KDF is also felt in military games. The the Indian Ocean covering the Indian we need to improve cooperation between EAC Military games have widely enhanced Ocean Islands and Littoral States. As part African countries to mitigate challenges that furtherance of EAC cooperation. These are of these events the Kenya Navy Warships our respective countries may face from time annual events hosted alternately in member also conduct Naval Diplomacy during Ports to time. We need strong working relations states. The objective and aim of the military of Call through joint military training and between our defence forces.” games is basically to promote and enhance exercises with the host Navies and Coast In conclusion, defence diplomacy is one confidence building and defence diplomatic Guards as well as conduct and participate in of the important tools and avenues which a relations amongst the EAC Defence Forces some selected and prearranged social events country can effectively deploy to achieve under the Memorandum of Understanding such as sports and cocktails. Through these its foreign policy and also a ‘soft’ way of on Co-operation in defence matters in EAC. sea training cruises, defence cooperation pursuing or indicating a foreign policy It is important to appreciate that military is enhanced by way of ‘show of flag’ by shift between unfriendly states. Military games are held on rotational under the the Kenya Navy. Besides, KDF has been diplomacy has the effect of reducing auspices of the International Military Sports engaged in relief and humanitarian activities estrangement and promotes sustainable Council (CISM) and its sister group, the within the region. For instance, on 18 May development and dialogue between states. Organization of Military Sport in Africa 2019, Kenya’s Defence Cabinet Secretary Defence diplomacy in Kenya therefore (OSMA).The latest, the 12th Edition of the Ambassador Raychelle Omamo, handed will go a long way in ‘dispelling hostility, EAC Military Games and Cultural Event over about 5.8 tons of medical supplies building and maintaining trust and at the took place in Nairobi, Kenya, from 11th to the Mozambique Defence Minister same time assist in the development of a to 26th August, 2019. The event attracted Atanatio Salvador M’tumuke following democratically accountable defence forces, over 500 sportsmen and women from the the Cyclone Kenneth and Idai tragedy- the thereby significantly contributing to conflict Defence Forces of all the six EAC Partner only Tropical Storm among few that bears prevention and peaceful coexistence. The States, namely: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, a male name. The cyclone left villagers exchange of contacts between military South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. The homeless, sick and desperate. Speaking officials, the appointment of attachés, ship participants took part in the various sports during the event, the Cabinet Secretary visits and interactive engagements of various disciplines including: Football, Netball, reiterated the need to strengthen the already kinds greatly enhance military diplomacy. Volleyball, Basketball and Cross-country for existing cooperation and bilateral relations

58 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 59 DEALING WITH SEXUAL AND GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN KENYA

The Kenyan culture disallows men services. Other bottlenecks are laws that from speaking about any mistreatment they discriminate women in regard to inheritance, experience in the hands of women since they use of community lands, property rights, and will be perceived to be weaklings and therefore absence of upkeep after divorce or being they chose to suffer in silence. This custom is widowed. Others include not being able to however changing and men who have been acquire sufficient education and inadequate physically abused have formed organizations opportunities for women to train and also not meant to protect them from their brutal or cruel being able to obtain employment in either spouses. One Such organization is Maendeleo formal or informal sectors. ya Wanaume. The media has also continued to highlight cases of husbands being battered by Legal and Policy Framework on their spouses and vice versa Sexual and Gender Based Violence in Causes of SGBV are numerous, multifaceted Kenya and diverse depending on the nature of The Kenya Constitution (2010) gives every violence and vary from social, economic, legal, individual a right to private freedom. It states MRS M W OMARI religious and political aspects. Research has that, National Police Service - Kenya shown that sexual and gender-based violence “a person has a right not to be subjected towards women is consistent and organized. It to any kind of violence from either public or ender based violence is not a recent is a system that focuses on male dominance, private sources, any form of torture whether phenomenon in human history. It has expectations, economic, social, sex stereotypes physical or psychological or cruel, inhuman existed since time immemorial even G and political domination of men over women. or demeaning treatment”. This means that during the biblical times when Adam accused The united nations children’s fund (UNICEF), the constitution guarantees women a right to his wife Eve before God for having tricked him has categorised causes of SGBV into four protection against any form of abuse including into eating the forbidden fruit. broad categories: political, legal, economic and SGBV and other forms of violence related to However, in the recent past, it has gained socio-cultural. their gender as women. The Penal Code, Cap a lot of prominence and the United Nations The Socio-cultural causes have to do 63 Laws of Kenya does not cater for offences (UN) in its Resolution 1325 defined gender- with how culture describes and apportions touching on SGBV other than bigamy under based violence (GBV) as “any harmful act that responsibilities according to one’s gender, section 171. It does not provide for other is perpetrated against one person’s will and is conviction that the male gender is superior, offences such as husband or wife battering, based on socially ascribed (gender) differences traditions that apportion men exclusive rights domestic violence, marital rape, etc. Most between males and females. It includes acts over girls and women and expectations of of these offences are derived from the key that inflict physical, mental, or sexual harm duties within relationships. Others include the offences such as assault under section 250 and or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and acceptance of violence as a way of resolving 251 of the Act. other deprivations of liberty, whether occurring conflicts in the family and the idea of the family Sexual Offenses Act, 2006 offers provision in public or in private life and it inflicts harm on being a private realm which is controlled for protection and prevention of all persons girls, women, men and boys” by men. Another factor is the traditions of from harm of acts of a sexual nature and from In Kenya, practices like Female Genital marriage where bride price or dowry is paid psychosocial support and access to justice. In Mutilation (FGM) continue to be conducted dowry for the woman essentially making her by some communities like the Maasai, Meru, the property of the man. Kisii and others where a girl can not get a suitor Causes of SGBV Legal reasons include inferior legal standing unless she has undergone FGM. Early marriages of women as provided for by all types of law are numerous, are still practiced by some communities where or in practice. Such Laws include custody of girls are married off at an early age hence multifaceted and the child, inheritance, divorce, maintenance denying them basic rights to education leading and others. Definition of rape, inadequate to economic disempowerment. diverse depending knowledge of matters to do with law, and Men are also subjected to SGBV through apathetic handling of girls and women by both on the nature forced circumcision where uncircumcised men the police and judiciary are other reasons that are deemed to be incomplete, for example in the of violence and contribute to SGBV. In the political realm, Kikuyu culture, circumcision is a vital rite of women are poorly represented in power, legal, vary from social, passage that marks the transition from boyhood media, political, legal and medical professions. to manhood. Once one undergoes this rite, he The Economic causes are attributable to economic, legal, is able to take part in community governance. the fact that most women particularly in the Thus, manhood is equated to qualification to religious and rural set up depend on men for economic participation in politics. support, cannot easily access cash and credit political aspects.

60 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 61 addition, the Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act, 2011 forbids services to be used in managing sexual violence survivors. The policy the conduct of female genital mutilation and prohibits the violation of a offers guidance to medical specialists or doctors on the procedures of person’s mental or physical integrity. The Protection Against Domestic treating a sexual violence survivor. It also offers guidelines on how to Violence (PADV) Act, 2015 Provide that members of a family should not preserve evidence for use by court, psycho-social support matters and be subjected to any form of domestic violence. other ethical concerns connected with how to manage sexual violence The Marriage Act, 2014 sets the minimum marriage age and health related problems. enumerates the kinds of marriages in Kenya. It assures the married Education Gender Policy (2007) addresses issues of how to prevent couple of equal rights at all times during the marriage and even after the and respond to gender based violence in schools. The policy recommends marriage is dissolved.. The Land Act, 2012 Safeguards women rights to establishment of policies that address GBV at all levels of education, marital property. It provides that a spouse has to give consent in any deal initiation of procedures for handling SGBV which include formulation that involves matrimonial property. and implementation of explicit policies dealing with sexual harassment The Children Act, 2001 deals with child care issues, institutions that and gender based violence at all levels in the Ministry of Education and deal with administration of children. The act also sets the marriage age other learning institutions. at 18 years in line with the Convention on the Rights and Welfare of the Kenya’s Vision 2030 Second Medium Term Plan (2013-17) Child. emphasizes the necessity for formation of an all-inclusive SGBV response HIV & AIDS Prevention and Control Act (2006) bans the intentional centres in all healthcare institutions in the country. It also emphasizes the spread of HIV / AIDS and criminalizes acts and policies that discriminate importance of public education against early and forced marriages and individuals based on their HIV / AIDS status in all places. It also protects also female genital mutilation. the right to safety and the dignity of people affected by the disease. Lastly, the National Reproductive Health Strategy (2009-2015) calls for the implementation of Post-Rape Care Services, makes sure sexual Policy Framework violence is incorporated as a critical issue within the Reproductive Health National Gender and Development Policy (2000) recommends different Strategy and lays the establishment of standards of how care services will ways of dealing with violence which include revisions of SGBV laws, be offered to a person who has undergone a rape ordeal. in particular the Penal Code to encompass crimes associated to gender, In conclusion, it is imperative to note that notwithstanding the many customized SGBV trainings for officers in the judicial system, privacy laws, policies and efforts put in place by the government to eradicate in carrying out SGBV hearings, guaranteeing access to information and SGBV in Kenya, the problem still persists in almost all parts of the country. setting up safe accommodations domestic violence victims. There is therefore need to address the issues that perpetuate SGBV at Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Policy (2003) advocates for all levels. This can be achieved through education, public awareness putting up of safety nets, rehabilitation and rescue processes for sexual campaigns and capacity building of law enforcement agencies dealing abuse and violence victims. It also calls for enhancement of measures with SGBV cases including the police and judiciary. It is also important to to protect young people in corrective institutions from being sexually empower women economically, socially and politically so that they don’t abused. have to stay in abusive relations on the basis of disempowerment. The The National Guidelines on the Management of Sexual Violence Government needs to address the challenges which make it impossible to (2014) policy guides and provides a framework on procedures and achieve the desired results in the eradication of SGBV. COMBAT PSYCHOLOGY (US Army), is a subject that examines “psychiatric casualty” due to mental disorders “the factors enabling and/or restraining which render them incapable of further combatants killing each other and the effects participation in combat and evacuation from both psychological and physiological on the battlefield may suffice to alleviate the the human psyche.” Wars entail violent symptoms and facilitate recovery. confrontations between humans; it is horror, Studies conducted on the effect of war on chaos, fear and trauma. Among the effects combatants have shown that after continuous of war due to combat are “psychiatric battle for sixty days, “ninety eight percent” casualties”, bodily systems arousal and fear, of soldiers become “psychiatric casualties”, effects of close combat on bodily functions, while “two percent” were observed to be consequences of killing on the individual and “aggressive psychopathic personalities.” post combat mental disorders to name a few. This indicates that continuous combat results in insanity for “ninety eight percent” of all “Psychiatric casualties” combatants while the other two percent are Col J M Nkoimo “Psychiatric breakdown is the most already mentally unstable before battle. KENYA ARMY pronounced aftermath of war on humans.” combatants are at a higher risk of becoming “Physiological arousal” and fear ombat Psychology or what is referred “psychiatric casualties” in major wars in Battlefields are often harsh, tough, rugged to as “Killology” as advanced by comparison to being fatalities from direct and marked by environmental conditions CLt Col (Retired) Dave Grossman enemy action. A fighter is rendered a of scorching desert temperatures, blistering

60 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 61 heat, drenching floods or freezing terrain; circumstances which that do not succumb as “psychiatric casualties” despite killing other soldiers in combat must endure. They regularly live in areas teeming combatants in battle for a long duration. Great efforts have been with vermin and are very often faced with food shortages, lack of devoted to finding ways to overcome this resistance to kill since time sleep in addition to being constantly uncertain over the control of immemorial. The history of warfare can be regarded as a continuous their lives and environment. To understand the full extent and the effort in a bid to find an effective method to make possible or compel degree of the stress of combat, these and other causes of stress have combatants to overcome their “resistance to kill”. to be taken into consideration. The “sympathetic nervous system” (SNS) is the key distinguishing “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder” (PTSD) quality for combat stress response and is triggered by discharging Humans react differently to extremely high stress events and a the stress hormones in preparation for “fight-or-flight.” when the traumatic occurrence affects each person in their own unique way brain perceives a threat. Likewise, a “backlash” is experienced by and no two persons perceive it in a similar manner. Numerous cases the body from the “parasympathetic nervous system” (PSNS) due of “psychiatric disorders” among soldiers who had served in Vietnam to the requirements placed upon it after a stressful situation. All led to the “discovery” of “PTSD” which had always been associated bodily functions will be dominated by SNS until the threat is no with warfare. Militaries around the world learnt from these findings longer present when (PSNS) is activated to re-establish “homeostasis and have since then integrated the lessons in the conduct of war. (stability) which is a balanced state after the two nervous systems PTSD is a “psychological disorder” due to a shocking occurrence that have regulated bodily functions following any activity. causes feelings of fear and helplessness and exhibited by “persistent The “physiological arousal” process often impacts on bodily re-experiencing” the harrowing episode. functions in what is termed as “fear” which is basically a reaction, state of mind or an unpleasant emotion experienced following Conclusion identification of a threat(s). It is noteworthy that fear is just a Assessment of the far reaching effects of war entails consideration of symptom, it is an “effect and not the cause.” the “psychology and physiology” of close combat, bodily processes and harmful impacts on the combatants. Combat is a complex Physiology of close combat environment where human beings are pushed beyond all tolerable The “psychological toll” due to the effects of combat is caused by limits and there is much that remains unknown and plenty that the core stressors which are the ordeal “associated with being the could be learnt regarding the phenomena. The desire to understand a victim of close range, interpersonal aggression” and the shocks of complex phenomenon such as human aggression and combat which is “the responsibility to kill a fellow human being at close range”. an inevitable fact of the human civilisation has led to commencement The beginning of enlightenment on “close combat” trauma is of the study on human aggression which Lt Col (Rtd) Dave Grossman the appreciation of the “physiological response” to “close range has termed “Killology” or combat psychology. interpersonal aggression”. “Combat stress is defined as the perception of an imminent threat of serious personal injury or death; or when tasked with the responsibility to protect another party from imminent serious injury or death under conditions where response time is minimal.” For centuries the devastating “effects of combat stress” have been acknowledged and described by occurrences such as “tunnel vision”, “auditory exclusion”, “loss of fine and complex motor control”, “irrational behaviour” and “the inability to think clearly”. Despite these incidences being observed and documented for many years, inadequate research has been undertaken to comprehend the reasons for performance deterioration due to combat stress.

Dilemma of killing Scholars in warfare observe that battle is a terrible experience and those who fight do so out of necessity and at the very least are sobered and often deeply traumatised by the horrors of combat since people naturally do not like killing others. To kill or not to kill is a very hard decision for most soldiers to make and many factors influence their ability to kill fellow humans. Brigadier General S.L.A. Marshall noted a hesitation of humans to kill one’s own species which proved to be a key observation in the field of combat psychology and a fundamental factor in human combat. Once battle is joined, the use of the “forebrain” is curtailed while the “mid-brain” or “mammalian brain” takes over and directs all the combatant’s actions. “The existence of a resistance to kill lies at the heart of the dichotomy between killers and non-killers”. The exception is “observed in sociopaths who feel no empathy or remorse” for other humans as represented by “Swank and Marchand’s” two percent

62 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 63 PICTURE SPEAK - cultural day

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1. KDF Comrades during the Cultural Day. 2. The Commandant visits the Kenya Pavilion. 3. Lt Gen A K Mulata, Commandant NDC samples delicacies at the Burundi Pavilion. 4. Interaction at the Rwandan Pavilion. 5. Greetings from Tanzania. 6. The Commandant poses with young performers.

62 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 63 ARE UNSC REFORMS LONG OVERDUE? critical in the face of increased regionalism candidates proposed to hold the top seat of and the reality of a vulnerable, uncertain, the UN- that of the Secretary-General. The competitive and ambiguous external affirmation of all the permanent members environment that the international space has is a prerequisite for a successful vote on become. substantive matters although the threshold Membership: The UNSC consists of fifteen includes an affirmative vote of nine members stipulated under article 23 of the members. On procedural matters though, the Charter. The fifteen include five permanent UNSC only requires a total consenting vote members and ten non-permanent (rotational) by similar number of members (nine). members. The Permanent Members are five Since the Charter of the UN was adopted and include; the People’s Republic of China, in 1945, on 25th June, the Security Council France, the Russian Federation, the United has established more than 30 sanctions Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern regimes. They include; in Angola, CAR, Ireland, and the United States of America. Côte d’Ivoire, DPRK, DRC, Eritrea, Eritrea The non-permanent members on the other and Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Iran, MS C Nyakoe hand are ten and are elected by the General Iraq (2), Mali, Lebanon, Liberia (3), Libya Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Kenya Assembly guided by their contribution to (2), Rwanda, Southern Rhodesia, South the UN for the purpose of ensuring peace Africa, the former Yugoslavia (2), Sierra iscussions have been ongoing on and security internationally. They are also Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and why there should be reforms in the elected guided by the aim of satisfying Yemen, as well as against Al-Qaida and United Nations Security Council D equitable geographical distribution. ISIL (Da’esh) and the Taliban. A simple (UNSC). The question first arose over two Veto power: The veto vote is a preserve of count from these sanctions shows that more decades ago, but its discussions have been a permanent member to block a substantive than fifty percent are on Africa, a continent unnecessarily protracted. On 10 December resolution by a negative vote regardless of that is not permanently represented in the 1993, the General Assembly formed an whether it has obtained the necessary UNSC UNSC yet, with the best understanding of “Open-ended Working Group on the threshold vote of nine members, or enjoys the issues that ail it as continent, does not Question of Equitable Representation on and comparative international support. This enjoy the veto power in determining the Increase in the Membership of the UNSC power is solely a preserve of the permanent peace and security course from this critical and Other Matters Related to the Security members of the UNSC. The substantive body of the UN which has the authority to Council” through Resolution 48/26. Notably, resolutions that permanent members can issue resolutions that are binding to Member in 2018, the General Assembly’s seventy- veto include approving membership to new States. The following majority is from the third session saw a resounding support by states, amendment to the UN Charter or Middle East, equally unrepresented in the member states to the call for reforms. They observed that reforms were necessary for the organ’s continued international legitimacy and credibility especially with regards to the biggest constituents of the matters handled by the UNSC. At least eighty Members States lent specific voice to this need. The UNSC, which was established under the United Nations Charter’s Article 7 of, is among the United Nations (UN) six organs and has the primary responsibility to ensure maintenance of international peace and security. This is the single UN organ that is mandated to bind the members with its resolutions. Therefore, there is critical need that Member States have trust that this authority would act at all times towards that end; to achieve peace and security internationally, and without partiality is vital in the continued general trust and commitment to the UN. This is even more

64 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 65 permanent membership. There has been a call for reforms in the UNSC, especially by geographical regions unrepresented in the permanent membership such as the African Continent and the Arab league. Member States calling for UN reforms and specifically the expansion of the Permanent Representatives to have all geographical groups equitably represented, and to disabuse how the veto power is utilised for the political interests of the five permanent council members, underscore that since the UN was created, the world has gone through evolving challenges leading to an architecture for international peace and security that is increasingly complex. They argue that the UN must, therefore, undergo reforms necessary to adapt to the current world order and correct the historical Composition of the UNSC, UN October 19 2017. injustice that the regions have suffered, unrepresented as permanent members. reforms, support only ‘modest expansion’ fundamental concerns from member states The African continent argues that, of of the Organ. They insist that any new on the organisation of the UN is imperative the issues discussed in the UNSC, most are permanent members must be able to make to the credibility of this world body. As an related to the continent and it must, therefore, clear contribution to ensuring that peace organisation with almost every state of the play a key role in the process of making and security are maintained internationally. world as a member, inclusion, fairness, decisions that touch on these issues. It calls However, they seemingly mistake this for justice and respect are mandatory for the for Africa to have at least two permanent financial capability. They also oppose any credibility of, not only its institutions, but seats in the Council. It is also pushing for the change to the application of the veto power, also its decisions. Any delays will expectedly veto power if the reforms deem it necessary arguing that its use has proven very useful lead to the gradual loss of credibility, that the veto power be retained. Finally, the in preventing the UN from involvement in increased non-adherence to its decisions and continent wants to have five non‑permanent dubious dealings. in effect, pull back on peace and security seats in the Council. The proponents for gains that have been achieved so far. reforms insist on the need to give due regard It calls for Africa to The UN prides itself to be grounded to what most of the members legitimately on the principle of sovereign equality of aspire for. They point out that the current have at least two all its Members according to Article 2(1) composition of the UNSC undermines its of the Charter. Article 8 further provides legitimacy and credibility unless and the permanent seats in that, the Organisation “shall place no international regard for it will continue the Council. It is also restrictions on the eligibility of men and dwindling unless requisite reforms are women to participate in any capacity and implemented. It is expected that increased pushing for the veto under conditions of equality in its principal representation and better administration or and subsidiary organs.” For the UN to abolition of the veto power would boost the power if the reforms be considered to be representative of all legitimacy of the Council and consequently, deem it necessary members, all organs of the UN, including the the implementation of its decisions. UNSC must equitably reflect the makeup of A good number of the members of the that the veto power the Organisation. UN feel that the UNSC’s work has become be retained. The Charter can be amended under its undemocratic with skewed advantage to the Article 108 by a decision of the General permanent membership. They abuse the veto Assembly approved by two thirds of the power which should not have, in the first membership and ratified by two thirds place, been left unregulated and a preserve Concern has been raised over the UNSC of Member States, including the UNSC for a select few for this long. It is argued that composition and segregated powers since permanent members. The UNSC can only the stalemate in the UNSC on many issues its formation by specific countries like be reformed by amending the Charter. The and the failure to maintain peace and security Argentina. History proves such to have had Charter provision is self-defeating to the is largely due to its present configuration. The great foresight, and as the clarion call gets quest for reforms in its requirement that all situation is made worse by the apparent lack louder, the reservations of such countries permanent members agree to the amendment. of transparency and accountability owing to since then, and the voice of all that have Therefore, what is needed is the political will the Council’s resort to closed sessions most joined that call must be taken into account. of, especially the permanent members to of the time. It is expected that this voice will continue to support the reforms. It remains to be seen The Permanent Members, while grow and pressure mount on the permanent the shape the reforms would take. Only one reluctantly agreeing on the need for members to stand on the right side of the thing is certain, reforms in the UNSC are spirit of the UN. The inclusion of these long overdue.

64 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 65 CHILD TRAFFICKING A THREAT TO SECURITY IN THE EAST AFRICAN REGION is beginning to be generally acknowledged smuggling of migrants of children, or other that trafficking in children is one of the forms of irregular migration. In Kenya for fastest growing and spreading criminal instance, child trafficking and smuggling activities in Africa. are both complex phenomenon of which Human trafficking remains a major many people are involved at both family transnational threat to many states in the and community levels, as well as at the World. Despite concerted efforts to curtail border or international transactions, thus this vice, it is still considered to be the fastest it has the potential to adversely affect the growing crime in the World. The United security of the state. Nations found that in 2019, the majority of In order to curb child exploitation, the trafficked children were sexually exploited, Promulgated Constitution (2010) under and one in three known trafficking victims Article 53 fully recognizes the need of is a child. Human Trafficking ranks children, and it thus aims to protect them MR E K L Rotich amongst the most prevailing transnational from neglect, any form of abuse, harmful crime issues in sub Saharan Africa and cultural practices, exploitations, unfair State Department for Immigration the world at large. In spite the lack of a treatment, hazard and unjust punishment. n a world that is increasingly global, clear definition for human trafficking and Policy makers on emerging trends for with unprecedented interconnections, smuggling, these crimes are considered a countering the threats and challenges communications and migration; threat to human security, as they are often associated with child trafficking, in the I process thus enrich existing strategies challenges threatening individual human cast in the mould of a form of international rights, peace and stability continue slave trade with objective of profit. Despite which can drawn from examples and to emerge. The emerging concerns the illegality of slave trade in African, there applied to improve policy making and arising from widening inequalities and seem to be more victims today than at any action in Kenya. Child trafficking ends up marginalization have given rise to violations point in human history. undermining national security. of basic human rights, one particular issue Child trafficking is not new in East In the case of Kenya, the state started being trafficking of humans beings. Africa, it has acquired shocking new tracking and solving child trafficking The trafficking of human beings dimensions. In addition, there is information crimes digitally, through data collection is considered a form of slavery as it gap on identification and investigation of and gathering of statistics to do with issues encompasses illegal transportation of trafficking due to lack of knowledge on involving trafficking of children. It is persons against their will across different the legal definition of the subject and the crucial to appreciate that from official data locations with the aim of exploiting difference between human trafficking and derived from various confidential sources, them. Men, women, youth and children have been, and continue to be, victims of human trafficking and smuggling. Despite unabated efforts by the global community, trafficking remains an epidemic. The enormous effect on the society, family, economy and health has resulted in human trafficking and smuggling being announced as a global threat. The increase in the smuggling and the trafficking of women and children has taken the angle of organized tranboundary crime rated human trafficking in the same serious category as terrorist. Human trafficking is considered the act of recruiting, harbouring, transporting and or providing of persons for labour and sexual exploitation. At the heart of human trafficking is the traffickers goal of exploitation and enslavement hence it Source: Standard Newspaper (2019)

66 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 67 the trends and patterns of with many false promises of goodies and child trafficking at the coastal other forms of rewards; so that they can region. A further report by the be slowly recruited into shady human International Organization for trafficking rings. The perpetrators of these Migration and the Government crimes are usually from low income and of Kenya was released at the informal settlements such as Ki, Mathare, same time and indicated that Mukuru and other area. child trafficking had been on In conclusion, it is important to an upward trend. The vice appreciate that illegal human trafficking, was mostly fueled by lack of and especially child trafficking plus education, ignorance, poverty exploitations is a serious crime and a and lack of awareness of the threat to the states national security as it law, and the consequences of transcends national borders. Unfortunately child trafficking to Kenya’s sometimes children are often exploited by the states has started taking sex traffickers national security. those that they know very well. Some of and offenders to court, under the anti- The County of Kisumu, Nairobi and them are forced to cooperate due to fear trafficking law. It is reported that over 300 Kiambu is also considered to be leading in and intimidation, in other instances the prosecutions have already been completed, matter of child exploitation. This mostly youngsters may face language barrier, most of which involved child smuggling involves domestics servants, who are often lack of proper guardians or they may just and trafficking related crimes (National forces to work in stores, hotels, restaurants be preyed on due to their innocence. The Police Service, 2017). and even super markets. Some children trauma, shame, manipulation and pain can In addition, the law is now very vibrant are even forces into begging in the streets, be so severe to some victims, that they may on matters involving human trafficking. some are lured into sexual exploitation and be completely unable to call out for help. For instance prosecutors continue to charge even to some extreme and heinous acts as The time has now come to raise awareness defendants caught with immigration child marriages. Child trafficking in Kenya on the dangers of child trafficking to the violations or labour exploitations of any has advanced; some common forms of state. kind. The government is also very active deception used by traffickers to lure their The time is ripe for each person to stand when it comes to the Sexual Offense Acts victims are offers of well paying jobs, up against human trafficking, make effort to and the concerned authorities with the help accommodation, travel tickets and even the help eliminate the vice of child trafficking. of multi-agency approach is very keen to promise for free education. The practice Support livelihoods to help families avoid bring to book anyone involved in any of has now gone digital, with online grooming the need to have their children work. these vices. and recruitment of possible victims. Raise awareness of trafficking, reducing In spite of the efforts by the states, In the age of information technology, the number of vulnerable children being corruption remains a major impediment children are now being target online and trafficked. Rehabilitate survivors, and to successful arrests, prosecutions and forced to work in brothels, among other help them rebuild their lives. Protect convictions. Traffickers are at times evil deeds. Sometimes parents and children unaccompanied refugee children, and keep able o dubiously obtain fake and even are approached directly unwittingly via them from the clutches of traffickers. compromised identity documents from social media or within the community complicit officials and the law enforcement officers often take brides and or are induced to turn a blind eye when it comes to issues of human trafficking, especially those involving young children. This set backs are being addressed, by the concerned authorities, in partnership with both local and international partner organizations are striving to fight trafficking of humans. According to the United Nations (2018), at the County government levels, the Coastal regions, Mombasa and Kilifi Counties especially, are on the spot for an increase in child exploitation through sex tourism and sexual predators. A classic illustration was illustrated on 30th July 2018, when the spotlight was shone on Source: Standard Newspaper (2019)

66 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 67 TRADITIONAL TSWANA CATTLE BREEDS FACE EXTINCTION DUE TO GAINING POPULARITY OF EXOTIC BREEDS

government research stations across the by genetically modified products. As a result, country. Botswana beef is highly rated as the best in Livestock has been at the center of the UK, EU and China markets. Botswana’s economy for many years, BMC has been facing stiff competition and remain crucial to the economy lately from local butcheries and meat today. However, with the advent of processors who are also buying cattle commercialization of the beef industry, directly from the farmers across the country traditional beef cattle face stiff competition to meet the requirements of the local from the exotic beef breeds of cattle which markets. Initially it was expected that, BMC dominates the beef industry. Therefore, would also be the supplier of the local meat the beef industry is experiencing a lot of to processors and butcheries because of its change due to the commercialization of capacity to slaughter large quantities a day. cattle breeding by cross-breeding with the However, farmers were discouraged most exotic breeds in order to make beef by BMC prices and resorted to selling Col E Seetso production a more viable business venture. their cattle directly to butcheries and meat Botswana Defence Force Although most of these breeds have processors as they regarded BMC’s practices existed for many years elsewhere across the as aimed at impoverishing them. While local ivestock in Botswana plays a world, they are now being found to dominate butcheries were offering to buy cattle at 22 significant role in the economic Botswana’s landscape in crossbreeding with Pula per kilogram (P22/KG), BMC was Lprosperity of the country and their popularity threatening to overshadow buying around 11 Pula per kilogram (P11/ the livelihoods of Botswana in general, the local breeds because of their contribution kg) from the farmer. particularly in the rural areas. Of significant to economic development both at national In addition, BMC did not pay farmers importance is the contribution made by and individual level. immediately after purchase of their cattle indigenous breeds towards household Originally, traditional cattle breeding as compared to local butcheries which paid food security and the overall welfare of was done to satisfy traditional rituals such promptly. Instead, BMC used to pay farmers smallholder farmers in the country. as payment of bride price, feast making at-least 3 to 6 months after delivery which Indigenous cattle breeds constitute an during festivals and burial arrangements. created debts for farmers. important reservoir of genetic material While these practices are still relevant, the BMC was faced with crises which which developing nations have failed to give situation in beef production has changed threatened its closure and had to devise a adequate attention to. Changes in economic tremendously as majority of modern beef strategy to turn around its business in order situations, the changing nature of consumer farmers rear cattle for commercial purposes. to become relevant again to the farmers. The preferences and therefore the need for change in production methods to comply with these Factors influencing change The turnaround are the major forces dictating the future of behaviour in beef production in indigenous cattle breeding. Botswana strategy by the BMC It is generally argued that, although The major market for Botswana beef is the has heightened the the Tswana cattle have the much needed European Union (EU); which is regarded adaptation to mitigate environmental as the most lucrative market, the United commercialization stresses, they are deficient in other attributes Kingdom and China. Botswana Meat of the beef industry that affect productivity. Because of this, Commission (BMC) which is the most there is a sense that these breeds may be premium buyer and processor of Botswana and put pressure increasingly facing possibilities of extinction beef buy cattle across the country from due to competition from imported breeds farmers, slaughter them and export beef to on farmers to which is a major concern to the local farming these markets. However, BMC is not the increase the quality fraternity. only buyer of cattle in Botswana. While Botswana is not the only beef of their cattle in Cross Breeding producing country, Botswana beef is rated order to make beef Crossbreeding in Botswana was initiated in among the highest in quality around the the late 1980s and continue to date involving world because of the uniqueness in cattle breeding profitable exotic breeds such as Brahman, Charolaise, rearing practice which are grown naturally unlike the previous Sussex, South Devon Simmental bulls. from pastures as compared to other beef These herds were maintained within the cattle countries whose cattle growth is aided subsistent nature.

68 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 69 new strategy involves reduction in payment turnaround time from 3 to 6 months down to a month, increase in carcass price up to P33/ kg of zero tooth and provision of transport to farmers for the transportation of cattle to the slaughter facilities. The zero tooth are young cattle between 9 to 15 months, whose meat is regarded as soft and the most sought about in the EU market. The turnaround strategy by the BMC has heightened the commercialization of the beef industry and put pressure on farmers to increase the quality of their cattle in order to make beef breeding profitable unlike the previous subsistent nature. Government further provided support to farmers by promoting artificial insemination at less than a dollar subsidy per cow per farmer using some of the highest preforming exotic breeds imported from overseas such as, Brahman, Simmental, Charolaise, Santa Gertrudis, Bonsmara, Angus, etc. The rise in popularity and population of the exotic beef cattle has transformed the beef industry across Botswana’s landscape because of their attractive features such as: Ease of calving. The traditional breeds weight which could otherwise be converted threatening them with extinction because of cattle are prone to giving birth to still into profit. Conversely, exotic cattle breeds of the inferior features discussed above. borne calves and difficulties in giving are short distance travelers and hence their Even though Tswana beef breeds are birth. Associated with this ease of giving ability to maintain weight required for considered drought resistant and suitable birth are the lower percentages of mortality accelerated growth rate and faster weight for the Botswana’s climatic conditions, rates, which then results with higher success gain which in turn is converted into profit. their performance in beef production when rates in turning calves into weaners for Exotic breeds are also expensive to buy compared to exotic breed is considered replacement cows or males for the market or when sold as live animals which are an inferior, which has turned most farmers to production of bulls. advantage to farmers breeding them as they lean towards exotic breeds. The beef farming Faster growth rate. Contrary to the put them in good position to increase their fraternity is therefore faced with challenges traditional breeds whose calves takes returns on investment. Farmers breeding to preserve the Tswana traditional beef breed roughly 18-20 months to reach maturity, these breeds of cattle are able to produce without compromising the quality of beef calves of exotic breeds reach maturity early bulls of superior quality which can either be production. in 8-10 months thus providing the farmer sold at a premium to aspiring farmers who with the opportunity to wean them early wish to improve their beef production or can Conclusion for the market. This enables the pregnant be exported. In addition, farmers are able The emergence of the exotic cattle breeds in mother to recover early and prepare for the to sell heifers and semen to the local and the Botswana’s landscape has transformed next calving season. In economic sense, it international market at a premium price, thus the cattle beef industry tremendously becomes prudent as weaners, commonly maximizing their returns. turning beef production from subsistence known as the “zero tooth” in terms of the EU Exotic cattle breeds are also able to into a more profitable venture. As a result, requirement, is able to reach the market early compete in the annual exhibitions at national, majority of beef farmers have turned their between 9-12 months and in turn generate regional and international level, thus back on Tswana traditional cattle breeds returns earlier than the slow growing Tswana projecting the farmers to the international towards exotic breeds. Tswana cattle breeds breeds. market for cattle ranching. Besides being are therefore facing extinction, which is a The traditional breeds are able to travel sold, these exotic cattle stand chances to win major source of concern to the beef industry longer distances looking for grazing areas, bigger prices in the exhibitions, which is in Botswana. The farming fraternity is which projects them as drought resisters. uncommon with the traditional cattle breeds. therefore faced with challenges to come However, much as this may be regarded as While exotic breeds have turned the up with strategies to safe the Tswana beef an advantage, this on the other hand turns beef industry around from subsistent to cattle from extinction without compromising out to be a disadvantage as the ability to commercial farming, this has come at a the integrity of the beef industry which is walk longer distances results in the loss of cost to traditional Tswana cattle breeds Botswana’s mainstay of the economy.

68 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 69 PROTOCOL ON COOPERATION IN DEFENCE AFFAIRS FOR THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY: MOVING FORWARD

an institutional structure constituted under They also conduct joint conferences and the Article 125 (2) designed to deepen and training seminars in preparation for joint widen partnership among Partner States training and conduct joint exercises in in defence matters and promote relations, agreed thematic areas. These exercises are ensure peaceful coexistence and enhance aimed at practicing the Partner States’ Armed regional security. Forces, Police, Civilian component and other The East African Heads of State signed Stakeholders in planning and conduct of an the Protocolon 28th April 2012 and came integrated mission which encompass; PSO, into operation on 19th November 2015 after DM, CT and CP in order to enhance their having been consented to by all the States capabilities in jointly addressing complex and the instruments of agreements deposited and multidimensional security challenges. with the office of the EAC Secretary General. The implementation of the MoU (and The Protocol followed the Memorandum of currently the Protocol) has been symbolic and Understanding on Cooperation in Defence commendable in the EAC integration process. Matters having been endorsed by Partner So far, thirteen major joint military exercises Col F K Twinamatsiko States on 30th November, 2001. have been held, including; “EX ONGOZA Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces The Protocol’s objectives are; formulate, NJIA”, held in Tanzania in February 2005 on advance and pursue policy guidelines and PSO, “EX TREND MARKER”, executed in he Republics of Kenya, Burundi, strategies geared towards deepening and Kenya, in September 2005 on CT; and the Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda and widening the partnership amongst Partner “EX HOT SPRINGS”, conducted in Uganda the United Republic of Tanzania T States in defence matters for shared gains, in September 2006 on DM among others. Republic are members of the East African promote stability, ensure regional peace and The EAC States’ military, civilian and Community (EAC). The EAC is a Regional security and good relations. The region shall police Components have been organizing Economic Community (REC) with its head anticipate and prevent conflict situations, and conducting Joint command post and field office in Arusha, Tanzania. uphold and support peace-building and post- exercises since 2005 in order to enhance their The region has population totaling to 172 conflict activities to sustain peace and stop capabilities, interoperability and readiness in million people and occupy total joined area renewal of conflict and also manage and undertaking the real time Joint Operations. of about 2.5 million km square and has a accomplish regional efforts in prevention These exercises have been codenamed total of US$ 172 billion as collective Gross and fighting of transnational terrorism. “USHIRIKIANO IMARA,” since 2011, Domestic Product. There are linkages among The areas of cooperation amongst the the six Partner States; the people have shared EAC Partner States in collaboration with background including; culture, history and international and regional organisations The East African languages. The region is gifted with rich provided in the Protocol include; promotion and diverse natural resources and has the Heads of State of stability, ensuring regional peace and eventual objective of apolitical federation. security, exchange of information and visits, The activities of the EAC are governed signed the Protocol military training, technical cooperation and by its Treaty which set up the Community. joint operations. on 28th April 2012 According to Article 5 (1) and (3) (f), As for military training domain, the the community shall: formulate policy and came into Partner States’ Armed Forces’ colleges guidelines and strategies geared towards guided by an exchange programme, offer operation on 19th deepening and widening the partnership vacancies at each other’s Armed Forces amongst East African States in political, training institutions by swapping Directing November 2015 defence, security, legal, socio-economic Staffs and students in training institutions. and judicial affairs for shared gains. The after having been Additionally, Defence Chiefs of the EAC community shall promote promotion peace, Partner States deliver lectures of opportunity consented to by ensure regional stability and security, at Military Training Institutions on rotational enhance cordial relations among and within all the States and basis. States. In line with Article 125 (1), the States Correspondingly, the Partner States’ agree to work together closely in defence the instruments Armed Forces conduct annual joint exercise matters to achieve the broader goals of the aimed at practicing the military, civilian and of agreements Community with purpose of promoting of police components in planning and execution peaceful coexistence, wider security and deposited with the of an integrated mission. The joint exercises enhanced relations within the Community encompass; counter terrorism, peace support and among States. Besides, the Protocol on office of the EAC operations, disaster management and counter Cooperation in Defence Matters of EAC is piracy as well as search and rescue operations. Secretary General.

70 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 71 and held on a rotational basis as part of the defence co-operation States’ Armed Forces undertake visits, exchange of information between EAC partner states. USHIRIKIANO IMARA” are Kiswahili and intelligence, cultural and sporting activities and rifle range words literally meaning “steady cooperation”. For instance, the EAC competitions. The activities conducted in this area are designed to Defence “CPX USHIRIKIANO IMARA 2019” held in Uganda from improve companionship between Partner States’ militaries and 4th to 17th November 2019 was designed to achieve the objectives strengthen defence cooperation. Since 2005, Partner States have been of the Protocol. It was also designed to formulate mechanisms for the conducting EAC Military Games and Cultural Event annually on operationalization of PSO within the contexts of the Constitutive Act rotational basis and a week of CIMIC activities preceding the EAC of the AU and by extension the UN Charter. Armed Forces Day. Joint operations are other areas of cooperation among the EAC The Protocol on Cooperation in Defence Affairs provides Partner States whose purpose is to ensure peace, promotion of institutional coordination mechanism for its implementation which stability and regional security. The States’ Armed Forces undertake includes; Sectoral Council, Consultative Committee, Sectoral joint operations and provide mutual assistance; in handling disasters, Committee, Defence Experts Working Groups, Coordination Offices, search and rescue operations. In situations of emergency, the Armed Defence Liaison Office and EAC Desks. Partner States are inthe Forces jointly develop and implement necessary mechanisms in negotiation process and formulation of the EAC Mutual Defence support of civil authorities in disarmament, maritime patrol and Pact. Moving forward, EAC Protocol requires EAC States to finalize surveillance, establishing early warning mechanism and in combating consultations and conclude Mutual Defence Pact development. terrorism and cattle rustling. Similarly, joint medical teams have been Notably, the Protocol contains the SOFA, which provides for the conducting Civil Military Cooperation (CIMIC) activities to win following rules and regulations to be followed by the EAC Partner hearts and minds of the people. States’ Armed Forces during the conduct of the activities authorized Technical Co-operation is yet another critical area the Partner by the Protocol; access and movement, health facilities, uniforms States’ Armed Forces undertake to; assist each other with the and arms, costs, taxation, imports and exports, driving licenses, acquisition and supply of spares, usage, maintenance and repair of protection of the law, jurisdiction and enforcement of the law, claims equipment. They cooperate in military research and development, and liabilities. establish reliable and secure communications between the Defence The cooperation in defence affairs as a strategy for regional Chiefs and also encourage general communications at all levels. integration is moving forward. The progression towards an East Likewise, the Partner States support joint utilization of each other’s African Federation is being pursued, emphasizing the thoughtful military industries and facilities and have offered various military resolve of the defence sector in its efforts to promote a peaceful, industrial facilities for joint utilization. secure and powerful East African bloc. In the area of visits and exchange of information, Partner CHINESE IMMIGRANTS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA: A CASE OF KENYA citizens. They take up employment either as in Sub Sahara Africa has increased 40 fold migrant workers or temporarily as foreign since 2003 after adoption of the open door workers. policy. The Chinese immigrants to Africa China is fast becoming a major player come from all over China; they are of in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2008, it replaced different social classes and professions with the European Union (EU) and the United the majority being young men and women. States (US) as Africa’s major trading partner. Their economic statuses vary with the China’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) wealthy businesspersons, managers and staff and development aid in the continent are of large scale Chinese owned companies also increasing rapidly with aid, investment being the most visible. The less educated and trade mutually reinforcing each other. who engage in informal businesses like shop These three issues have led to an influx of keeping, cooks, and hairdressers, and those Chinese nationals to Africa to engage in in construction industry are rarely in the manufacturing, farming and construction. It limelight. Col S G Wairegi is estimated that their numbers range between Apart from economic opportunities, the five hundred thousand to one million. Just continent’s pleasant weather, hospitable Kenya ARMY like African immigrants in Europe, Chinese and peaceful people are some of the mmigration refers to the action of people immigrants to Africa come with almost no reasons for the increasing Chinese presence moving from their country of origin to knowledge of the region, no contacts and in Africa. Despite being comparatively live permanently in a foreign country. little support from their own government underdeveloped, Africa offers most I incase things go wrong. opportunities for growth and development Those involved do not possess citizenship of the new country but seek to settle or reside The sheer volume of Chinese investments as the continent’s potential has not been there as permanent residents or naturalized in Africa makes Africa her largest trading fully exploited. There is plenty of arable partner. For instance, Chinese investment land, natural resources and various raw

70 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 71 and reduced the cost of doing business. They also demonstrate the technology to villages and have enhanced production and created employment. Chinese immigrants in Kenya engage in many varied ventures including running Chinese restaurants, shops, churches, hotels, car garages and many more. They easily blend into the county’s fabric comprising of mixed group of shops owners, families, young professionals, and graduates from top China universities, volunteers and entrepreneurs as well as the staff of large Chinese state owned firms. Like in any other society, there cannot miss a few elements who engage in illegal activities. Some Chinese have been accused of running Command Centers, Thika Superhighway one of the roads constructed by the Chinese. hacking, money laundering, environmental materials ideal for industrialization. The Vision 2030 and affordable housing, which degradation, poaching, fraud, and attack idea of adventure is also appeasing, a song is in line with the current government’s Big on Kenya’s financial and communication by Wong KaKui extolling peace and love Four Agenda. The Standard Gauge Railway systems, vices that have successfully been inspired by Kenyan people also attracts from the Port city of Mombasato Nairobi,the contained by Kenyan authorities. When such Chinese to Kenya. Wayne Wong, a Chinese country’s capital city, is the country’s largest incidences occur, the law abiding Chinese pastor who works on promoting cultural infrastructure project since 1960s accredited always fear that they may be bandwagon ties between Kenya and China communities to the Chinese. Chinese products, which with the criminals with the possibility of in Nairobi encourages Chinese to invest in include textiles, spare parts, electronics, their stay in Kenya being threated. Kenya. Chinese argue that Africa has less pharmaceuticals, and assorted households All factors of production from China competition, is more spacious, and boasts items represent Kenya’s largest imports, the together with their ability to provide of better quality of life factors that have same applying to most African countries. alternatives for the more expensive goods has attracted them to Africa. Nairobi hosts the largest Chinese Embassy made their products cheap in Kenya leading In Kenya, nearly 200 Chinese Companies in Africa, a clear demonstration that China to complaints by some Kenyan traders of are operating in various projects that include holds Kenya in very high esteem and treats being driven out of business. Globalization roads, ports, bridges, airports, hospitals, the country as a worthy partner. has played a part in increased Chinese schools, telecommunication and energy. The Socially, most Kenyans do not know imports to Kenya through easy and cost exact population of Chinese in the country whether to treat Chinese as immigrants or effective transportation. The involvement is unknown because unlike refugees who expats as some see them as being in between of Chinese across the products value chains are registered upon arrival, some of the both in terms of social standing and their (manufacture, exportation, whole sales, retail Chinese who are urban immigrants come duration of stay in the country. Hannal Postel, and even hawking) increases the traders’ under tourists’ visas and opt to overstay a migration researcher with the Centre for sentiments with worries that the trend is their visas. The Chinese interactions with Global Development who previously studied likely to worsen the unemployment problem Africans is different from other foreigners Chinese immigrants in Zambia found out in Kenya. as they engage at the lowest level units that Chinese easily assimilate themselves In conclusion, immigrants have the right in small towns and rural outposts. For with the locals than any other immigrants. to enjoy their freedom of movement and instance, it is not surprising to find Chinese Kenya citizens also do not know where to even engage in active and gainful business cultivating small-scale farms in villages place Chinese in the social and economic investments as long as they have fulfilled as far away from Nairobi as Kisumu, Kisii hierarchy, as they see them doing the normal all the legal requirements of the host and Kuria while others engage in fishing in things Kenyans do in the streets. country. Globalization has led to increased South Nyanza. Some have even invested and China’s Foreign Development Investment movement of people across the globe for opened businesses as far as Meru. will induce manufacturing in Africa and leave different reasons key among them trade and Most Nairobians can point out the city’s a huge space for many developing countries, investment and no country can afford to major Chinese built infrastructures, several including Kenya, to enter a dynamic labor- play ignorance of that in this contemporary highways and bypasses to lessen the notorious intensive industrialization development world. The phenomenon has also increased traffic jams. Skyscrapers that are some of phase. The Chinese Light Manufacturing the number of economic immigrants. It is Africa’s tallest, football Stadiums, such as in Kenya has had cost advantages through obvious that these movements in the era of Kasarani International Sports Centre, a state infrastructure, business environment and globalisation cannot be stopped. This can of art indoor stadium,from where former international buyers’ confidence about the only be managed to ensure that both the local US President Barrack Obama gave one of country’s ability to deliver products with population and the immigrants co-exit. The his speeches during his State visit in 2015. consistent quality timely. The industrial management may involve establishment of Chinese companiesare involved in various parks constructed by Chinese, have created strong immigration rules by the host nations. infrastructural projects in support of Kenya’s a One Stop Shop for investor’s benchmarks

72 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 73 THE EDUCATION PARADOX IN KENYA

home in the evenings would include chores vehicles, traffic lights, restaurants serving of fetching firewood and/or water from the fast foods and of course an influx of different nearby streams for boys while girls would be communities offering a variety of interacting assisting their mothers with the household with traditions hitherto unknown to many. chores. Employment in the government meant Having gone through these hardships provision of housing and common transport to sit the national examination, at the end for some cadres of employees, in some work of primary school syllabus, was no mean stations and individual transport for those achievement. Those who excelled to join who had excelled and risen through the secondary school and were blessed enough ranks to senior positions whose non-cash with parents/guardians who could afford benefits included provision of government school fees or were able to secure the few vehicles for official functions that usually limited scholarships were considered among came with a government driver. Driving MR W Kairu those destined for greatness. The secondary back to the villages or being driven back to school life was broken into four ordinary the villages was an awesome sight to behold National Intelligence Service years commonly known as “O Level” with an for the villagers whose sons or daughters had “Education is the key to success” is a additional two years for those who qualified landed the fortunes of education and thus common phrase that may have propelled to attend advanced secondary school the phrase education is the key to success. majority of learners, after Kenya’s commonly known as the “A level”. The “O This is what education was associated with. independence, to study hard to excel in their Level” graduates were not your modern day An important aspect then was the respect education. On the contrary, those who were graduates of secondary schools. unable to pursue education, as required, Those were revered in the would console themselves with a Kiswahili villages with those passing saying masomo sio suruali (education was having their names published not a critical garment) and that the destiny in the local dailies. Those who of each person is determined in advance by passed but did not qualify for God. The emphasis then was that with good “A Level” studies were assured education, one was bound to get a good job of college education with and thus a better life. Tales abound of how attendant employment by the children used to sacrifice their sleep to put government or parastatals that in additional hours of study to improve their were among the best employers chances of performing better in the national of the day. Those that performed examination. At Kenya’s independence, exemplarily well proceeded many rural homes were not connected to “A level” and eventually to electricity and thus most homesteads proceeded to either university or used lanterns as their source of light in government colleges and finally the evenings. Those were the blessed few got employed by the government households as the majority would crowd in middle management positions around the fireplace, as their source light, and quite a number rose through for the short evening before retiring to bed. the system to lead government Rising up early to catch up with assignments institutions. In those days, as they prepared to go to school was the proceeding to university meant norm for most children. Needless to say, an opportunity to go to the shoes were a luxury and thus most children city of Nairobi travelling over went to school barefoot some trekking many long distances by road and at kilometers to get to school. The lunch hour times by railway for those who would see those children who were able to came from the countryside. rush home, over a few kilometers do so, The city did not disappoint. grab a quick cold meal, do a chore here It had high rise buildings, and there and then rush back to school for though not comparable to the the afternoon lessons. The journey back present skyscrapers, several

72 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 73 accorded to teachers who were viewed as part of the upper students. The number of university graduates soared but then class in the society. The families of the teachers were equally to their disappointment, there were minimal employment respected. Their homes were clean and had enough supplies opportunities leading to disgruntled and disoriented jobless and goodies not available in the ordinary village homes. The university graduates thus creating the education paradox authority of the teachers extended beyond the classrooms and where education is not seen as the key to success by these would extend discipline to any errant students in the villages graduates. whether from their schools or not. Parents would always side Reports of many university jobless graduates struggling with the teachers in such situations and thus discipline and to make ends meet while a good number of non-graduates respect among the young people was high. Education was are living well and even occupying leadership positions in truly the key to a successful life. various sectors further compounds the education paradox. During those days, the government owned majority of The growth of university graduates being employed by the schools from pre-primary to non-graduates challenges the university, which though few were notion that education is the key somehow sufficient according to Reports of many to success. The education sector the then population. Successful university jobless transformed from being one of people were the products of the the prestigious vocation to a education system and moved to graduates struggling to pass time vocation and/or chosen occupy positions of authority in make ends meet while for lack of a better option. The the government and the private allure of education has been fast sector and thus took charge of a good number of non- fading. This begs the question, various aspects affecting the daily graduates are living well what happened that education lives of the people and thus control seems to have ceased being the of the country. The demand for and even occupying key to success? Did the products quality education continued to leadership positions of the same education stifle the surge fueled by the allure of a good same system that nurtured them? life upon successful completion in various sectors Or were the education system’s of education. The economic further compounds expectations overstretched? Did liberalization, that was in line other alternatives emerge to offer with the Bretton Woods Structural the education stiff competition to education Adjustment Programmes paradox. The growth being a key to success? Was (SAPs) for developing countries there overemphasis on academic transcended into the education of university graduates education with minimal sector and saw the development being employed application as opposed to focusing of the private schools industry on practical education for all the way from pre-primary to by non-graduates economic growth? An education university level. The customers of challenges the notion system ought to produce the best such private schools were mainly in each field and have them in the children of elites who came that education is the positions of authority in their from the public schools systems. key to success. respective competencies for a The dynamics in the education state to develop and maintain its sectors had experienced a paradigm shift. More students development status. This would aide in solving the education qualified for university education but could not be admitted paradox where the education system would produce qualified since the public universities pegged their admission on bed individuals for the demand labour market. To achieve this, capacity, which though widely used and accepted had the continuous evaluation of the education system remains key inadvertent result of locking out many qualified students focus to the policy makers to redirect efforts to relevant from poor families from accessing higher education. The human resource capacity development for sustained economic universities admission board simply raised the university growth. Efforts have been made towards this end including admission cut off point as opposed to opening avenues for the introduction of the Competence Based Curriculum university day scholars’ admissions. It took years to open such (CBC), which is a culmination of years of research and policy an avenue but again this may seem to have been in response formulation. The CBC is expected to ensure that learners to market forces that had pushed for establishment of private have learnt and acquired the requisite knowledge, skills and universities thus the move was more commercial oriented attitude (competencies) and also apply those competencies in as the fees charged by the public universities, for private real life situations. Hopefully, the CBC may assist resolve the sponsored students, remained out of reach to qualified poor education paradox.

74 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 75 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET, CYBERSPACE AND CYBER SECURITY 1961, Leonard Kleinrock. In the same year, intercontinental connections such that as a scientist, mooted of an idea of worldwide the worldwide networking turned into network and wrote the scholarly work about certainty at the London, University College ARPANET, the precursor to worldwide in England including the Royal Radar network. Kleinrock alongside other Institution, other states such as Norway trendsetters such as Licklider J.C.R., then successfully connected to ARPANET by chief executive at the company called the 1973. Hence the worldwide connection Information Processing Technology Office stood now instinctive amongst continents. In (IPTO) availed mainstay for omnipresent fact, this brought about other subsequent flowing emails, media that included the connections of the internet to other Facebook placements and twitters now continents. publicly connected on daily basis. ARPA- sponsored academics established procedures Origins of the Cyber Space utilised in communication today. In 1982, William Gibson who was a Col F Taruvinga writer defined bizarre novel expression Zimbabwe Defence Forces Evolution of the Internet which he called “Burning Chrome” in his In as early as 1965, the first connection petite narrative describing, warning of an omputers, which used to be mainly was established between the two men in emergent environment sprouting through bulky standalones, only connected Michigan at the Institute of Technology. the workstations of computer systems. to the sources of power supply from C This was conducted in the Lincoln This was in 1984 that Gibson the author‟s the wall sockets which were either a printing research laboratories. The researchers definition as in his written works the press, less than two decades, are now first linked the networked computers “Neuromancer”, a newfangled synonym much smaller; even miniature gadgets using packet-switching technology which “cyberspace” began to be used. The fact interconnected through the Internet. The was apparently obtaining protocols in was that it was coined word cybernetics Internet started as the linkages amongst the telecommunications technologies. during the Ronald Reagan‟s Star Wars universities and the researchers in the military Many trials were done that includes the conception. Cyberspace, the domain of the in USA in the late 1960s. The breakthrough variety of provisions such as in 1968, the workstations of the to send messages was an “electronic mail” Interface Message Processor by Beranek worldwide networks allows transmission, which was transmitted mid in 1971. Today and Newman which acquired the agreement storage and sharing of information online. nearly trillions of the electronic mails remain to supply the ARPANET. In fact, though It comprises of information that is shared. being transmitted globally and also annually. this was successful, high speed was not The cyberspace has the virtual aspect In fact, a “website” designed in the early realised as the main thrust was to link which is the software and physical which 1990s evolved and rose in number to more the computers from a further distance apart is the hardware side. The development than thirty (30) thrilled individual developed than the laboratory connections. In 1969 the on the hardware and commutations and hosted websites on the internet. nodes were mounted which linked UCLA‟s protocols which include the computer How Engineers Started the Network Measurement Center, Stanford systems for data processing and storage, Connections of the Internet Research Institute (SRI), University of communication and terminal equipment for California-Santa Barbara and University data conversion and transmission enabled The US Department of Defence was of Utah. One student Charles Kline the connectedness of the computers the creator of the internet, beginning unexpectedly and unknowingly established worldwide. All these constitutes the Internet with primary computing and inventive the wide linkage of the internet when he of networked computers, intranets or nets comparable to Advanced Research attempted to login and accidently send virtual private networks (VPNs), cellular Project Agency Network (ARPANET) as the message “LO”, the historical message equipment, fibre optic or wire cables, the forerunner as regards the advent of the in the internet history. It is alleged that the satellite communications and terrestrial computer networks as early as 1969. message was not successfully sent and that radio communication systems. Acclaimed for the preliminary conceptions is why it remained as it is today because the The increasing proportion of computing which were then technologically advanced system then crashed. moved even into the mobile devices into the global network or the World Wide Several attempts were conducted and began affecting the ways humans Web (WWW) will be characteristically in many countries and finally bore the communicate all over the world. The awarded to the founder of the networks in

74 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 75 technology of cyberspace is now a domain one way or the other through cyberspace. to attack targets anywhere on the globe. where everyone demands access to as a Cyberspace evolved from being just the The growing use of ICT and its globally fundamental right. The cyberspace has nervous system to the control system of interdependent networks, and risks related also become a realm used for expressing economies thus turning into leading display to computer usages are indispensable to our individual sentiments pertaining to anything place used for lifetime issues in this apparent lives. The digital divide has consequently even musician‟s romantic affairs to political century. given security threats in the cyberspace. issues; thus fundamentally transforming the Social platforms such as Facebook, Developing countries are reliant on their Internet itself and its use. Audio and visual Twitter, Google and WhatsApp have become providers of the means for cyber security experiences of events such as funerals, the very definition of modern life and liberty which poses a danger to their national weddings, demonstrations and even wars are as of speaking and access of worldwide security. In fact, information revolution being shared on the Internet across the globe socially connected platforms, a sign that intensely altered and equally changed in real time. entails modernity and civilisation. The organisations‟ ways of doing business Internet has become the central platform including the societies. Advent of the Cyberspace as the for doing business, cultural, religious and Using ICT has led to political, commercial, Virtual Ground personal relationships, study and many other community and ethnic interactions as this Relatively compared to the flaccidly getting things. It is no longer a luxury but it is being done and guarantee for the safety of the offensive through connected material, now life itself. Real life has regrettably the personal and business information is also different manipulators remain generating its intrinsic calamities. The highly esteemed needed. The various cyber incidents hurled in addition modifying locations designed Internet, which increasingly is regarded as an in contemporary existences in contrast to for individual usage eventually seeing- absolute necessity to our lives, has become the progressive information humanities through additional almost requiring the the playing ground for individuals and intended to undermine the operations of satisfaction on the networks. The websites society at large. communal and secluded segments of the varies beginning from the societal nets like information arrangements, obligated and Facebook and RenRen, micro blogs such as The Cyber Security positioned the misuse of cyberspace tall twitting and Ten cent, including the Sina. In the world today, majority of the systems as regards the modern-day security threats. Although cyberspace is just a dominion that are interconnected are accumulatively In most occasions, reappearance of the of messages and formerly transacting; linking a lot of infrastructures dependant number of the emergent occurrences in the partakes since its expansion including dire of mainly cardinal expertise which is cyberspace designates a beginning of an age structures of the nations. The sectors are contrariwise development in associated of cyberspace security that is of worldwide virtually running the livelihoods of people perils. The provision of security to the concern. nowadays and they range starting from the infrastructure is critical such that both Commercial communication domains production, finances, social amenities and large and small countries cooperate on to the critical infrastructure that powers transports services, and water and energy cyber security since cyber threats can our modern-day civilisation will become resources. The human beings are linked in be unleashed from any part of the world vulnerable to cyber attacks. Critical infrastructure with similar facilities such as transport, communications and energy will increasingly become targets for cyber attacks. Many private and public institutions the world over have been hacked and the few which might believe they are safe, are simply ignorant of the fact that they might have been hacked. While the legal minds and legislators are displaying their ignorance about the goings on in this domain, cyber security areas are greatly disposed of worrying of messy heads. Everything connected to ICT, the question of impartial for computer science intellectuals and the technicians to solve from the help desk. In fact, during their speech, attendants will be quiet, simply nodding their heads and putting on “the glaze” expressions. The unambiguous appearance of deep misperception and indifference that proceeds to grip every time a discussion goes towards mechanisms of a computer has remained a serious issue in cyber security.

76 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 22 - 2019/20 PB The NDC Commandant Lt Gen A K Mulata welcomes the Cabinet Secretary Ministry of Defence, Ambassador Monica Juma to the Colloge. THE NEW GYM AT NDC

The NDC Commandant leads by example.

Lt. Gen A K Mulata Commandant NDC with The Gym Buddies of Course 22.

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