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Cestodes (Tape Worms) Common Features of Class Cestoda

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Cestodes (Tape Worms) Common Features of Class Cestoda المحاضرة التاسعة Parasitology Cestodes (Tape Worms) common features of Class Cestoda - Adult worm is flattened ribbon-like, without body cavity. - The body is composed of a head, neck and segmented strobilus - The head has suckers, rostellum and hooklets or sucking grooves. - The neck is the budding zone from which segments are formed - The strobilus consists of immature, mature and pregnant proglottides. - They are hermaphroditic. - There is a set of female and male reproductive organs in every mature proglottid. - Digestive tract is absent. Nutrition is absorbed by villi of body surface. Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Examples Phylum: Platyhelminthes Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) - Cysticercus Class: Cestoda Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) Order: Cyclophyllidea Echinococcus granulosus (unilocular hydatid) Family: Taeniidae Echinococcus multilocularis (alveolar hydatid) Genus: Taenia Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) Members of the genus are responsible for Hymenolepis diminutia taeniasis and cysticercosis in humans. There Dipylidium caninum are more than 100 species recorded. Taeniasis: Geographic Distribution Worldwide, depending on dietary habits, and quality of cattle and pork farming. 1 المحاضرة التاسعة Parasitology o Humans are subject to parasitism by several species of tapeworms if they eat underprepared meat such as pork (Taenia solium), beef (T. saginata). General Structure of Taenia They are morphologically characterized by a ribbon-like body composed of a series of segments called proglottids; hence the name Taenia). Flat, segmented body with various length (several mm ~ several meters) Head region (scolex) : contains suckers and hooks used to attach to a host organism. It is the zone of proliferation - Undifferentiated area behind the scolex (neck region) Strobila - Chain of segments (proglottids). The chain of proglottids is called the strobila, and may be composed of over 1.000 proglottids. T.saginata may measure 9 m, whereas T.solium may reach 6 m. Proglottids are: - Immature proglottids - developing reproductive - Mature proglottids: mature reproductive organs. - Gravid proglottids: contain eggs in the uterus. Taenia saginata (Hookless tapeworm) Taenia solium (Hook tapeworm) 2 المحاضرة التاسعة Parasitology The biological differences between T. solium and T. saginata ______________________________________________________________________ Adult T. solium T. saginata ______________________________________________________________________ length 2-4 meters 4-8 meters scolex 1mm in diameter with 2mm in diameter, with 4 suckers and hooklets 4 suckers but no hooklets Number of segment 700 to 1000 1000 to 2000 Mature proglottid 3 lobes of ovary 2 lobes of ovary Gravid proglottid 7-13 uterine lateral 15-30 uterine lateral branches on one side branches on one side Number of gravid usually several segments usually single segment proglottid detached Mode of proglottids passively expelled actively migrate out of anus passing out Cysticercus scolex with hooklets no hooklets on scolex found in man and pig only found in cattle Disease caused in man taeniasis and cysticercosis taeniasis The life cycle 3 المحاضرة التاسعة Parasitology Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations 1. Taeniasis: It is caused by the adult residing in small intestine of the man. The adult irritates the small intestine causing discomforts, such as abdominal pain, anorexia, chronic indigestion, diarrhea, emaciation, eosinophilia and etc. The patient is usually no obvious symptom, only complaining passing proglottides. 2. Cysticercosis: It is caused by the cysticerci living in human tissues. The manifestations vary with the number of cysticerci and the tissues and organs involved. Cysticercosis is divided into three types. (1) Subcutaneous type: The subcutaneous nodules are usually found in head, limbs, neck, abdomen 4 المحاضرة التاسعة Parasitology and back. They are movable and painless. (2) Ocular type: The cysticercus is usually found in the vitreous body or subretina. Visual disturbance often occurs. The died body of worm may provokes local inflammation causing blindness. (3) Brain type: The symptoms are related to the site of infection. The patients may manifest headache, nausea, vomiting, epilepsy, paralysis, weakness in limbs, diplopia, dizziness, mental disorder. Epilepsy is the most frequent symptoms of brain cysticercosis. Diagnosis 1.Taeniasis: Confirmative diagnosis of taeniasis is made by finding gravid proglottides or egg in stool. 2. Cysticercosis: Biopsy of subcutaneous nodules, X-ray ,CT 0r MR are used for the diagnosis 3. Immunological tests are for reference only. Prevention - Health education - Avoid eating raw bean-pork. - Avoid pigs eating human stool. - Sanitary inspection of slaughter and sanitary disposal of night soil. 5 .
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