Sediment Transport and Channel Morphology of Small, Forested Streams1
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Scour and Fill in Ephemeral Streams
SCOUR AND FILL IN EPHEMERAL STREAMS by Michael G. Foley , , " W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources Division of Engineering and Applied Science CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California 91125 Report No. KH-R-33 November 1975 SCOUR AND FILL IN EPHEMERAL STREAMS by Michael G. Foley Project Supervisors: Robert P. Sharp Professor of Geology and Vito A. Vanoni Professor of Hydraulics Technical Report to: U. S. Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, N. C. (under Grant No. DAHC04-74-G-0189) and National Science Foundation (under Grant No. GK3l802) Contribution No. 2695 of the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125 Report No. KH-R-33 November 1975 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer would like to express his deep appreciation to his advisor, Dr. Robert P. Sharp, for suggesting this project and providing patient guidance, encouragement, support, and kind criticism during its execution. Similar appreciation is due Dr. Vito A. Vanoni for his guidance and suggestions, and for generously sharing his great experience with sediment transport problems and laboratory experiments. Drs. Norman H. Brooks and C. Hewitt Dix read the first draft of this report, and their helpful comments are appreciated. Mr. Elton F. Daly was instrumental in the design of the laboratory apparatus and the success of the laboratory experiments. Valuable assistance in the field was given by Mrs. Katherine E. Foley and Mr. Charles D. Wasserburg. Laboratory experiments were conducted with the assistance of Ms. -
Sulphur Creek Sulphur Creek Has Cut a Deep Canyon That Passes Through the Oldest Rocks Exposed at Capitol Reef
Capitol Reef National Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Sulphur Creek Sulphur Creek has cut a deep canyon that passes through the oldest rocks exposed at Capitol Reef. It is a perennial stream with a flow that varies significantly in response to upstream water usage, snowmelt, and heavy rain. There are about two miles of scenic narrows and three small waterfalls. Bypassing the falls requires the ability to scramble down 12-foot (3.6 m) ledges. The route usually requires some walking in shallow water, but it is not uncommon for there to be much deeper water that might even require swimming. This route may be difficult for children if deep water is present. Ask at the visitor center for the latest condition report. Dangerous flash floods are an occasional hazard on this route—do not hike the Sulphur Creek route if there is a chance of rain. The 5.8-mile (9.3 km) one-way hike through Sulphur Creek Canyon involves leaving a shuttle vehicle at each end. If you don’t have two vehicles, a 3.3-mile (5.3 km) hike along Highway 24 is required to return your starting point. Vehicle shuttles are not provided or facilitated by the park. Though legal, hitchhiking is not recommended. This route is not an official, maintained trail. Route conditions, including obstacles in canyons, change frequently due to weather, flash floods, rockfall, and other hazards. Routefinding, navigation, and map-reading skills are critical. Do not rely solely on unofficial route markers (rock cairns, etc.); they are not maintained by the National Park Service (NPS), may not indicate Sulphur Creek the route in this description, or may be absent. -
Surviving a Flash Flood in a Slot Canyon
Surviving a Flash Flood in a Slot Canyon Narrow canyons can turn into sheer-walled death traps during heavy rain. Emerging from them safely depends on smart planning, constant awareness, and, when those don't work, a healthy dose of luck. By: Joe Spring for Outside Magazine On July 24, 2010, a flash flood swept 39-year-old Joe Cain and two friends through Utah's Spry Canyon and over a 40-foot cliff. He lived to talk about it—barely. Here's his story, as told to JOE SPRING. IT WAS MY FIRST TIME canyoneering. I was camping in Zion National Park with two friends, Jason Fico and Dave Frankhouser. We planned to do two canyons. The three of us had been doing outdoor stuff for a long time and we had all been rock climbing. I’d been climbing since the mid-90s. I’d been in slot canyons before, scrambling around and hiking up the narrows, and we were all very proficient about setting up rappels on anchors. The first day, July 24, we decided to do Spry Canyon. Jason had been through that canyon before. It’s a three-hour hike from the trailhead to the top where we dumped in. There were sections that you kind of scrambled through, sections you hiked through, and then a drop off with some anchors where you have to rappel. We anticipated we would be done in four hours. This was late July, 2010, monsoon season in Utah. We knew that if it rained this time of year it would probably start in mid-to-late afternoon. -
Minneopa State Park Is That Ground Wheat and Other Grains from 1864 to STATE PARK a FULL SET of STATE PARK RULES and the Third Oldest State Park in Minnesota
© 2020, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ABOUT THE PARK SO EVERYONE CAN MINNEOPA ENJOY THE PARK... Established in 1905, Minneopa State Park is that ground wheat and other grains from 1864 to STATE PARK A FULL SET OF STATE PARK RULES AND the third oldest state park in Minnesota. It is best 1890. REGULATIONS IS AVAILABLE ONLINE. known for the double waterfall that 54497 GADWALL RD. PARK OPEN MANKATO, MN 56001 thunders during high water. The upper falls 8 a.m.–10 p.m. daily. BLUE EARTH COUNTY • 507-386-3910 [email protected] drops 7 to 10 feet and the lower falls tumbles another 40. This feature is the result of water CAMPGROUND QUIET HOURS cutting into layers of sandstone over time. 10 p.m.–8 a.m. Take the Mill Road to look for the bison, VISITOR TIPS VEHICLE PERMITS reintroduced in 2015. These animals will Required; purchase at park office or self-pay station. • Respect trail closures. naturally manage the prairie ecosystem, • Minneopa has two sections. just as they did over a hundred fifty years ago. PETS WELCOME The office and waterfall are off Near this area, you may view another Keep on 6-foot leash; leave no trace; only service animals allowed in park buildings. County Highway 69. Camping, reminder of the park’s rich history: Seppmann Don’t miss the double waterfall stone windmill, and bison are Mill. Enjoy a walk to the sandstone windmill FIREWOOD off Highway 68. Use only from approved vendors. • Minneopa Creek is not TRAIL HIGHLIGHTS recommended for swimming. -
Variability of Bed Mobility in Natural Gravel-Bed Channels
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 36, NO. 12, PAGES 3743–3755, DECEMBER 2000 Variability of bed mobility in natural, gravel-bed channels and adjustments to sediment load at local and reach scales Thomas E. Lisle,1 Jonathan M. Nelson,2 John Pitlick,3 Mary Ann Madej,4 and Brent L. Barkett3 Abstract. Local variations in boundary shear stress acting on bed-surface particles control patterns of bed load transport and channel evolution during varying stream discharges. At the reach scale a channel adjusts to imposed water and sediment supply through mutual interactions among channel form, local grain size, and local flow dynamics that govern bed mobility. In order to explore these adjustments, we used a numerical flow model to examine relations between model-predicted local boundary shear stress ( j) and measured surface particle size (D50) at bank-full discharge in six gravel-bed, alternate-bar channels with widely differing annual sediment yields. Values of j and D50 were poorly correlated such that small areas conveyed large proportions of the total bed load, especially in sediment-poor channels with low mobility. Sediment-rich channels had greater areas of full mobility; sediment-poor channels had greater areas of partial mobility; and both types had significant areas that were essentially immobile. Two reach- mean mobility parameters (Shields stress and Q*) correlated reasonably well with sediment supply. Values which can be practicably obtained from carefully measured mean hydraulic variables and particle size would provide first-order assessments of bed mobility that would broadly distinguish the channels in this study according to their sediment yield and bed mobility. -
Bed Load Transport and Boundary Roughness Changes As Competing
Originally published as: Roth, D. L., Finnegan, N. J., Brodsky, E. E., Rickenmann, D., Turowski, J., Badoux, A., Gimbert, F. (2017): Bed load transport and boundary roughness changes as competing causes of hysteresis in the relationship between river discharge and seismic amplitude recorded near a steep mountain stream. ‐ Journal of Geophysical Research, 122, 5, pp. 1182—1200. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004062 PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface RESEARCH ARTICLE Bed load transport and boundary roughness changes 10.1002/2016JF004062 as competing causes of hysteresis in the relationship Key Points: between river discharge and seismic amplitude • Hysteresis in seismic signals near rivers may not always indicate recorded near a steep mountain stream hysteresis in bed load sediment transport rates, as previously assumed Danica L. Roth1 , Noah J. Finnegan1 , Emily E. Brodsky1 , Dieter Rickenmann2 , • The seismic signal generated by water 3 2 4 turbulence, rather than sediment Jens M. Turowski , Alexandre Badoux , and Florent Gimbert transport, can dominate seismic 1 2 observations near rivers Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA, WSL Swiss Federal 3 • Shifting of grains on the river bed may Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, GFZ German Research Centre for change the seismic response to fluid Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, 4University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, France flow between rising and falling water levels (hysteresis) Abstract Hysteresis in the relationship between bed load transport and river stage is a well-documented phenomenon with multiple known causes. Consequently, numerous studies have interpreted hysteresis in fl Correspondence to: the relationship between seismic ground motion near rivers and some measure of ow strength (i.e., D. -
Anatomy of the Nile Following the Twists and Turns of the World's Longest River
VideoMedia Spotlight Anatomy of the Nile Following the twists and turns of the world's longest river For the complete video with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.org/media/anatomy-nile/ Funder The Nile River has provided fertile land, transportation, food, and freshwater to Egypt for more than 5,000 years. Today, 95% of Egypt’s population continues to live along its banks. Where does the Nile begin? Where does it end? Watch this video, from Nat Geo WILD’s “Destination Wild” series, to find out. For an even deeper look at the Nile, use our vocabulary list and explore our “geo-tour” of the Nile to understand the geography of the river and answer the questions in the Questions tab. Questions Where is the source, or headwaters, of the Nile River? The streams of Rwanda’s Nyungwe Forest are probably the most remote sources of the Nile. The snow-capped peaks of the Rwenzori Mountains are another one of the remote sources of the Nile. The Rwenzori Mountains, sometimes nicknamed the “Mountains of the Moon,” straddle the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. Many geographers also consider Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa, to be a source of the Nile. The most significant outflow from Lake Victoria, winding northward through Uganda, is called the “Victoria Nile.” Can you find a waterfall on the Nile River? As it twists more than 6,500 kilometers (4,200 miles) through Africa, the Nile has dozens of small and large waterfalls. The most significant waterfall on the Nile is probably Murchison Falls, Uganda. -
Morphological Bedload Transport in Gravel-Bed Braided Rivers
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 6-16-2017 12:00 AM Morphological Bedload Transport in Gravel-Bed Braided Rivers Sarah E. K. Peirce The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Peter Ashmore The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geography A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Sarah E. K. Peirce 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons Recommended Citation Peirce, Sarah E. K., "Morphological Bedload Transport in Gravel-Bed Braided Rivers" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4595. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4595 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Gravel-bed braided rivers, defined by their multi-thread planform and dynamic morphology, are commonly found in proglacial mountainous areas. With little cohesive sediment and a lack of stabilizing vegetation, the dynamic morphology of these rivers is the result of bedload transport processes. Yet, our understanding of the fundamental relationships between channel form and bedload processes in these rivers remains incomplete. For example, the area of the bed actively transporting bedload, known as the active width, is strongly linked to bedload transport rates but these relationships have not been investigated systematically in braided rivers. This research builds on previous research to investigate the relationships between morphology, bedload transport rates, and bed-material mobility using physical models of braided rivers over a range of constant channel-forming discharges and event hydrographs. -
American Fisheries Society Bethesda, Maryland Suggested Citation Formats
Aquatic Habitat Assessment Edited by Mark B. Bain and Nathalie J. Stevenson Support for this publication was provided by Sport Fish Restoration Act Funds administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Federal Aid Aquatic Habitat Assessment Common Methods Edited by Mark B. Bain and Nathalie J. Stevenson American Fisheries Society Bethesda, Maryland Suggested Citation Formats Entire Book Bain, M. B., and N. J. Stevenson, editors. 1999. Aquatic habitat assessment: common methods. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Chapter within the Book Meixler, M. S. 1999. Regional setting. Pages 11–24 in M. B. Bain and N. J. Stevenson, editors. Aquatic habitat assessment: common methods. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. Cover illustration, original drawings, and modifications to figures by Teresa Sawester. © 1999 by the American Fisheries Society All rights reserved. Photocopying for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, is permitted by AFS provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA; phone 508-750-8400. Request authorization to make multiple copies for classroom use from CCC. These permissions do not extend to electronic distribution or long- term storage of articles or to copying for resale, promotion, advertising, general distribution, or creation of new collective works. For such uses, permission or license must be obtained from AFS. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 99-068788 ISBN: 1-888569-18-2 Printed in the United States of America American Fisheries Society 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110 Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2199, USA Contents Contributors vii Symbols and Abbreviations viii 05. -
The Spatial Distribution of Bed Sediment on Fluvial System: a Mini Review of the Aceh Meandering River
Aceh Int. J. Sci. Technol., 5(2): 82-87 August 2016 doi: 10.13170/aijst.5.2.4932 Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology ISSN: 2088-9860 Journal homepage: http://jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id/aijst The Spatial Distribution of Bed Sediment on Fluvial System: A Mini Review of the Aceh Meandering River Muhammad Irham Faculty of Marine and Fisheries Science, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia. Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Received : 2 August 2016 Accepted : 28 August 2016 Online : 31 August2016 Abstract - Dynamic interactions of hydrological and geomorphological processes in the fluvial system result in accumulated deposit on the bed because the capacity to carry sediment has been exceeded. The bed load of the Aceh fluvial system is primarily generated by mechanical weathering resulting in boulders, pebbles, and sand, which roll or bounce along the river bed forming temporary deposits as bars on the insides of meander bends, as a result of a loss of transport energy in the system. This dynamic controls the style and range of deposits in the Aceh River. This study focuses on the spatial distribution of bed-load transport of the Aceh River. Understanding the spatial distribution of deposits facilitates the reconstruction of the changes in controlling factors during accumulation of deposits. One of the methods can be done by sieve analysis of sediment, where the method illuminates the distribution of sediment changes associate with channel morphology under different flow regimes. Hence, the purpose of this mini review is to investigate how the sediment along the river meander spatially dispersed. -
Grain Sorting in the Morphological Active Layer of a Braided River Physical Model
Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 577–585, 2015 www.earth-surf-dynam.net/3/577/2015/ doi:10.5194/esurf-3-577-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Grain sorting in the morphological active layer of a braided river physical model P. Leduc, P. Ashmore, and J. T. Gardner University of Western Ontario, Department of Geography, London, Ontario, Canada Correspondence to: P. Leduc ([email protected]) Received: 8 June 2015 – Published in Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss.: 10 July 2015 Revised: 22 October 2015 – Accepted: 23 November 2015 – Published: 15 December 2015 Abstract. A physical scale model of a gravel-bed braided river was used to measure vertical grain size sorting in the morphological active layer aggregated over the width of the river. This vertical sorting is important for ana- lyzing braided river sedimentology, for numerical modeling of braided river morphodynamics, and for measuring and predicting bedload transport rate. We define the morphological active layer as the bed material between the maximum and minimum bed elevations at a point over extended time periods sufficient for braiding processes to rework the river bed. The vertical extent of the active layer was measured using 40 hourly high-resolution DEMs (digital elevation models) of the model river bed. An image texture algorithm was used to map bed material grain size of each DEM. Analysis of the 40 DEMs and texture maps provides data on the geometry of the morpho- logical active layer and variation in grain size in three dimensions. By normalizing active layer thickness and dividing into 10 sublayers, we show that all grain sizes occur with almost equal frequency in all sublayers. -
Potential for Debris Flow and Debris Flood Along the Wasatch Front Between Salt Lake City and Willard, Utah, and Measures for Their Mitigation
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Potential for debris flow and debris flood along the Wasatch Front between Salt Lake City and Willard, Utah, and measures for their mitigation by Gerald F. Wieczorek, Stephen Ellen, Elliott W. Lips, and Susan H. Cannon U.S. Geological Survey Menlo Park, California and Dan N. Short Los Angeles County Flood Control District Los Angeles, California with assistance from personnel of the U.S. Forest Service Open-File Report 83-635 1983 This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature, Contents Introduction Purpose, scope, and level of confidence Historical setting Conditions and events of this spring The processes of debris flow and debris flood Potential for debris flow and debris flood Method used for evaluation Short-term potential Ground-water levels Partly-detached landslides Evaluation of travel distance Contributions from channels Contributions from landslides Recurrent long-term potential Methods recommended for more accurate evaluation Mitigation measures for debris flows and debris floods Approach Existing measures Methods used for evaluation Hydrologic data available Debris production anticipated Slopes of deposition General mitigation methods Debris basins Transport of debris along channels Recommendations for further studies Canyon-by-canyon evaluation of relative potential for debris flows and debris floods to reach canyon mouths, and mitigation measures Acknowledgments and responsibility References cited Illustrations Plate 1 - Map showing relative potential for both debris flows and debris floods to reach canyon mouths; scale 1:100,000, 2 sheets Figure 1 - Map showing variation in level of confidence in evaluation of potential for debris flows and debris floods; scale 1:500,000.