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2016 – Tesis Doctoral Tesis - Chavez Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Rey Universidad Benitez Angel EFECTOS DE LA ALTERACIÓN ANTRÓPICA EN BOSQUES TROPICALES SOBRE LA DIVERSIDAD DE ORGANISMOS EPÍFITOS (LÍQUENES Y BRIÓFITOS) Angel Raimundo Benitez Chavez: Tesis Doctoral – 2016 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Directores: María Prieto Álvaro y Gregorio Aragón Rubio Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica EPÍFITOS (LÍQUENES Y BRIÓFITOS) Y (LÍQUENES EPÍFITOS TROPICALES SOBRE LA DIVERSIDAD DE ORGANISMOS ORGANISMOS DE DIVERSIDAD LA SOBRE TROPICALES EFECTOS DE LA ALTERACIÓN ANTRÓPICA EN BOSQUES ANTRÓPICA ALTERACIÓN LA DE EFECTOS TESIS DOCTORAL EFECTOS DE LA ALTERACIÓN ANTRÓPICA EN BOSQUES TROPICALES SOBRE LA DIVERSIDAD DE ORGANISMOS EPÍFITOS (LÍQUENES Y BRIÓFITOS) EFFECTS OF TROPICAL FORESTS DISTURBANCE ON EPIPHYTE DIVERSITY (LICHENS AND BRYOPHYTES) ANGEL RAIMUNDO BENITEZ CHAVEZ Directores: María Prieto Álvaro Gregorio Aragón Rubio Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS Junio de 2016 i ii Dra. María Prieto Álvaro profesora visitante y Dr. Gregorio Aragón Rubio profesor titular del Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Certifican: Que los trabajos de investigación desarrollado en la memoria de tesis doctoral “Efectos de la alteración antrópica en bosques tropicales sobre la diversidad de organismos epífitos (Líquenes y Briófitos)” se han realizado bajo su supervisión y son aptos para ser presentados por Angel Raimundo Benitez Chavez ante el tribunal que en su día se consigne, para aspirar al Grado de Doctor por la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. V°B° Directora de Tesis V°B° Director de Tesis Dra. María Prieto Álvaro Dr. Gregorio Aragón Rubio iii iv A mis padres Gregorio y Esperanza; y la mí amada Anita v vi ÍNDICE RESUMEN Agradecimientos 1 Resumen 3 Antecedentes 6 Objetivos y estructura de la tesis 15 Metodología general 17 Discusión general 22 Conclusiones 31 Lista de manuscritos 33 Afiliación de coautores 34 Referencias 35 CAPÍTULOS/CHAPTERS Capítulo I / Chapter I 51 Effects of tropical montane forest disturbance on epiphytic macrolichens Capítulo II / Chapter II 71 Large trees and dense canopies: key factors for maintaining high epiphytic diversity on trunk bases (bryophytes and lichens) in tropical montane forests Capítulo III / Chapter III 101 Functional traits of epiphytic lichens as indicators of forest disturbance and predictors of total richness in a tropical montane rainforest of Ecuador Capítulo IV / Chapter IV 143 Lichen diversity in tropical dry forest is influenced by host preference more that disturbance Capítulo V / Chapter V 171 Additions to the bryophyte flora of Ecuador 2 Capítulo VI / Chapter VI 189 More than one hundred new records of lichens from Ecuador vii viii AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Secretaria Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT) y la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos por brindar las herramientas y los recursos necesarios para el desarrollo de este trabajo de investigación. A todos los integrantes del departamento de Ciencias Naturales de la UTPL de la ciudad de Loja, de manera especial a Ana Arévalo, Yadira González, Gabriela Cevallos, Geovanny Cango, Fernando Gaona y Elizabeth Guzmán por su colaboración en el trabajo de campo. Mil gracias a la desaparecida sección de sistemática de la UTPL conformada por Carlos Naranjo, Fani Tinitana, Omar Cabrera, Nixon Cumbicus y Diego Marín por su apoyo y colaboración durante el desarrollo de este trabajo de investigación, es muy grato seguir contando con su amistad y apoyo, mil gracias amigos. Al Dr. Adrián Escudero, Dra. Isabel Martínez, Dr. José María Iriondo, Dr. Marcos Méndez y Dr. Luis Cayuela de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, por su disposición y colaboración desinteresada durante el desarrollo de este trabajo. Adicionalmente agradezco a Silvia Santamaría, Sonia Merinero, Jesús López y Samuel por su colaboración y apoyo durante las diferentes estancias doctorales. Bueno para mis directores de tesis, empezando con el Dr. Gregorio Aragón solo tengo tres palabras respeto, admiración y sobre todo agradecimiento ya que gracias a su calidad profesional y personal he podido empezar el duro pero gratificante camino de la investigación. Mil Gracias Goyo por el tiempo y dedicación que le pusiste a este trabajo y por darme la oportunidad de hacer investigación en tu campo de estudio. Sin sentimentalismos que yo no soy muy bueno para eso, pero la verdad tengo una gran admiración por el gran trabajo que realizas y la visión que tienes para hacer investigación. A la Dra. María Prieto Álvaro, por todo su apoyo incondicional durante el desarrollo de este trabajo, gracias por seguir confiando en mis capacidades a pesar que muchas de las veces ya sobrepasaba tu gran paciencia. Gracias por enseñarme a determinar los líquenes, sobre todo los costrosos, que ahora ya los llamo crustáceos. Mil gracias a los dos por confiar en mí y darme esta gran oportunidad de que hayan sido mi guía durante este largo camino. 1 Así mismo quiero agradecer infinitamente al Profesor Robbert Gradstein por su calidad personal y profesional en los diferentes momentos que compartimos durante diferentes salidas de campo e investigaciones que hemos desarrollado en el campo de la briología. Mil gracias profesor por darme la oportunidad y sobre todo por confiar en mis capacidades. Mil gracias a mi amada familia de España, la familia de Robert, Francisca y Gregorio. De manera especial a Fátima y Johnny por su gran hospitalidad y por hacerte sentir como en casa y sobre todo por apoyarme en los momentos más difíciles durante mis estancias en España. Especialmente quiero agradecer a mi querido y amado sobrino Ismael siempre serás como el hijo que sueño tener, gracias por esperarme siempre con la comida en la mesa y en las mañanas compartir los desayunos sin importante al hora que sea. Mil gracias Isma por todos los momentos compartidos que han sido geniales. A mis padres que se han convertido en los promotores y sobre todo los impulsores para poder llegar cumplir con esta meta. Además a toda mi familia y sobrinos que gracias a su alegría he podido seguir adelante. Finalmente a la persona que se ha convertido en la alegría y paz que encontraba en los momentos más difíciles de mi vida (Anita), ya que gracias a su apoyo incondicional en las etapas de campo, de laboratorio e investigación he podido cumplir con esta etapa de mi vida, mil gracias por estar siempre para mí y esperarme aunque no haya estado cuando tú me necesitabas debido a mis estancias en España. 2 RESUMEN La deforestación es una de las principales causas de pérdida de biodiversidad en los ecosistemas tropicales a nivel global. Los bosques montanos y estacionalmente secos están despareciendo a ritmos alarmantes por lo que han sido catalogados como los más amenazados y de prioridad para la conservación. Estos ecosistemas se caracterizan por sus altos niveles de diversidad y endemismo de flora y fauna, donde los epífitos son un grupo importante en términos de diversidad y funcionamiento. Dentro de los epífitos, una fracción significativa está representada por líquenes y briófitos que, por sus características fisiológicas relacionadas con la disponibilidad de agua y luz, se han convertido en organismos modelo para evaluar cambios en el ambiente. A pesar de ello, los estudios centrados en analizar los efectos de la disturbancia de estos ecosistemas sobre los epífitos no vasculares son muy limitados, de manera especial en los bosques estacionalmente secos. Por este motivo, el objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral se centra en analizar los efectos de la alteración de los bosques tropicales sobre la diversidad de los organismos epífitos (Iíquenes y briófitos), que permitan un mejor entendimiento de las respuestas de estos organismos a cambios en el ambiente. En estos dos ecosistemas (bosques montanos y estacionalmente secos), se identificaron manchas de bosques con diferentes tipos de manejo. Se definieron tres categorías de manejo para los bosques montanos, distribuidas en dos manchas de bosques primarios, dos de bosques secundarios y dos de bosques monoespecíficos de Alnus acuminata. Para los bosques estacionalmente secos se identificaron cuatro manchas de bosques correspondientes a dos categorías de manejo. En cada bosque se analizaron los cambios en la diversidad de epífitos no vasculares a nivel de árbol y parcela; y se identificaron los factores ambientales (altitud, pendiente y orientación) y de estructura forestal (cobertura del dosel arbóreo, diámetro de los árboles, especie del árbol y textura de la corteza de los árboles) que podrían limitar estas comunidades. Además, se analizaron los efectos de la alteración sobre la diversidad funcional de líquenes epífitos en los bosques montanos y se utilizaron las formas de crecimiento para predecir la riqueza total de líquenes epífitos. Los resultados muestran que la deforestación disminuye drásticamente la diversidad de epífitos no vasculares en bosques montanos y estacionalmente secos tropicales, donde los bosques primarios mantienen una mayor diversidad en comparación con los bosques secundarios. Los epífitos de sombra (ej. Leptogium, Lobaria, Sticta, Pannaria, 3 Plagiochila) adaptadas a condiciones de alta humedad fueron más afectadas por la pérdida de la cobertura arbolada, debido a cambios microclimáticos relacionados con la disponibilidad de humedad. Sin embargo los epífitos de sol
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    H. Thorsten Lumbsch VP, Science & Education The Field Museum 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605 USA Tel: 1-312-665-7881 E-mail: [email protected] Research interests Evolution and Systematics of Fungi Biogeography and Diversification Rates of Fungi Species delimitation Diversity of lichen-forming fungi Professional Experience Since 2017 Vice President, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago. USA 2014-2017 Director, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2014 Curator, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2013-2014 Associate Director, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2009-2013 Chair, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2011 MacArthur Associate Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2006-2014 Associate Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2005-2009 Head of Cryptogams, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2004 Member, Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago. Courses: BIOS 430 Evolution (UIC), BIOS 23410 Complex Interactions: Coevolution, Parasites, Mutualists, and Cheaters (U of C) Reading group: Phylogenetic methods. 2003-2006 Assistant Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 1998-2003 Privatdozent (Assistant Professor), Botanical Institute, University – GHS - Essen. Lectures: General Botany, Evolution of lower plants, Photosynthesis, Courses: Cryptogams, Biology
  • The Fungi of Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve and Environs

    The Fungi of Slapton Ley National Nature Reserve and Environs

    THE FUNGI OF SLAPTON LEY NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE AND ENVIRONS APRIL 2019 Image © Visit South Devon ASCOMYCOTA Order Family Name Abrothallales Abrothallaceae Abrothallus microspermus CY (IMI 164972 p.p., 296950), DM (IMI 279667, 279668, 362458), N4 (IMI 251260), Wood (IMI 400386), on thalli of Parmelia caperata and P. perlata. Mainly as the anamorph <it Abrothallus parmeliarum C, CY (IMI 164972), DM (IMI 159809, 159865), F1 (IMI 159892), 2, G2, H, I1 (IMI 188770), J2, N4 (IMI 166730), SV, on thalli of Parmelia carporrhizans, P Abrothallus parmotrematis DM, on Parmelia perlata, 1990, D.L. Hawksworth (IMI 400397, as Vouauxiomyces sp.) Abrothallus suecicus DM (IMI 194098); on apothecia of Ramalina fustigiata with st. conid. Phoma ranalinae Nordin; rare. (L2) Abrothallus usneae (as A. parmeliarum p.p.; L2) Acarosporales Acarosporaceae Acarospora fuscata H, on siliceous slabs (L1); CH, 1996, T. Chester. Polysporina simplex CH, 1996, T. Chester. Sarcogyne regularis CH, 1996, T. Chester; N4, on concrete posts; very rare (L1). Trimmatothelopsis B (IMI 152818), on granite memorial (L1) [EXTINCT] smaragdula Acrospermales Acrospermaceae Acrospermum compressum DM (IMI 194111), I1, S (IMI 18286a), on dead Urtica stems (L2); CY, on Urtica dioica stem, 1995, JLT. Acrospermum graminum I1, on Phragmites debris, 1990, M. Marsden (K). Amphisphaeriales Amphisphaeriaceae Beltraniella pirozynskii D1 (IMI 362071a), on Quercus ilex. Ceratosporium fuscescens I1 (IMI 188771c); J1 (IMI 362085), on dead Ulex stems. (L2) Ceriophora palustris F2 (IMI 186857); on dead Carex puniculata leaves. (L2) Lepteutypa cupressi SV (IMI 184280); on dying Thuja leaves. (L2) Monographella cucumerina (IMI 362759), on Myriophyllum spicatum; DM (IMI 192452); isol. ex vole dung. (L2); (IMI 360147, 360148, 361543, 361544, 361546).
  • Different Diversification Histories in Tropical and Temperate Lineages in the Ascomycete Subfamily Protoparmelioideae (Parmeliaceae)

    Different Diversification Histories in Tropical and Temperate Lineages in the Ascomycete Subfamily Protoparmelioideae (Parmeliaceae)

    A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 36: 1–19 Different(2018) diversification histories in tropical and temperate lineages... 1 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.36.22548 RESEARCH ARTICLE MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Different diversification histories in tropical and temperate lineages in the ascomycete subfamily Protoparmelioideae (Parmeliaceae) Garima Singh1, Francesco Dal Grande1, Jan Schnitzler2, Markus Pfenninger1, Imke Schmitt1,3 1 Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2 Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Germany 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany Corresponding author: Garima Singh ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Divakar | Received 27 November 2018 | Accepted 19 June 2018 | Published 2 July 2018 Citation: Singh G, Grande FD, Schnitzler J, Pfenninger M, Schmitt I (2018) Different diversification histories in tropical and temperate lineages in the ascomycete subfamily Protoparmelioideae (Parmeliaceae). MycoKeys 36: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.36.22548 Abstract Background: Environment and geographic processes affect species’ distributions as well as evolutionary processes, such as clade diversification. Estimating the time of origin and diversification of organisms helps us understand how climate fluctuations in the past might have influenced the diversification and present distribution of species. Complementing divergence dating with character evolution could indicate how key innovations have facilitated the diversification of species. Methods: We estimated the divergence times within the newly recognised subfamily Protoparmel- ioideae (Ascomycota) using a multilocus dataset to assess the temporal context of diversification events. We reconstructed ancestral habitats and substrate using a species tree generated in *Beast.