Innescare Il Cambiamento

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Innescare Il Cambiamento innescare il cambiamento strumenti e pratiche per la trasformazione del sistema socio-tecnico della mobilità Università Iuav di Venezia Tesi di laurea di fPT - Facoltà di Pianificazione del Territorio clas in Pianificazione della Città e del Territorio Gianni Rondinella a.a. 2006 - 2007 (matr. 253278) Sessione autunnale di laurea, 29 - 30 ottobre 2007 Relatore: prof. Maria Rosa Vittadini Innescare il cambiamento Strumenti e pratiche per la trasformazione del sistema socio-tecnico della mobilità Tesi di laurea di Università Iuav di Venezia fPT - Facoltà di Pianificazione del Territorio Gianni Rondinella clas in Pianificazione della Città e del Territorio (matr. 253278) a.a. 2006/2007 Relatore: prof. Maria Rosa Vittadini Sessione autunnale di laurea, 29-30 ottobre 2007 a mia madre, grande sostenitrice di cambiamento Ringraziamenti Desidero ringraziare tutte le persone che mi hanno accompagnato in questo percorso, con il loro sapere, la loro esperienza, o semplicemente con la loro curiosità. In particolare grazie a Maria Rosa Vittadini, sempre disponibile ad insegnare e a discutere Alessandro Meggiato e Andrea Mariotto, con cui ho condiviso un anno di intenso lavoro e da cui ho imparato molto Federico Sittaro, per le chiacchierate sulla ‘complessità’ e per la sua puntuale e attenta lettura delle bozze la biblioteca della Fondazione Querini Stampalia, per essere aperta dalle 10 del mattino a mezzanotte… perfino di domenica Enrica e Rosario, per la bellissima ospitalità… “nell’azzurro mare d’agosto” Benedetto, Cristina, Dario e Maria, per avermi ‘accudito’ in tutti questi mesi con leggerezza ed ironia Angelo e Cristina, per come sono, pragmatici e sognatori Graziella e Vittorio, i miei genitori, perché hanno aspettato fiduciosi ed infine Roberta, dolce e instancabile fonte di energia, senza la quale avrei portato molto più per le lunghe questa ‘storia’ «A proposito del concentrarsi sul sistema invece che sul sintomo . Pensiamo al traffico. Ci sono troppe macchine sulle strade e troppe persone senza requie; e troppo inquinamento atmosferico per via delle macchine. Nell’insieme, tutto ciò costituisce quella che i medici chiamano una “sindrome”, cioè un complesso di sintomi. In realtà, questa sindrome ha le sue radici nel sovrappopolamento, nelle capacità tecniche male applicate e nelle vittorie della medicina contro le epidemie. La sanità pubblica, al pari della medicina individuale, viene attivata dai sintomi. Tutti noi condividiamo una patologia della quale saremmo pronti a dare la colpa ai medici. A livello sociale, quanto accade è molto semplice: c’è qualcuno che viene pagato per rendere più sopportabile la spinta patologica . Curiamo i sintomi: costruiamo più strade per più macchine e costruiamo sempre più macchine sempre più veloci per gente senza requie; e quando le persone (giustamente) muoiono per ipernutrizione o d’inquinamento, cerchiamo di rafforzare lo stomaco e i polmoni. (Le compagnie d’assicurazione odiano la morte). Per venire incontro al sovrappopolamento costruiamo più case. E così via. Il paradigma è questo: curare il sintomo in modo da rendere il mondo confortevole per la patologia. In realtà è ancora peggio di così, perché scrutiamo anche il futuro e cerchiamo di scorgere sintomi e disagi che verranno. Prevediamo gli intasamenti sulle autostrade e mediante appalti statali invitiamo le imprese ad allargare le strade perché possano contenere automobili che ancora non esistono. In questo modo milioni di dollari vengono impegnati in ipotesi di futuri aumenti di patologia. Dunque il medico che si concentra sui sintomi rischia di proteggere o incoraggiare la patologia di cui i sintomi fanno parte.» Gregory Bateson (1997), Una sacra unità. Altri passi verso una ecologia della mente , Milano, Adelphi, (v.o 1991), pp. 440-1. INNESCARE IL CAMBIAMENTO i Indice Introduzione generale ............................................................................................... 1 PARTE I . Costruzione del problema mobilità........................................................... 7 1 Problemi e risposte.............................................................................................. 8 1.1 Introduzione................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Sostenibilità dell’attuale sistema di mobilità ............................................... 8 Definire la sostenibilità......................................................................................... 9 Definire la sostenibilità della mobilità ................................................................ 10 1.3 Tentativi di affrontare i problemi di mobilità.............................................. 14 Due approcci prevalenti..................................................................................... 15 Esiti e limiti degli attuali approcci ...................................................................... 17 1.4 Necessità di innescare un cambiamento.................................................. 21 Ipotesi di ricerca ................................................................................................ 22 Ragioni per un nuovo approccio al problema mobilità..................................... 24 Ragioni per una trasformazione di sistema....................................................... 24 2 Sfide per la governance del problema mobilità................................................ 27 2.1 Introduzione............................................................................................... 27 2.2 Sfide da affrontare ..................................................................................... 28 Fare i conti con la complessità del sistema ...................................................... 28 Fare i conti con le diverse pratiche di mobilità.................................................. 30 Fare i conti con i rischi dell’innovazione............................................................ 33 2.3 Rilievo delle sfide nelle attuali politiche di mobilità................................... 35 La complessità del sistema nelle politiche........................................................ 35 Le pratiche di mobilità nelle politiche ................................................................ 37 L’innovazione e le imprese nelle politiche......................................................... 38 PARTE II . Strumenti per il cambiamento................................................................ 41 3 Strumenti di analisi per le innovazioni di sistema............................................. 42 3.1 Introduzione............................................................................................... 42 3.2 I sistemi socio-tecnici come unità di analisi.............................................. 43 3.3 Come cambiano i sistemi socio-tecnici: la prospettiva multi-livello ......... 47 La stabilità dei regimi socio-tecnici ................................................................... 49 Le innovazioni radicali appaiono in nicchie....................................................... 52 Lo sfondo dei paesaggi socio-tecnici................................................................ 52 3.4 L’interazione tra i livelli alla base dei cambiamenti di sistema ................. 53 INNESCARE IL CAMBIAMENTO ii Utilità per gli obiettivi della tesi .......................................................................... 56 Il cambiamento via interazione.......................................................................... 56 3.5 Vantaggi di una teoria multi-livello ............................................................ 58 4 Strumenti di policy orientati all’innovazione di sistema.................................... 62 4.1 Introduzione............................................................................................... 62 4.2 Strumenti di policy per orientare l’innovazione di sistema....................... 63 La costruzione intenzionale di piccole irreversibilità ......................................... 64 Due utili strumenti di policy ............................................................................... 65 4.3 Uno strumento per la costruzione di scenari socio-tecnici ...................... 67 Due strade per il 2050: un esempio .................................................................. 70 4.4 Uno strumento per la sperimentazione di pratiche innovative ................. 71 Processi interni alla nicchia di innovazione....................................................... 72 Interazione tra processi interni alla nicchia e strutture emergenti..................... 74 Interazione tra nicchie e regime socio-tecnico.................................................. 77 4.5 Domande di ricerca per l’analisi delle pratiche di innovazione................ 78 PARTE III . Pratiche di cambiamento...................................................................... 80 5 Pratiche per il cambiamento del sistema socio-tecnico della mobilità ............ 81 5.1 Introduzione............................................................................................... 81 5.2 Opzioni di mobilità sostenibile e visioni divergenti................................... 81 5.3 L’integrazione sistemica delle innovazioni................................................ 85 5.4 La sperimentazione di alcune pratiche innovative.................................... 86 Percorsi condivisi (car-pooling)......................................................................... 86 Transportation Management Associations.......................................................
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