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Applying CLP to Machine Translation: a Greek Case Study Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia journall.org ISSN 2687-0215 (online) Российский государственный педагогический DOI 10.33910/2687-0215-2019-1-1 университет им. А. И. Герцена 2019. Vol. 1, no. 1 2019. Том 1, № 1 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Lexicography Registration certificate EL No. FS 77 – 74246 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 74246 Peer-reviewed journal Рецензируемое научное издание Open Access Журнал открытого доступа Published since 2018 Учрежден в 2018 году 4 issues per year Выходит 4 раза в год Editorial Board Редакционная коллегия Editor-in-chief Главный редактор Sergey I. Monakhov (St Petersburg, Russia) С. И. Монахов (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Deputy Editor-in-chief Зам. главного редактора David Talbot (Moscow, Russia) Дэвид Талбот (Москва, Россия) Assistant Editor Ответственный секретарь Irina E. Vasileva (St Petersburg, Russia) И. Э. Васильева (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Renate Belentschikow (Magdeburg, Germany) Р. Беленчиков (Магдебург, Германия) Marcello Garzaniti (Florence, Italy) М. Гардзанити (Флоренция, Италия) Elena V. Generalova (St Petersburg, Russia) Е. В. Генералова (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Tatyana Grigoryanova (Bratislava, Slovakia) Т. Григорьянова (Братислава, Словакия) Vladimir Dubichinski (Warsaw, Poland) В. В. Дубичинский (Варшава, Польша) Dan E. Davidson (Washington, USA) Д. Ю. Дэвидсон (Вашингтон, США) Ekaterina V. Enikeeva (Moscow, Russia) Е. В. Еникеева (Москва, Россия) Maria L. Kovshova (Moscow, Russia) М. Л. Ковшова (Москва, Россия) Liu Limin (Beijing, China) Лю Лиминь (КНР, Пекин) Olga V. Mitrenina (St Petersburg, Russia) О. В. Митренина (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Sergey A. Myznikov (St Petersburg, Russia) С. А. Мызников (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Marina V. Pimenova (Vladimir, Russia) М. В. Пименова (Владимир, Россия) Igor V. Ruzhitskii (Moscow, Russia) И. В. Ружицкий (Москва, Россия) Lyudmila V. Rychkova (Grodno, Belarus) Л. В. Рычкова (Гродно, Республика Беларусь) Galina N. Sklyarevskaya (St Petersburg, Russia) Г. Н. Скляревская (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Stella N. Tseitlin (St Petersburg, Russia) С. Н. Цейтлин (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Valentina D. Chernyak (St Petersburg, Russia) В. Д. Черняк (Санкт-Петербург, Россия) Larisa L. Shestakova (Moscow, Russia) Л. Л. Шестакова (Москва, Россия) Publishing house of Herzen State Pedagogical Издательство РГПУ им. А. И. Герцена University of Russia 191186, г. Санкт-Петербург, наб. реки Мойки, д. 48 48 Moyka Emb., St Petersburg, Russia, 191186 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Телефон: +7 (812) 312-17-41 Phone: +7 (812) 312-17-41 Объем 9,32 Мб Published at 02.09.2019 Подписано к использованию 02.09.2019 The contents of this journal may not be used in any При использовании любых фрагментов ссылка way without a reference to the journal “Journal на журнал «Journal of Applied Linguistics and Lexicography» of Applied Linguistics and Lexicography” and the author(s) и на авторов материала обязательна. of the material in question. Редактор Г. Н. Петрова Редакторы английского текста О. В. Колотина, А. С. Самарский, И. А. Наговицына Оформление обложки О. В. Рудневой Верстка Д. В. Лаптухиной Санкт-Петербург, 2019 © Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А. И. Герцена, 2019 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Lexicography, 2019, vol. 1, no. 1 CONTENTS Applied Linguistics Krylov S. A., Menshikova Iu. V. On the posterior approach to theoretical, practical and applied orthoepy ............................................................................. 4 Molchanov A. P. Extracting features from text to improve Statistical Machine Translation ......... 12 Nicholas N. A critical lexicostatistical examination of Ancient and Modern Greek and Tsakonian ... 18 Nikolaenkova O. N. Applying CLP to machine translation: A Greek case study................... 69 Modern Lexicography Basovskaya E. N. Semantic evolution of the word “tormentor” (the noun palach in the Russian lexicography and journalistic text) and the formation of a mediastyleme . 79 Vaulina E. Yu. The electronic presentation of “The Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 21st century”: Opportunities for development . 91 Sergeev M. L. On the importance of German handbooks for the teaching of French in 18th century Russia . 102 Shmeleva T. V. The attractiveness of the urban name: Food outlets ............................. 117 Making the Complicated Simple Mitrenina O. V. Python for novice programmers ............................................. 127 The Lexicographer’s Lab Draft “The Dictionary of the Russian Language in the 21st century”. Samples of lexicographical entries............................................................... 136 2 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Lexicography, 2019, vol. 1, no. 1 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Прикладная лингвистика Крылов С. А., Меньшикова Ю. В. Об апостериорном подходе к построению теоретической, практической и прикладной орфоэпии . 4 Molchanov A. P. Extracting features from text to improve statistical machine translation .......... 12 Nicholas N. A critical lexicostatistical examination of Ancient and Modern Greek and Tsakonian .. 18 Nikolaenkova O. N. Applying CLP to machine translation: A Greek case study................... 69 Современная лексикография Басовская Е. Н. Семантическая эволюция слова и формирование медиастилемы (существительное палач в отечественной лексикографии и публицистическом тексте).... 79 Ваулина Е. Ю. Электронное представление «Словаря русского языка XXI века»: возможности развития . 91 Сергеев М. Л. К вопросу о значении немецких учебных пособий для преподавания французского языка в России в XVIII в. 102 Шмелева Т. В. Аттрактивность городского имени: заведения еды........................... 117 Просто о сложном Митренина О. В. Python для тех, кто никогда не программировал .......................... 127 Лаборатория лексикографа Проект «Словаря русского языка XXI века». Образцы словарных статей ................... 136 3 Applied Linguistics УДК 81.33 DOI: 10.33910/2687-0215-2019-1-1-4-11 Об апостериорном подходе к построению теоретической, практической и прикладной орфоэпии С. А. Крылов1, Ю. В. Меньшикова1 1 Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А. И. Герцена, 191186, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, наб. реки Мойки, д. 48 On the posterior approach to theoretical, practical and applied orthoepy S. A. Krylov1, Iu. V. Menshikova1 1 Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 48 Moika River Emb., Saint Petersburg 191186, Russia Аннотация. Апостериорный подход к орфоэпии Abstract. The posterior approach to orthoepy suggests предполагает, что произносительная норма выводится that the pronunciation norm is derived from the exemplary из образцового узуса полного произносительного типа. usage of the full pronunciation type. The usage of this Такой узус основан на орфоэпическом корпусе kind is based on the orthoepic corpus of the Russian русской устной речи, который должен включать speech. This corpus should include audio recordings аудиозаписи речи профессиональных дикторов и чтецов of the speech of professional announcers and readers (в том числе новостную информацию, комментарии, (including news broadcasts, comments, performances аудиоспектакли мастеров художественного чтения, by masters of artistic reading, materials from lingua-phone материалы лингафонных курсов русского языка, устные, language courses of the Russian language, and public заранее записанные, объявления в транспорте и других announcements i. e. announcements made in public общественных местах). transport, etc.). Ключевые слова: орфоэпия русского языка, Keywords: orthoepy of Russian, orthoepic corpus орфоэпический корпус русского языка, фонетика of Russian, Russian phonetics, language norm, русского языка, языковая норма, методология methodology of linguistic research, the pronunciation лингвистического исследования, русская произносительная norm of the Russian language. норма. Вступление Апостериорный подход к орфоэпии опирается на описание особенностей произно- шения множества заранее отобранных эталонных (образцовых) носителей пассивной (рецептивной) фонетической нормы1 — так называемых орфоэпических экспертов (ОЭ-экспертов), которые анализируют, описывают и оценивают аудиозаписи подготовлен- ной речи потенциальных носителей орфоэпической нормы, использующих полный тип произнесения (дикторов, чтецов и т. п.). Принципиальное отличие априорного и апостериор- ного подходов к описанию орфоэпической нормы заключается в том, что в русле априорного подхода к орфоэпии дикторы и чтецы являются основными адресатами орфоэпических 1 Если для данного языка существуют не одна произносительная норма, а две или более, то сформулирован- ные положения будут относиться не к языку как таковому, а к его вариантам (ср., напр., московский и петербургский варианты произносительной нормы). 4 Journal of Applied Linguistics and Lexicography, 2019, vol. 1, no. 1 Об апостериорном подходе к построению теоретической… справочников (см., напр., Введенская 2004; Окунцова 2013), а при апостериорном подходе они же выступают в роли информантов при орфоэпическом исследовании, а фонетические особенности их речи становятся основой для описания произносительных норм и их вариантов в различные периоды времени. При этом в силу развития техники звукозаписи в XX в. физическое очное присутствие информанта не обязательно. Это сближает методы синхронного (а для XX в. и диахронного) орфоэпического исследования с методами синхронного (для XX в. и диахронного) диалектологического и социофонетического исследований. Концепция корпуса русской устной речи полного
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