Applying CLP to Machine Translation: a Greek Case Study
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Genetics of the Peloponnesean Populations and the Theory of Extinction of the Medieval Peloponnesean Greeks
European Journal of Human Genetics (2017) 25, 637–645 Official journal of The European Society of Human Genetics www.nature.com/ejhg ARTICLE Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks George Stamatoyannopoulos*,1, Aritra Bose2, Athanasios Teodosiadis3, Fotis Tsetsos2, Anna Plantinga4, Nikoletta Psatha5, Nikos Zogas6, Evangelia Yannaki6, Pierre Zalloua7, Kenneth K Kidd8, Brian L Browning4,9, John Stamatoyannopoulos3,10, Peristera Paschou11 and Petros Drineas2 Peloponnese has been one of the cradles of the Classical European civilization and an important contributor to the ancient European history. It has also been the subject of a controversy about the ancestry of its population. In a theory hotly debated by scholars for over 170 years, the German historian Jacob Philipp Fallmerayer proposed that the medieval Peloponneseans were totally extinguished by Slavic and Avar invaders and replaced by Slavic settlers during the 6th century CE. Here we use 2.5 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms to investigate the genetic structure of Peloponnesean populations in a sample of 241 individuals originating from all districts of the peninsula and to examine predictions of the theory of replacement of the medieval Peloponneseans by Slavs. We find considerable heterogeneity of Peloponnesean populations exemplified by genetically distinct subpopulations and by gene flow gradients within Peloponnese. By principal component analysis (PCA) and ADMIXTURE analysis the Peloponneseans are clearly distinguishable from the populations of the Slavic homeland and are very similar to Sicilians and Italians. Using a novel method of quantitative analysis of ADMIXTURE output we find that the Slavic ancestry of Peloponnesean subpopulations ranges from 0.2 to 14.4%. -
The Use of Gamma in Place of Digamma in Ancient Greek
Mnemosyne (2020) 1-22 brill.com/mnem The Use of Gamma in Place of Digamma in Ancient Greek Francesco Camagni University of Manchester, UK [email protected] Received August 2019 | Accepted March 2020 Abstract Originally, Ancient Greek employed the letter digamma ( ϝ) to represent the /w/ sound. Over time, this sound disappeared, alongside the digamma that denoted it. However, to transcribe those archaic, dialectal, or foreign words that still retained this sound, lexicographers employed other letters, whose sound was close enough to /w/. Among these, there is the letter gamma (γ), attested mostly but not only in the Lexicon of Hesychius. Given what we know about the sound of gamma, it is difficult to explain this use. The most straightforward hypothesis suggests that the scribes who copied these words misread the capital digamma (Ϝ) as gamma (Γ). Presenting new and old evidence of gamma used to denote digamma in Ancient Greek literary and documen- tary papyri, lexicography, and medieval manuscripts, this paper refutes this hypoth- esis, and demonstrates that a peculiar evolution in the pronunciation of gamma in Post-Classical Greek triggered a systematic use of this letter to denote the sound once represented by the digamma. Keywords Ancient Greek language – gamma – digamma – Greek phonetics – Hesychius – lexicography © Francesco Camagni, 2020 | doi:10.1163/1568525X-bja10018 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded license. from Brill.com09/30/2021 01:54:17PM via free access 2 Camagni 1 Introduction It is well known that many ancient Greek dialects preserved the /w/ sound into the historical period, contrary to Attic-Ionic and Koine Greek. -
Task Force for the Review of the Romanization of Greek RE: Report of the Task Force
CC:DA/TF/ Review of the Romanization of Greek/3 Report, May 18, 2010 page: 1 TO: ALA/ALCTS/CCS/Committee on Cataloging: Description and Access (CC:DA) FROM: ALA/ALCTS/CCS/CC:DA Task Force for the Review of the Romanization of Greek RE: Report of the Task Force CHARGE TO THE TASK FORCE The Task Force is charged with assessing draft Romanization tables for Greek, educating CC:DA as necessary, and preparing necessary reports to support the revision process, leading to ultimate approval of an updated ALA-LC Romanization scheme for Greek. In particular, the Task Force should review the May 2010 draft for a timely report by ALA to LC. Review of subsequent tables may be called for, depending on the viability of this latest draft. The ALA-LC Romanization table - Greek, Proposed Revision May 2010 is located at the LC Policy and Standards Division website at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greekrev.pdf [archived as a supplement to this report on the CC:DA site] BACKGROUND INFORMATION FROM THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS We note that when the May 2010 Greek table was presented for general review via email, the LC Policy and Standards Division offered the following information comparing the May 2010 table with the existing table, Greek (Also Coptic), available at the LC policy and Standards Division web site at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greek.pdf: "The Policy and Standards Division has taken another look at the revised Greek Romanization tables in conjunction with comments from the library community and its own staff with knowledge of Greek. -
The Greek Alphabet Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module B) the Letters and Pronunciation of the Greek Alphabet 2 Phonology (Part 2)
The Greek Alphabet Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module B) The Letters and Pronunciation of the Greek Alphabet 2 Phonology (Part 2) Lesson Two Overview 2.0 Introduction, 2-1 2.1 Ten Similar Letters, 2-2 2.2 Six Deceptive Greek Letters, 2-4 2.3 Nine Different Greek Letters, 2-8 2.4 History of the Greek Alphabet, 2-13 Study Guide, 2-20 2.0 Introduction Lesson One introduced the twenty-four letters of the Greek alphabet. Lesson Two continues to present the building blocks for learning Greek phonics by merging vowels and consonants into syllables. Furthermore, this lesson underscores the similarities and dissimilarities between the Greek and English alphabetical letters and their phonemes. Almost without exception, introductory Greek grammars launch into grammar and vocabulary without first firmly grounding a student in the Greek phonemic system. This approach is appropriate if a teacher is present. However, it is little help for those who are “going at it alone,” or a small group who are learning NTGreek without the aid of a teacher’s pronunciation. This grammar’s introductory lessons go to great lengths to present a full-orbed pronunciation of the Erasmian Greek phonemic system. Those who are new to the Greek language without an instructor’s guidance will welcome this help, and it will prepare them to read Greek and not simply to translate it into their language. The phonic sounds of the Greek language are required to be carefully learned. A saturation of these sounds may be accomplished by using the accompanying MP3 audio files. -
The Development of Greek and the New Testament. Morphology, Syntax, Phonology, and Textual Transmission
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie • Judith Gundry-Volf Martin Hengel • Otfried Hofius • Hans-Josef Klauck 167 ARTI BUS Chrys C. Caragounis The Development of Greek and the New Testament Morphology, Syntax, Phonology, and Textual Transmission Mohr Siebeck Chrys C. Caragounis, born 1940; Professor in New Testament Exegesis at Lund Univer- sity, Sweden. ISBN 3-16-148290-5 ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. © 2004 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher's written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Guide-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. Eenvfj (xvnjxrj Suoîv eùicXeecxàxoiv mòìv ' EM,â8oç reapyíú) XatÇiôàKi (1848-1941) K ai 'Avtcovío) riávvapi] (1852-1909) oí Tr]v 7C£pi x<5v Ypa(i|xáT©v éXXtiví8a é7tiaxiín.r|v éicóa^íiaav yXròxxav àx0i8a xe Kai úaxépav Kai veooxépav ctKpißrög ripewriGav aa<|)fiv tt|v evóxnxa coiàoTiç Trjç x<öv ' EXXr|V(ov <|>(ôvnç KaxaSeiÇavxeç f|YOÚ|J.evoi TCÔCTI yevó|xevoi xoîç ÈÇ áei IIÉWIOUOIV gjceaöai xinfiç ëveKa àvaxi&ri|ii Preface The working title of the present investigation during the period of writing has been A Diachronic and Acoustic Approach to the New Testament. -
ATINER's Conference Paper Series LNG2015-1524
ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: LNG2014-1176 Athens Institute for Education and Research ATINER ATINER's Conference Paper Series LNG2015-1524 Applying Current Methods in Documentary Linguistics in the Documentation of Endangered Languages: A Case Study on Fieldwork in Arvanitic Efrosini Kritikos Independent Researcher Harvard University USA 1 ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: LNG2015-1524 An Introduction to ATINER's Conference Paper Series ATINER started to publish this conference papers series in 2012. It includes only the papers submitted for publication after they were presented at one of the conferences organized by our Institute every year. This paper has been peer reviewed by at least two academic members of ATINER. Dr. Gregory T. Papanikos President Athens Institute for Education and Research This paper should be cited as follows: Kritikos, E. (2015). "Applying Current Methods in Documentary Linguistics in the Documentation of Endangered Languages: A Case Study on Fieldwork in Arvanitic", Athens: ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, No: LNG2015-1524. Athens Institute for Education and Research 8 Valaoritou Street, Kolonaki, 10671 Athens, Greece Tel: + 30 210 3634210 Fax: + 30 210 3634209 Email: [email protected] URL: www.atiner.gr URL Conference Papers Series: www.atiner.gr/papers.htm Printed in Athens, Greece by the Athens Institute for Education and Research. All rights reserved. Reproduction is allowed for non-commercial purposes if the source is fully acknowledged. ISSN: 2241-2891 19/07/2015 ATINER CONFERENCE PAPER SERIES No: LNG2015-1524 Applying Current Methods in Documentary Linguistics in the Documentation of Endangered Languages: A Case Study on Fieldwork in Arvanitic Efrosini Kritikos Independent Researcher Harvard University USA Abstract Arvanitic is a language of Greece also called Arberichte or Arvanitika. -
The Origin of the Greek Pluperfect
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The Origin of the Greek Pluperfect Version 1.0 July 2007 Joshua T. Katz Princeton University Abstract: The origin of the pluperfect is the biggest remaining hole in our understanding of the Ancient Greek verbal system. This paper provides a novel unitary account of all four morphological types— alphathematic, athematic, thematic, and the anomalous Homeric form 3sg. ᾔδη (ēídē) ‘knew’—beginning with a “Jasanoff-type” reconstruction in Proto-Indo-European, an “imperfect of the perfect.” © Joshua T. Katz. [email protected] 2 The following paper has had a long history (see the first footnote). This version, which was composed as such in the first half of 2006, will be appearing in more or less the present form in volume 46 of the Viennese journal Die Sprache. It is dedicated with affection and respect to the great Indo-Europeanist Jay Jasanoff, who turned 65 in June 2007. *** for Jay Jasanoff on his 65th birthday The Oxford English Dictionary defines the rather sad word has-been as “One that has been but is no longer: a person or thing whose career or efficiency belongs to the past, or whose best days are over.” In view of my subject, I may perhaps be allowed to speculate on the meaning of the putative noun *had-been (as in, He’s not just a has-been; he’s a had-been!), surely an even sadder concept, did it but exist. When I first became interested in the Indo- European verb, thanks to Jay Jasanoff’s brilliant teaching, mentoring, and scholarship, the study of pluperfects was not only not a “had-been,” it was almost a blank slate. -
The World of Greek Religion and Mythology
Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Herausgeber/Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich) Mitherausgeber/Associate Editors Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) ∙ James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) ∙ Janet Spittler (Charlottesville, VA) J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC) 433 Jan N. Bremmer The World of Greek Religion and Mythology Collected Essays II Mohr Siebeck Jan N. Bremmer, born 1944; Emeritus Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Groningen. orcid.org/0000-0001-8400-7143 ISBN 978-3-16-154451-4 / eISBN 978-3-16-158949-2 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-158949-2 ISSN 0512-1604 / eISSN 2568-7476 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio- graphie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitt- ed by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particular- ly to reproductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was typeset using Stempel Garamond typeface and printed on non-aging pa- per by Gulde Druck in Tübingen. It was bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Printed in Germany. in memoriam Walter Burkert (1931–2015) Albert Henrichs (1942–2017) Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood (1945–2007) Preface It is a pleasure for me to offer here the second volume of my Collected Essays, containing a sizable part of my writings on Greek religion and mythology.1 Greek religion is not a subject that has always held my interest and attention. -
VENETIANS and OTTOMANS in the SOUTHEAST PELOPONNESE (15Th-18Th Century)
VENETIANS AND OTTOMANS IN THE SOUTHEAST PELOPONNESE (15th-18th century) Evangelia Balta* The study gives an insight into the historical and economic geography of the Southeast Peloponnese frorm the mid- fifteenth century until the morrow of the second Ottoma ill conquest in 1715. It necessarily covers also the period of Venetialll rule, whiciL was the intermezzo between the first and second perio.ds of Ottoman rule. By utilizing the data of an Ottoman archivrul material, I try to compose, as far as possible, the picture ())f that part of the Peloponnese occupied by Mount Pamon, which begins to t he south of the District of Mantineia, extends througlhout the D:istrict of Kynouria (in the Prefecture of Arcadia), includes the east poart of the District of Lacedaimon and the entire District of Epidavros Limira . Or. Evangelia Balta, Director of Studies (Institute for N1eohellenic Resea rch/ National Hellenic Research Foundation). Venetians and Oltomans in the Southeast Peloponnese 169 (in the Prefecture of Laconia), and ends at Cape Malea. 1 The Ottoman archival material available to me for this particular area comprises certain unpublished fiscal registers of the Morea, deposited in the Ba§bakal1lIk Osmal1lI Al"§ivi in Istanbul, which I have gathered together over the last decade, in the course of collecting testimonies on the Ottoman Peloponnese. The material r have gleaned is very fragmentary in relation to what exists and I therefore wish to stress that th e information presented here for the first time does not derive from an exhaustive archival study for the area. Nonetheless, despite the fact that the material at my disposal covers the region neither spatially nor temporarily, in regard to the protracted period of Ottoman rule, J have decided to discuss it here for two reasons: I. -
On GREEK LETTER KOPPA Source: Michael Everson, EGT (IE) Status: Discussion and Proposal Action: for Consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 1998-12-12
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N1938 1998-12-12 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Œåæäóíàðîäíàß îðãàíèçàöèß ïî ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: On GREEK LETTER KOPPA Source: Michael Everson, EGT (IE) Status: Discussion and proposal Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 1998-12-12 Constantine Stathopoulos has asserted that a distinction needs to be made between GREEK LETTER KOPPA and GREEK NUMERAL KOPPA. This distinction is based in his assertion that a Q-shaped KOPPA is used in text, but a Z-shaped KOPPA is used as a numeral in modern Greek practice – and that modern Greek users do not recognize the identity of the two signs. In this document I will examine the evidence to hand. (Stathopoulos prefers the term “sigmoid KOPPA” to “Z-shaped KOPPA”, but I consider the latter to be more convenient in English.) Cook 1987 presents a convenient table with 5 archaic Greek alphabets. Note the letters DIGAMMA, SAN (> SAMPI), and Q-shaped KOPPA. Note also the capital and small versions of these letters (but not SAN) in the modern Greek typeface on the left. Page 1 Cook 1987 also gives a convenient summary of the letters used numerically: Note the use of DIGAMMA as 6, Q-shaped KOPPA as 90, and SAMPI as 900. Threatte 1996 gives a similar summary of the letters used numerically: Note the use of DIGAMMA, STIGMA, and SIGMA-TAU as 6, Q-shaped KOPPA as 90, and SAMPI as 900. When DIGAMMA was lost, STIGMA seems to have been substituted for it. -
Romanization of Greek 1 Romanization of Greek
Romanization of Greek 1 Romanization of Greek Romanization of Greek is the representation of Greek language texts, that are usually written in the Greek alphabet, with the Latin alphabet, or a system for doing so. There are several methods for the romanization of Greek, especially depending on whether the language written with Greek letters is Ancient Greek or Modern Greek and whether a phonetic transcription or a graphemic transliteration is intended. The conventional rendering of classical Greek names in English originates in the way Latin represented Greek loanwords in antiquity. The ⟨κ⟩ is replaced with ⟨c⟩, the diphthongs ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ are rendered as ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ (or ⟨æ, œ⟩); and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ are simplified to ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩. In modern scholarly transliteration of Ancient Greek, ⟨κ⟩ will instead be rendered as ⟨k⟩, and the vowel combinations ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩ respectively. The letters ⟨θ⟩ and ⟨φ⟩ are generally rendered as ⟨th⟩ and ⟨ph⟩; ⟨χ⟩ as either ⟨ch⟩ or ⟨kh⟩; and word-initial ⟨ρ⟩ as ⟨rh⟩. For Modern Greek, there are multiple different transcription conventions. They differ widely, depending on their purpose, on how close they stay to the conventional letter correspondences of Ancient Greek–based transcription systems, and to what degree they attempt either an exact letter-by-letter transliteration or rather a phonetically based transcription. Standardized formal transcription systems have been defined by the International Organization for Standardization (as ISO 843), by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, by the Library of Congress, and others. The different systems can create confusion. -
1 Final Honours School Description of Literature
FINAL HONOURS SCHOOL DESCRIPTION OF LITERATURE AND LINGUISTICS PAPERS IN FINALS LINGUISTICS PAPERS (PAPERS IV AND V) Paper IV There are three options for this paper: (1) Early history of the language: Medieval Greek to AD 959 Three texts are set for detailed study from the sixth, seventh and tenth centuries. Useful for preliminary reading are: Robert Browning, Medieval and Modern Greek (2nd ed., Cambridge, 1983) Geoffrey Horrocks, Greek: a history of the language and its speakers (London, 1997). (2) The literary vernacular of the twelfth to fifteenth centuries Again three texts are set for detailed study. Useful for preliminary reading are: Robert Browning, Medieval and Modern Greek (2nd ed., Cambridge, 1983) Geoffrey Horrocks, Greek: a history of the language and its speakers (London, 1997). (3) The dialects of Modern Greece. Topics covered include the phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and vocabulary of the dialects traditionally spoken on the mainland and islands of Greece and Cyprus, except Tsakonia. Useful for introductory reading are: N.G. Kontosopoulos, Dialektoi kai idiomata tis neas ellinikis (revised ed., Athens, 1994) Robert Browning, Medieval and Modern Greek (2nd ed., Cambridge 1983). Geoffrey Horrocks, Greek: a history of the language and its speakers (London 1997). Of these only the last has been taken in recent years. Please consult your tutor as teaching may not be available. 1 2 Paper V There are two options available in this paper. Please consult your tutor as teaching may not be available. (1) Contemporary Greek Topics covered include an examination of the structure of the Greek language as it is spoken and written today and an analysis of spoken and written Greek in terms of its sound system, inflectional system, syntax and vocabulary.