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Functional Waveforms for Electronics

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Functional Waveforms for Electronics 4/6/2017 Functional Waveforms for Electronics Lesson 16 EET 150 Learning Objectives In this lesson you will: see typical waveforms used in electronic circuits learn how to identify these waveforms by their shape identify the amplitudes of these waves learn where these waves are used see what instruments can produce and measure waveforms 1 4/6/2017 Common Waveforms-Sine Wave Sine Waveform 3 3 Characteristics 2 Amplitude Measures RMS 1 Peak Peak-to-peak value Peak v(t) 0 to Peak value Amplitude Amplitude Peak 1 Measured with zero reference 2 3 Root Mean Square 3 0 2 4 6 8 10 (RMS) Value 0 t 10 Time 0.707 of Peak Value RMS factor of 0.707 only valid for Sine waves Sine waves used to test amplifiers Common Waveforms-Sine Wave Example What is peak-to-peak value of the waveform shown? What is peak 1.414 value of the V RMS 2 Vp waveform shown? 4 Vpp What is RMS value of the waveform shown? VRMS =0.707(2) VRMS = 1.414 V 2 4/6/2017 Common Waveforms-Sine Wave Sine wave with DC offset DC offset Sine Waveform raises entire 6 6 wave above zero 4 2.5 Waveform v(t) 2 Symmetric about 2.5 Amplitude +2.5 0 DC offsets can 2 be either 3 positive or 0 2 4 6 8 10 negative 0 t 10 Time Common Waveforms-Square Wave Square Wave Voltage Measures 3 3 Peak-to-peak value RMS 2 Peak value 1 Peak Peak Measured with zero s(t) to reference 0 Peak Amplitude 1 Root Mean Square (RMS) Value 2 3 Equals peak value 3 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 t 10 Square wave can Time Be off set with DC 3 4/6/2017 Common Waveforms-Pulse Train Pulse Train has only positive values Signal used in computer circuits. For this signal, half period is on- half period off Adding DC off set to square wave produces pulse Common Waveforms-Pulse Train Pulse Train 5 Voltage Measures 4 Peak-to-peak value RMS Peak value Peak 2 to Peak Peak Peak value = peak- s(t) to-peak value Amplitude 0 Root Mean Square (RMS) Value 2 A 3 RMS 0 2 4 6 8 10 2 0 t 10 Tim e A = peak amplitude value 4 4/6/2017 Common Waveforms-Ramp Waves Ramp waves increase linearly, reset, then repeat Ramp waves used to move trace in scopes Used to control and sweep frequency linearly Dc off set can move waveform up or down Common Waveforms-Ramp Waves 8 Voltage Measures 8 Peak-to-peak value 4 Peak Peak value RMS Peak to Peak Peak value = peak- v(t) 0 to-peak value Amplitude Root Mean Square 4 (RMS) Value A 8 8 RMS 0 3 6 9 12 15 3 0 t 15 Tim e A = peak amplitude value 5 4/6/2017 Common Waveforms-Ramp Waves Ramp wave with negative dc off set Negative Dc off set lowers half of wave below zero 3 v 6 V RMS value of off set wave not equal to wave without offset Common Waveforms-Triangle Waves Triangle waves increase linearly then decrease linearly at a given frequency Waveform used in pulse-width modulators Note: this waveform is all positive It can be lowered or raised using DC off set 6 4/6/2017 Common Waveforms-Triangle Waves Off set triangle wave This wave has equal positive and negative values Off set equals Amplitude/2 Common Waveforms-Triangle Waves Voltage Measures Peak-to-peak value 6.5 6 T Peak value 4 6 V A 3.46 2 6 V Peak value = peak- to-peak value 2 vv(t) Amplitude Root Mean Square 0 (RMS) Value A 2 A RMS 2 3.5 3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 t 16 Tim e A = peak amplitude value 7 4/6/2017 Measuring Waveform Amplitudes An oscilloscope can measure A DVM can measure and all waveform amplitudes display RMS values and frequency Use an oscilloscope to verify DVM frequency limits waveform generator outputs Use “True RMS” for non-sinusoids Producing Electronic Waveforms An instrument called a function generator produces all the waveforms covered in this presentation Front Panel Instrument Back 8 4/6/2017 End Lesson 16 EET 150 Coming Next: MORE WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTICS 9 .
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