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Enhancing Psyttalia Concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Olive Groves to Increase Biological Control of the Olive Fruit Fly

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Enhancing Psyttalia Concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Olive Groves to Increase Biological Control of the Olive Fruit Fly ESCUELA SUPERIOR Y TÉCNICA DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA INGENIERÍA DE BIOSISTEMAS Enhancing Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in olive groves to increase biological control of the olive fruit fly _____________________________________ Presented by: Lara Alina de Almeida Pinheiro Directors: Sónia Alexandra Paiva dos Santos María del Pilar Medina Vélez José Alberto Cardoso Pereira _________________________________ León, 2019 ESCUELA SUPERIOR Y TÉCNICA DE INGENIERÍA AGRARIA INGENIERÍA DE BIOSISTEMAS Incrementar la presencia de Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) en los olivares para mejorar el control biológico de la mosca del olivo _____________________________________ PhD candidate: Lara Alina de Almeida Pinheiro Supervisors: Sónia Alexandra Paiva dos Santos María del Pilar Medina Vélez José Alberto Cardoso Pereira _________________________________ León, 2019 I dedicate my PhD thesis to the people who supported me daily and believed in my work. The work developed within this PhD thesis is an integral part of the project, “Olive crop protection in sustainable production under global climatic changes: linking ecological infrastructures to ecosystem functions” (EXCL/AGR-PRO/0591/2012), financed by FEDER funds through the Competitiveness Factors Operational Program - COMPETE and by National Funds through the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT). L. Pinheiro thanks FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE for SFRH/BD/103998/2014 grant. The studies presented in this thesis were carried out in the Agrobiotechnology group of the Higher Agricultural School of the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (Portugal) in collaboration with Mountain Research Center and the laboratory of Crop Protection Unit, ETSIA - Technical University of Madrid (Spain). AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco mis alegrías. Agradezco profundamente a cada una de las personas que me hizo feliz. Agradezco por haber conocido gente increíble a lo largo de esta caminata hacia la obtención del título de Doctor, pero no solo las grandes ayudas importan. También los pequeños gestos, las palabras, los abrazos, los consejos, las desilusiones y lo que se ofrece sin nunca concretarse, fueron decisivos para mantenerme firme en esta etapa desafiante y muchas veces solitaria que es escribir una tesis doctoral. He tenido días dulces y días amargos, días de sol y días de tormenta. Hablé mucho, oí poco. Oí mucho, hablé poco. Escribí mucho, escribí poco. Aprendí, subí, bajé, tropecé, caí, volví a subir, persistí, resistí y no desistí… y así llegué al final de la tesis. Ahora solo me queda agradecer a todos lo que formaron parte de esta aventura. A la profesora Sónia Santos, mi orientadora de la tesis y mi madre en el mundo de la investigación, agradezco por la oportunidad de hacer investigación a lo largo de estos 9 años. Agradezco por la disponibilidad dispensada en todas las situaciones, por la transferencia de conocimientos y por sus sugerencias, que fueron muy valiosas para la realización de este y de los otros proyectos que hemos tenido. Muchas gracias por todo. A mi co-orientadora Pilar Medina, agradezco el modo en el que me apoyó en esta investigación: una orientación científica estimulante, de confianza y de crecimiento. La disponibilidad que siempre ha manifestado y la empatía con la que ha recibido mis ideas fue uno de los estímulos que me ha permitido vencer las inseguridades de este proceso. Muchas gracias. Al profesor José Alberto, agradezco la transmisión de sus sabios conocimientos en olivicultura, así como la búsqueda de financiación (por proyectos) que me ha permitido disponer del material necesario para la investigación. Agradezco a mis compañeros del laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología (CIMO, ESA-IPB, Braganza, Portugal), a los que están en estos momentos y a los que ya pasaron por allá, y a todo el personal del laboratorio de Protección de Cultivos (ETSIAAB-UPM, Madrid, España). De éstos, debo destacar algunos por el cariño que me han dedicado y a quienes siempre recordaré con buenos sentimientos: Rosalina, Fátima y Cristina, fueron las amigas que estuvieron a mi lado durante esta fase, por la compañía, la fuerza y el apoyo en ciertos momentos difíciles. Muchas Gracias. vi A Andrea (llena de garra, de energía positiva y de voluntad de cambiar el mundo), Agus (pasión, garra, entrega y determinación son una presencia en su vida), Mar (¡tan querida, tan dulce y tan talentosa!) y Celeste (llena de positividad y alegría, un verdadero espíritu libre), quiero agradecer por todo el cariño, amistad y apoyo, así como darles un aplauso de pie por su forma inspiradora de estar en la vida. A mi gran amiga Soraia, que a lo largo de más de 20 años, ha sido siempre una amiga muy leal, que estuvo siempre a mi lado cuando lo necesitaba, una persona en la que realmente puedo confiar. Por eso, solo puedo agradecerle su sincera amistad y retribuirle todo el cariño que me tiene. Sabes que eres una persona muy especial para mí, eres mi hermana del corazón. A mi Diogo (a quien amo con pasión) ¡Quiero agradecerte por todo! Gracias por resolver mis dudas de inglés. Gracias por los momentos en que lloré y tú cariñosamente me hiciste sonreír. Por los momentos en que perdí la paciencia, y tú viniste con palabras amenas y dulces para calmarme. Por los momentos en que mi corazón estaba en pedazos, y tú viniste lleno de amor. Por los momentos de alegría. Por los momentos en que, con mucha esperanza, pensamos juntos en nuestro futuro. A mi hermano y mis padres (¡las personas más lindas del universo!). A mi hermano, le agradezco por todos los momentos y por todas las alegrías que vivimos juntos, incluso por las peleas de la infancia [¡risas!]. Gracias por la presencia, por la palabra, por la sonrisa, por el apoyo o por el simple recuerdo, que me dieron coraje y determinación para trazar el camino hacia mis sueños. Te amo hermanito. A mis Padres, gracias por enseñarme a caminar y así poder seguir mis propios pasos hacia mis sueños. Gracias por la educación como ser humano, que hizo de mí la persona que hoy soy. Gracias por estar siempre a mi lado. Gracias por haberos entregado en cuerpo y alma a mí y a mi hermano, renunciando muchas veces a vuestros sueños, para que muchas veces pudiéramos realizar los nuestros. Estoy y estaré eternamente agradecida por todo lo que me habéis dedicado. Estoy muy orgullosa de ser vuestra hija y siento mucha admiración por los padres que tengo. Gracias por todo. ¡Os quiero mucho! vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Agradecimientos.....…………………………………………………………….. vi List of Figures (in English)…………………………………………………….. xvi List of Figures (in Spanish)…………………………………………...………… xviii List of Tables (in English)………………………………………………………. xx List of Tables (in Spanish)……………………………………………………… xxi Abstract (in English)……………………………………………………………. xxii Abstract (in Spanish)……...……………………………………………………. xxiv Extended Abstract (in Spanish) ………………………………………………... x xvi Photographs of the species studied in this thesis………………………………. li Chapter 1: General Introduction………………………………………………. 52 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………… 53 1.1.Dietary requirements………………………………………………. 54 1.1.1. Carbohydrates………………………………………………… 54 1.1.2. Amino acid …………………………………………………… 55 2. Impacts of climate change on crop-pest-parasitoid interaction: implications on biological control………………………........................... 55 3. References……………………………………………………………….. 58 Chapter 2: Objectives…………………………………………………………... 61 Chapter 3: Literature review…………………………………………………... 64 1. Abstract………………………………………………………………….. 65 2. Introduction……………………………………………………………… 65 3. Distribution of Psyttalia concolor……………………………………….. 67 4. Biology and life-history of Psyttalia concolor…………………………… 68 4.1.The life cycle of Psyttalia concolor…….…………………………… 68 4.2.Longevity of Psyttalia concolor adults………...……………………. 69 viii 4.3.Courtship and mating behavior………...……………………………. 70 4.4.Host-stage preference………...……………………………………... 70 4.5.Visual, olfactory and mechanical stimuli.……………………..…….. 72 4.6.Life-time fecundity…………………………….…………………..... 73 5. Ecology and habitat relationship…………………………………………. 74 5.1. Psyttalia concolor as a biological control agent of Bactrocera olea… 74 5.2. Thermal compatibility between Psyttalia concolor and Bactrocera oleae…………………………………………………………………. 75 5.3. Effect of pesticides on Psyttalia concolor…………………………… 76 6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 77 7. References……………………………………………………………….. 77 Chapter 4: Sugars and honeydew increase longevity and parasitism capacity of Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)…………………………….. 85 1. Abstract…………………………………………………………………... 86 2. Introduction……………………………………………………………… 86 3. Material and methods…………………………………………………….. 88 3.1. Insect rearing……………………………………………………….. 88 3.2. Food sources………………………………………………………... 89 3.3. Longevity and parasitism capacity of Psyttalia concolor fed on different sugars……………………………………………………… 89 3.3.1. Longevity……………………………………………………... 89 3.3.2. Parasitism capacity…………………………………….……… 90 3.4. Longevity of Psyttalia concolor fed on honeydew…………………. 91 3.5. Data analysis………………………………………………………... 91 3.5.1. Longevity……………………………………………………... 91 3.5.2. Parasitism capacity……………………………………………. 92 4. Results………………………………………………………………….... 92 4.1. Longevity and parasitism capacity of Psyttalia concolor fed on different sugars……………………………………………………… 92 4.1.1. Longevity……………………………………………………... 92 4.1.2. Parasitism capacity……………………………………………. 93 4.2. Longevity of Psyttalia concolor fed on honeydew…………………. 95 ix 5. Discussion………………………………………………………………... 97 6. References……………………………………………………………….
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