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Avocado Thrips: New Challenge for Growers UC Agriculture & Natural Resources California Agriculture Title Avocado thrips: New challenge for growers Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7jr022m7 Journal California Agriculture, 56(3) ISSN 0008-0845 Authors Hoddle, Mark S. Morse, Joseph G. Phillips, Phil A. et al. Publication Date 2002-05-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Jack Kelly Clark Avocado thrips, above (adult female), were first discovered in California in 1996. They have since become a major pest, with 80% of commercial orchards reportedly spraying to control them. On maturing fruit, left, avocado thrips cause elongate feeding scars. Avocado thrips: New challenge for growers Mark S. Hoddle ■ Joseph G. Morse ■ Phil A. Phillips ■ Ben A. Faber ■ Karen M. Jetter Avocado thrips arrived in vocado thrips is a new pest of tific name, Scirtothrips perseae California in 1996. Since then, we Amajor economic significance in (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)(Nakahara have made substantial progress California avocado orchards. This in- 1997). The recommended common in our understanding of this pest. sect was first discovered on avocados name is avocado thrips. Morphologi- We now know the area of origin of in June 1996, near Port Hueneme in cal comparisons have determined that the avocado thrips and have Southern California. Soon afterward, avocado thrips is more closely related compiled an inventory of other populations damaging fruit and foli- to Scirtothrips species in Central potential pest thrips species on age were discovered in Saticoy and America than to Scirtothrips species avocados in Mexico and Central Oxnard, Ventura County, and in or- (for example, citrus thrips, Scirtothrips America. Trials have helped us to chards in Irvine, Orange County. By citri) in North America. Furthermore, identify several selective July 1997, infestations of avocado in 1971, undescribed specimens of insecticides for use in treating thrips had spread north into San Luis Scirtothrips were found on smuggled avocado thrips in orchards. We Obispo County and south into San Di- avocados from Oaxaca, Mexico, at ego County. Heavily infested orchards the Port of San Diego. These speci- have also determined the in Ventura County experienced 50% to mens, morphologically very similar relationship between thrips 80% crop damage in 1997, and much to S. perseae, are considered to be the densities on leaves and fruit of the fruit was either unmarketable or same species. scarring, and are studying cultural was downgraded in packinghouses. Avocado thrips are small, slender, and biological control practices California is the only state in which yellow-colored insects that are about for use in an evolving integrated avocado thrips have been reported as one-sixteenth inch in length. Adults pest management (IPM) program. a major pest; they currently infest 95% are winged but are poor fliers, and fe- of the state’s 59,000 avocado acres. Ap- males lay eggs inside immature leaves proximately 80% of commercial or- and fruit about 1 to 2 inches long. chards require pesticide applications Thrips larvae and adults can build up to control this pest. to such high densities on young leaves Avocado thrips was previously an during the spring that subsequent undescribed species, and its country of feeding damage can cause premature origin was not known at the time of its leaf drop. The main source of eco- discovery in California. Taxonomic nomic loss attributable to avocado work by Dr. S. Nakahara with the U.S. thrips is scarring of immature fruit in Department of Agriculture/Agricul- late spring by larvae and adults. Scar- tural Research Service’s Systematics ring can be severe enough to render Laboratory produced the official scien- the entire fruit surface brown, and a CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE, MAY-JUNE 2002 103 Potential avocado pests and biological controls, identified in foreign exploration: Phytophagous thrips species: Caliothrips phaseoli Frankliniella bruneri F. brunnea, F. cephalica, F. chamulae, F. condei, F. cubensis, F. fallaciosa, F. gardeniae, F. gemina, F. gossypiana, F. occidentalis,F. parvula, F. rodeos, F. schultzei, F. williamsi Fig. 1. Locations of foreign exploration for avocado thrips (Scirtothrips Heliothrips Haemorroidalis perseae) in Mexico and Central America. Leucothrips furcatus Neohydatothrips burungae N. geminus, N. tibialis (P. americana var. americana) types California, N. burungae could also pose Pseudophilothrips perseae (Scora and Bergh 1990). We have ex- a threat to California avocado growers plored the areas of origin of these avo- if it became established. Scirtothrips aceri cado races for avocado thrips. S. citri, S. inermis, S. lumarius Progress toward IPM Selonothrips rubrocinctus Foreign exploration for avocado thrips and natural enemies was com- Densities, fruit size, economic Predator thrips (potential biological controls): pleted in Mexico (Atlixco, Coatepec- scarring. Young fruit are vulnerable Harinas, Oaxaca, Uruapan and the to avocado thrips feeding damage. As Franklinothrips orizabensis, Yucatan), Guatemala (around Guate- young foliage from the spring growth F. vespiformis mala City and Antigua), Costa Rica hardens during the time of fruit set Leptothrips mcconnelli (orchards around San José), the Carib- (late May and early June), adult female Scolothrips pallidus bean (Dominican Republic and avocado thrips move from the foliage Trinidad) and Brazil. We have re- to oviposit into young fruit. Feeding ceived considerable assistance from by the emerged larvae results in dam- characteristic “alligator skin” appear- Mexican and Central American col- age to the skin of developing fruit. ance results. Fruit that are entirely leagues who helped us locate back- Laboratory observation of field- scarred can continue to grow, and the yard and roadside plants, as well as collected fruit indicates that females flesh of the fruit is a healthy green. trees in abandoned and commercial lay eggs in fruit ranging from 0.16 to However, even partial fruit scarring orchards, to sample for avocado thrips 3.0 inches in length. The majority of results in downgrading in packing- and associated natural enemies. For- larvae (more than 95%) emerged from houses because of cosmetic damage. eign exploration efforts have located fruit ranging from 0.59 to 2.5 inches in avocado thrips only in Mexico and length, with the highest numbers Natural enemies Guatemala (fig. 1). The most common emerging from fruit 1.5 to 1.75 inches In order to identify host-specific natural enemies associated with avo- in length. Once fruit exceed 2 inches in natural enemies that are climatically cado thrips in Mexico and Central length, avocado thrips are found pri- preadapted to California and success- America are predatory thrips belong- marily on young leaves. fully establish biological control of this ing to the genera Franklinothrips and Field biology studies conducted pest, it is essential to determine the geo- Leptothrips. over 3 years, at three sites with differ- graphic distribution of avocado thrips in Foreign exploration allowed us to ent temperatures in Ventura and Santa its native habitat. Our host-plant sur- compile a list of other thrips (47 spe- Barbara counties, indicated that fruit veys in California indicate that avocado cies in 19 genera) that are not pres- are most susceptible to damage over a thrips feeds and reproduces only on ently established in California but 2-week growing period just after fruit avocados. We suspect that the natural that could become serious avocado set, when fruit are 0.2 to 0.6 inches in range of this pest is closely correlated pests if they arrive here (see box). length. These studies also indicated with the centers of origin of the host One species, Neohydatothrips that when approximately three to five plant. Three distinguishable ecological burungae, is as common as avocado thrips were consistently found per leaf races or subspecies of avocado (Perseae thrips on avocados in Mexico but is during fruit set, feeding caused 6% to americana) are recognized: (1) Mexican not known to be present in Califor- 15% economic scarring damage on (P. americana var. drymifolia), (2) Guate- nia. Given the common occurrence of fruit. Furthermore, young fruit 0.5 malan (P. americana var. guatemalensis) S. perseae in Mexico and Guatemala on inches long or less that were infested and (3) West Indian or Caribbean avocados and its pestiferous nature in with an average of 0.5 to 1.5 larvae per 104 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE, VOLUME 56, NUMBER 3 fruit in May and June resulted in 22% California has historically re- to 51% economic scarring. lied on biological control with In all years and sites, thrips were minimal use of pesticides. As generally more abundant on young avocado thrips became a seri- leaves than on fruit from early to mid- ous problem in California, June when fruit were setting. When our initial response was to leaves aged and hardened from late search for selective pesticides June through August, equal or higher (that is, those with minimal While individually quite small, avocado thrips can numbers of thrips were generally found impact on beneficial biologi- build up at such high densities on young leaves on fruit, although overall numbers of cal control agents) that might that premature leaf drop occurs. Larval and adult thrips declined during this period help alleviate the problem feeding damage is concentrated along the midrib with increasing summer temperatures until longer-term research and between veins on the leaf’s underside. (Yee at al. 2001). could identify nonchemical Our results suggest that thrips solutions for managing avocado Sabadilla was the first pesticide to numbers on leaves prior to or during thrips. Because avocado thrips is taxo- be made available for control of avo- fruit set can be used to predict scarring nomically related to citrus thrips (both cado thrips under a Special Local damage on fruit, and that the eco- are in the genus Scirtothrips), we bor- Needs (24C) permit in 1997 and was nomic injury level may be less than rowed heavily from past research fully registered in 1998.
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