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Informe Internet 2011 Índice INFORME INTERNET 2011 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN pag.03 EUROPA Bielorrusia pág.66 ÁFRICA Francia pág.70 Eritrea pág.10 Rusia pág.77 AMÉRICA Turkmenistán pág.82 Cuba pág.13 Turquía pág.85 Venezuela pág.17 Uzbequistán pág.90 ASIA Australia pág.21 MAGREB - ORIENTE MEDIO Birmania pág.23 Arabia Saudí pág.94 Corea del Norte pág.28 Bahreim pág.98 Corea del Sur pág.32 Egipto pág.103 China pág.35 Emiratos Árabes Unidos pág.108 Malasia pág.49 Irán pág.112 Sri Lanka pág.53 Libia pág.119 Tailandia pág.55 Siria pág.122 Vietnam pág.59 Túnez pág.129 Informe Internet 2011 pag. 02 INTRODUCCIÓN Nuevos medios: entre revolución y represión, a los disidentes, especialmente vía Facebo- llamados a manifestarse en la web se pro- la solidaridad en la Red frente a la censura ok y Twitter, e infiltrarse en sus redes. pagaron en otros países: Egipto, Libia, Ye- men, Bahrein, Omán, Siria, Irak, Marruecos, Primavera árabe: ¿apogeo de la Web? Los términos “revolución Twitter” y “revo- incluso en China y Vietnam, entre otros. lución Facebook” se pusieron de moda gra- El año 2010 vio la consagración de las re- cias a los acontecimientos que marcaron al Aumenta la potencia de Control 2.0 des sociales y del rol de la web como instru- mundo árabe a finales del año 2010 e inicios mento de movilización y de difusión de infor- del 2011. Los movimientos en la red se com- Se endurece la censura y la represión mación. 250 millones de usuarios se unieron binaron con las manifestaciones fuera de la a Facebook en 2010. Al final del año, la red red, precipitando la caída de los dictadores. La nueva estrategia de los regímenes au- social contaba con 600 millones de miem- Las revoluciones tunecina y egipcia revela- toritarios tiene que ver más con la manipu- bros. 175 millones de personas utilizaban ron ser, ante todo, revoluciones humanas, lación y la propaganda en la red que con el Twitter en septiembre de 2010, es decir, 100 impulsadas por Internet y las redes sociales. bloqueo puro y duro. Cierto, países como millones más respecto al año pasado. China, Arabia Saudí o Irán todavía efectúan Facebook y Twitter funcionaron como una un filtrado severo, dirigido sobre todo a si- Los medios de comunicación occidentales caja de resonancia, transmitiendo y ampli- tios de microblogging y a las redes sociales, elogiaron Internet y su papel “libertador” du- ficando las frustraciones y reivindicaciones que incluso tiende a acentuarse en periodos rante la revolución iraní de 2009. Según The de los manifestantes. También permitieron al de tensión, pero sus internautas continúan New York Times, los manifestantes “dispara- resto del mundo seguir en directo los acon- aprendiendo a evadir la censura. China re- ban tweets” frente a las balas. Sin embargo, tecimientos, pese a la censura. El papel de forzó la Gran Muralla electrónica y arremetió Twitter fue utilizado sobre todo por la diás- los teléfonos móviles fue crucial en este con- contra el anonimato de los internautas y de pora. La tesis de Evgeny Morozov, experto texto. Los periodistas alimentaron con imá- los usuarios de teléfonos móviles. Uzbekis- en Internet, desarrollada en su libro epóni- genes los sitios donde se comparten fotos, tán, Siria, Vietnam –sólo por citar algunos– mo The Net Delusion, pone en duda el papel videos, así como los sitios de streaming. aumentaron la censura para acallar el eco de Internet como herramienta de democra- de las revoluciones que agitaban al mundo tización. Es verdad que Internet es utiliza- Las autoridades tunecinas impusieron un árabe. da por los disidentes, pero también por las silencio mediático sobre los acontecimientos autoridades para difundir propaganda oficial de Sidi Bouzid. Los medios de comunica- Hoy en día, uno de cada tres internautas y reforzar la vigilancia y el control de la po- ción “tradicionales”, que no hablaban de los no tiene acceso libre a la red. Se resta im- blación. movimientos de protesta que comenzaban a portancia a la censura en Internet. Unos 60 sacudir el país, fueron remplazados, en su países practican la censura, ya sea a través Internet es, ante todo, un instrumento, em- rol de fuente y vector de la información, por del filtrado o del acoso a internautas. Otros pleado para lo mejor y para lo peor. En los las redes sociales y los sitios web informa- podrían unírseles en los próximos meses y países más divididos, crea un espacio de li- tivos, como Nawaat.org. Facebook sirvió de años. Por primera vez, Bangladesh bloqueó bertad que no existiría de otra manera. Su plataforma para que los internautas enviaran el acceso a sitios web por videos considera- potencial de difusión de información irrita a regularmente comentarios, fotos y videos. El dos ofensivos para el Profeta. Camboya los dictadores y vuelve ineficaces los méto- sitio de streaming, Bambuser.com, también censuró sitios informati- dos tradicionales de censura. Así, algunos conoció su momento de gloria. Todos podían vos. regímenes se dotan de recursos para vigilar seguir los acontecimientos en directo. Los Informe Internet 2011 pág. 3 Los arrestos de blogueros e internautas allegados y partidarios del defensor de los ciberataques también son un arma utilizada persisten, en 2010 se mantuvieron en el mis- derechos humanos y promotor de las liber- por los disidentes: en Irán, el “ciberejérci- mo nivel que el año precedente. Actualmen- tades. to verde” atacó sitios oficiales. El grupo de te, 119 internautas se encuentran en prisión; hacktivistas llamado Anonymous paralizó el en marzo de 2010 lo estaban 120. Si bien en En Irán, por primera vez, internautas en- sitio de la presidencia tunecina y del Parla- el año 2010 varios blogueros conocidos fue- carcelados fueron condenados a pena de mento, en enero de 2011, en el marco de la ron liberados - como Kareem Amer, en Egip- muerte. La pena de prisión más severa pro- “Operación: Túnez”. to, algunos días después de que finalizara nunciada contra un bloguero, impuesta a su pena, o Adnan Hadjizade y Emin Milli, en Hossein Derakhshan, conocido como padre Precisamente en 2010 los regímenes au- Azerbaiyán - las autoridades han encontrado de la blogosfera persa, ascendía a 19 años toritarios quisieron influir en la velocidad de nuevos métodos para limitar la libertad de y medio de cárcel. conexión a Internet en su país, volviendo acción de blogueros y ciberdisidentes. Las más lento el ancho de banda en periodos falsas liberaciones –como la del defensor de En la era del “Control 2.0” se utilizan di- de elecciones o de manifestaciones. La ve- la causa mongola, Hada, en China–, las des- versos métodos comprobados con el acuer- locidad de conexión se convirtió en el baró- apariciones forzadas, así como los arrestos do de las autoridades, para impedir que los metro de la situación política y social de un domiciliarios, se multiplican. disidentes reinen en la red y controlar mejor país. Irán se volvió un maestro en la mate- el mensaje. ria, utilizando ese procedimiento la víspera y Las prisiones más grandes para los net- el día de cada manifestación organizada por ciudadanos continúan siendo China (77 en- Refuerzo de la propaganda y de la manipulación la oposición. Los regímenes derrocados de carcelados), Vietnam (18) e Irán (9). En Viet- Ben Ali y de Mubarak también lo emplearon. nam, una nueva ola de detenciones precedió Primero, se generalizó el uso de ciberata- Con frecuencia estas perturbaciones están al Congreso del Partido Comunista, que tuvo ques tipo DoS (Denial of Service), así como acompañas de interferencia o del corte de lugar en enero de 2011. En febrero de 2011 la práctica de phishing, el robo de las con- las redes de telefonía móvil en las zonas el régimen chino emprendió arrestos relacio- traseñas de los usuarios para obtener infor- concernidas, como sucedió en la plaza Ta- nados con los llamados a manifestarse ins- mación confidencial. Uno de los episodios hrir, en El Cairo, por citar un ejemplo. pirados en las revoluciones árabes. Las au- más mediatizados fue sin duda el pirateo de toridades temen el riesgo del contagio. Por Google y de otras veinte empresas en Chi- Otra estrategia iraní, que también se em- primera vez en China, usuarios de Twitter na, a finales de 2009 e inicios de 2010. Viet- pleó en Bielorrusia durante las manifesta- fueron arrestados por sus publicaciones en nam también utiliza los ciberataques para ciones contra la reelección del presidente la red social. callar las voces disidentes; los sitios infor- Loukachenko: redireccionar los sitios de la mativos independientes ubicados en el ex- oposición o simplemente aquellos críticos, Uno de estos prisioneros es Liu Xiaobo, tranjero, y aquellos que trataron el tema del hacia sitios parecidos, pero cuyo contenido el único Premio Nobel de la Paz encarce- proyecto minero de explotación de bauxita, coincida más con la visión de las autorida- lado hoy en día. El anuncio de su premio, sufrieron las consecuencias en 2010. Birma- des. en diciembre de 2010, desencadenó una nia no sólo intentó paralizar varios medios respuesta de una violencia rara: censura de de comunicación independientes de la red, Por otra parte, todo gobierno que los sitios de microblogging, de toda alusión sino que también quiso responsabilizar por busca controlar la web a este reconocimiento, interpelaciones, ubi- la lentitud de la banda ancha a hackers que crea una ci- cación en residencia vigilada de cientos de actuaban contra los intereses del país. Los Informe Internet 2011 pág. 4 berpolicía a la altura de sus ambiciones, que manifestantes, así como su inventiva, a fin Nuevos medios y medios tradicionales: ¿ha- sigue de cerca, especialmente en las redes de encontrar los medios para hacer circular cia la simbiosis? sociales, las actividades de los disidentes.
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