. Biomolecules are organic molecules produced by living organisms which consists mainly of the following elements:

. These elements are non-metals which combine in various ways to form biomolecules through a covalent type of bonding. . A wide range of biomolecules exist, including large molecules known as macromolecules and small molecules known as micromolecules. . Biomolecules are categorized into four classes. They are polymers of repeating units of smaller molecules called monomers. Through a covalent type of Biomolecule Element Content Example Building Block bonding, these monomers Carbon, Hydrogen, create various forms of each Oxygen organic molecule. Carbon, Hydrogen, Protein polypeptide amino acid Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur Carbon, Hydrogen, glycerol and fatty Lipid triglyceride Oxygen acid Carbon, Hydrogen, Nucleic Acid Oxygen, Nitrogen, DNA/RNA nucleotide Phosphorous Physiological functions

rely on

energy

can be provided by

Carbohydrates Lipids

are classified as are classified as composed of Triglycerides (fats & oils) Carbon Phospolipids Hydrogen Steroids (Cholesterol) Oxygen Waxes

. The most abundant class of biomolecules . A chief source of energy of almost all living organisms . Originated from the French word hydrate de carbone, which means “hydrates of carbon” . Sometimes called saccharides, from the Greek word sakcharon, meaning “” . The suffix –ose is used to denote the name of a saccharide . Food that are high in include:

FRUITS SWEETS RICE BREAD AND PASTA BEANS AND POTATOES CEREAL . Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen . They have an C:H:O ratio of 1:2:1 based on their general formula Cn(H2O)n . Carbohydrates include , , , and many other compounds in organisms . They are either formed from or decomposed into other carbohydrate forms through the physiological processes in plants and animals

. Example: THROUGH THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS  CO2 and H2O to form the sugar, . . Primary functions of carbohydrates in living organisms:

. Substrate for respiration . Source of energy . Intermediate substances in respiration () . Energy storage ( and ) . Structure ( in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal walls) . Transport ( transported in the phloem of a plant) . Recognition of molecules that pass through the cell membrane CHAIN FORM RING FORM

GLUCOSE MONOSACCHARIDES . Simplest carbohydrates . Most basic unit of a carbohydrate . Also know as simple sugars . Only sugars that can be absorbed and utilized by the body . At room temperature: crystalline white solids . All carbon atoms have –OH groups in their molecular structure except one which has an aldehyde (-CHO) or ketone (-CO) group . Polar and very soluble in water Name of Derivation of Name Source Ring monosaccha Formula ride

Glucose Greek word “Gleukos” – Grape sugar, blood sweet wine sugar, dextrose

Galactose Greek word “Galact” – Component of milk in milk

Fructose Latin word “Fructus” – Fruits, honey, fruit sweetest sugar

(also known as levulose) . – if it contains an aldehyde group (-CHO) . – if it contains a ketone group (-CO)

. NUMBER OF CARBON ATOM (Ex. C3 – ; C4-; C5-; C6-; C7- ; C8-; C9-nonose) . Simplest monosaccharides: triose &

ISOMERS DISACCHARIDES . Made up of two monosaccharide units . Joined by a (type of covalent bond that links a carbohydrate unit to another)

. Has a molecular formula of C12H22O11 . Cannot be directly utilized by the body unless broken down into monosaccharides

+ H2O

Condensation & hydrolysis of SUCROSE SUCRALOSE is an artificial sweetener made from sugar but contains NO CALORIES.

. Derived from Cane sugar (sucrose) . Three hydroxyl groups are replaced with CHLORINE atoms. . Chemically inert and is NOT broken down to its component monosaccharides, glucose & . . NOT METABOLIZED; it yields NO CALORIES and passes through and out of the body unchanged. Name of Derivation of Source Ring Name Formula

SUCROSE French word Table sugar, (glucose + “Sucre” - sugar cane sugar, fructose) beet sugar

LACTOSE Latin word milk (glucose + “Lact” - milk )

MALTOSE Old Germinating (glucose + English“mealt” grains; glucose) - malt Used in making BEER POLYSACCHARIDES . Composed of a long chain of monosaccharide units (10 or more) . Also called POLYMERS (“poly”- many; “mers” – monomers) . High molecular mass . Glucose is the repeating monomer unit . Only differ in the number of glucose units, the extent of branching & the position of the glycosidic bonds . Two types: 1) Homopolysaccharides (formed by the same type of monosaccharides) Ex. Starch, glycogen, cellulose 2) Heteropolysaccharides (formed by different type of monosaccharides) Ex. glycosamines, peptidoglycans Name of Source Ring Polysaccharide Formula • Stored form of STARCH glucose in PLANTS (Dutch word: • Cereals (wheat; rice) “Sterken”) • Tubers (Potatoes)

• Rigid cell walss in CELLULOSE plants (French word “cellule” – small cell)

• Stored in the form of GLYCOGEN glucose in ANIMALS (no word origin) & HUMANS (liver & muscles) . GLYCOSIDIC BONDS (STARCH & CELLULOSE) . GLYCOSIDIC BONDS (GLYCOGEN) . Thousands of glucose  cellulose molecule (which constitutes the structural framework of plants) . Glucose may fuse = STARCH (seeds and serve as food for a growing plant) . Animals and humans  eat cellulose or starch  broken down to glucose units  carried by the blood to the liver  recombined to form glycogen (animal starch)  stored . If the body needs energy  glycogen is broken down to glucose then transferred to the tissues were it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. . Some of the glucose  fats . Some react with nitrogen-containing compounds  amino acids (which in turn are combined to manufacture proteins) TEST FOR REDUCING SUGARS Iodine-potassium iodide test . Benedict’s solution Precipitation . used to detect the presence of . Fehling’s solution and STARCH (blue-black color) . Tollen’s reagent change in color