Idealism in philosophy - briefly

Do my Math Homework

Idealism (Novolat.) - Philosophical term. It is necessary to distinguish, first of all, practical and theoretical idealism. Practical or ethical idealism denotes a distinctive direction and flavor all the mental life and human activity led by ideals. The idealist applies his ideals to reality, he asks not about what things are, but about what they should be. The existing rarely satisfies it, he strives for the better, more beautiful world that answers his concept of perfection, and in which he already lives mentally. It does not have a dreamy idealism (idealism in the worst sense), which represents a fantastic ideal world, without asking whether it is within the limits of the possibility, whether it is consistent with the nature of things and man. Such idealism leads to a pessimism and inaccurative glazes, or to the death of an individual in the fight against reality.

Theoretical idealism can be or cognitive or metaphysical. The first is to approve that our knowledge is never affected directly with the things themselves, but only with our ideas. He was justified by Descartes, who made the question of his philosophy, whether we had the right to assume that our ideas correspond to items, and at the same time preliminary doubts about the reality of these latter (skeptical idealism). Spinoza and Leibeny systems also belong to idealistic, but they have no doubt about the transitional level, since on the basis of the truthfulness of God, as a culprit of our ideas, to the teachings of the Descartes, or "pre-installed harmony", which leibyans admits, we have the right to assume real External things with the relevant views. However, under the influence of Locke, Berkeley and Yum went even further: the first recognized only the reality of God (as a culprit of our ideas) and other spirits, but challenged the reality of external things, and the latter is in general any real being out of ideas (subjective idealism). Finally, Kant tried to build an average path with his critical or transcendental idealism, since although he argued that the space and time is only forms of our sensuality, and things are only phenomena that are due to these forms and cannot be presented in addition to a sense subject, but At the same time, he recognized the undoubted empirical reality of "things in itself", outside the individual person, which herself represents only the phenomenon in the transcendental sense. It remains doubtful if it corresponds to in general the phenomena (empirical objects) of things in themselves (transcendental objects), inaccessible to our knowledge, or the concept of the latter is devoid of meaning in general. Cognitive idealism is confirmed by the newest physiology and psychology, which is taught that the presentation of the spatial external world arises in the shower and that subjective factors play a significant role.

Metaphysical (objective) idealism teaches that truly visiting lies not in a dead substance and blind natural forces, but in spiritual principles ("ideas"): real nature - only the form in which the perfect spiritual content is inhibits, just as an artistic work - Only a means for the implementation of an artistic idea. Metaphysical idealism gives, therefore, the advantage of the ideal in front of sensually real, the causal explanation is subordinated to the teleological, and the study of private substances and forces recognizes the lowest stage of the knowledge of nature, completed only by penetration into the general "plan" and "purpose" of creation. This doctrine was justified in antiquity by Plato and developed further by Neoplatonians. In a new time, Kant restored him again, and then Fichte, Shelling and Hegel created brilliant idealistic systems, turning the theoretical idealism of Kant to metaphysical. If Kant argued that the external things essentially the phenomena for the subject, the Fichte taught that they are entirely determined by way I understood the global process as the gradual implementation of moral ideas. Schelling has expanded this concept I am in the concept of universal creative activity, through which I receive a reality and all single creatures that forms nature and spiritual life, depending on that, she is aware or is not aware of himself (objective idealism). Finally, Hegel moved to absolute idealism, saying: "Thinking, concept, idea or rather, the process, the immanent origin of the concept is the unity of existence and true. Nature is the same idea in the form of inhibition. " But these major thinkers could not eliminate the difficulties associated with the question of the attitude of the ideal to real, causality to teleology and their system later cherished the realistic natural science worldview. At the end of the XIX century, Edward von Hartman tried in his "unconscious philosophy" to update metaphysical idealism and reconcile him with realism.

See also Articles Materialism in philosophy - briefly, dualism in philosophy - briefly.