1914 Touchstone of the Watchtower

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

1914 Touchstone of the Watchtower © Max Hatton 1965 MAX HATTON’S PERSONAL TESTIMONY The story begins fifty years ago when I was the Shire Clerk in the lovely town of Denmark, Western Australia. It was necessary that the Council appoint an Assistant Shire Clerk. A young man by the name of Ray1 was appointed and he and his wife Ivy2 and my wife Merle and I soon became close friends. One evening they were at our home for the evening meal and in our conversation I mentioned that in a couple of weeks we were going over to Collie where our son Rodney would be christened in the Methodist Church. It would be a sort of dual christening for a daughter of my sister Joyce and her husband John would also be christened. Ray asked us why we were having Rodney Christened? This stunned us quite a bit so we simply responded along the lines that this is the thing to do. It seemed to us that this is what everyone did in those days. I was then asked did I have a Bible for Ray would like to show us that there is nothing in the Bible requiring the christening or baptizing of infants. People are encouraged there to make their own decision when they arrive at an age where they are sufficiently mature to make such an important decision. We were far from being religious people but eventually found a Bible in an old tin trunk. We were shown that Jesus was about thirty years of age before He was baptised. We were also shown sufficient other items to convince us that baptism of infants was a tradition not based upon the Word of God. We decided that we would not go ahead with the intended christening and this caused quite a disturbance in my family. The insight we had received concerning baptism caused us to agree to study other matters with Ray and Ivy who revealed to us that they had about a year before become Jehovah’s Witnesses. We were shown the sections of Scripture that reveal that Jesus is to return to this Earth in the near future. We discovered that the Immortal Soul and Hellfire concepts were also without foundation in the Bible but had come into the early Christian Church from Paganism. We had never heard of such things before and it seemed to us that other things Jehovah’s Witnesses stand for were also in harmony with Scripture (we always had our doubts about their stand on Blood-transfusion). Eventually, we accepted the Watch Tower teachings hook, line, and sinker so we decided to become baptised ourselves. We were baptised at a Convention in Bunbury, West Australia on November 14, 1959. An appeal was made by the Head of the Watch Tower Society in Australia for many Jehovah’s Witnesses in Western Australia to move to places shown on a map in the Eastern States for the purpose of serving where the need was great. Merle and I and Ray and Ivy all decided that we should go. We had become very dedicated to the cause and because we had three children chose to move to Melbourne rather than to a country town because of the greater prospect of gaining suitable work in the city. Regulations required that I give a month’s notice of my resignation from the Council and during that time we sold our furniture and most other possessions. Not long before we left I met a very earnest Seventh-day Adventist named Geoff Rogerson. He gave me a quite small paper “An Appeal to Jehovah’s Witnesses” written by Pastor Arthur Patrick, also a Seventh-day Adventist. I explained to Geoff that I was far too busy just then to study the paper, but I promised to write to him about it after settling in Melbourne. The paper challenged the Watch Tower teaching on their chronology leading to the year A.D. 1914, the vital year in Watch Tower history. Shortly after arriving in Melbourne I wrote to Geoff re the paper. This began a protracted study of the subject on the part of both of us for we really didn’t know very much on the 1 This is not his real name. 2 This is not her real name. i Max Hatton’s Personal Testimony subject at that time. Geoff turned out to be a very intelligent and capable Bible student and quite voluminous correspondence was sent back and forth and this went on for a couple of years until Geoff became convinced that what he had provided me should have been sufficient. However, he could not read my mind. I had staunchly defended the Watch Tower position but by now I was becoming quite concerned. However, I was nowhere near ready to capitulate, I needed to do more study yet. Geoff refused to continue the discussion. For my part I continued studying and wrote to several Scholars who were competent to be of help on matters related to their field of speciality. I found that there were several Scholars in the Seventh-day Adventist Church who were leaders in the field of Biblical chronology, both Siegfried Horn and Edwin R. Thiele offered helpful information. I also wrote to the Watch Tower headquarters in Brooklyn, New York, on several occasions but received no help whatsoever. On one occasion I was informed that they were too busy to spend the time that would be necessary to study for answers to my questions. This response obviously shocked me for I had been convinced that they were the real experts and were completely conversant with the subject of chronology. On another occasion they just counselled me to give less attention to chronology and rely on the signs they said confirmed their 1914 date. My confidence in the Watch Tower Society being God’s Channel of Communication was greatly shaken to say the least. Some of my friends and associates tried to assure me that if the Society didn’t have the answers to my questions now, they would one day be revealed in Jehovah’s due time. It was evident to me that if you accept this delusive reasoning, which was fostered by the Society, it could never be wrong - Jehovah will sort it out for you one day. In those days I was interested in the Australian Institute of Archaeology, their headquarters was situated in Collins Street, Melbourne. I learned of the Annual Lecture Series for 1964 and was tempted to attend. It is quite out of order for a Jehovah’s Witness to attend such meetings and particularly for me, because the meetings were on Tuesday evenings and I was conducting a book study for the local Congregation on those evenings, I managed to stay away, well, at least until the night of the final lecture when I felt compelled to attend. As I look back now I am quite sure it was providential that I should be at the meeting for the lecturer highlighted chronological information for the Neo-Babylonian Empire supplied on a Stele by the Lady Adda-guppi the mother of Nabonidus, the last King of Babylon. This Stele provides the names of the Kings of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and provides the length of reign for each king. This evidence corresponds exactly with all of the various other items that construct a chronology for the period. The evidence is so inextricably woven together that it cannot possibly be in error. I was absolutely amazed and now deeply impressed with the fact that I had been misled, and deliberately so, by the Watch Tower Society. I had accepted that the Watch Tower was God’s Channel of Truth and had supported its claim that there had to be seventy complete years of desolation of the land of Judah, that it had to be completely empty for seventy years of both man and beast. The evidence they provide had become much more than shaky according to my investigations and this last piece of contrary evidence was just too much for me. It was the last straw, so to speak, and I wended my way home that evening now completely convinced that I had been following a false prophet rather than God’s Channel of truth. A false prophet that deliberately kept its mind controlled adherents in darkness by deliberately denying evidence and lying to them. I prepared a letter of resignation from Jehovah’s Witnesses on August 16, 1964 and delivered it to the local Congregational leader. From then on we were completely ostracised by the Jehovah’s Witnesses, they didn’t want to speak to us or have anything to do with us. The bottom had dropped out of our world so we decided to return home to Western Australia. We concluded that we had been wrong, it was not God who was wrong nor the Bible. We would start again and find out without any ii Max Hatton’s Personal Testimony mind control from the Watch Tower people or from anyone else what God really wants us to believe and to do. A little later, after being re-established in Western Australia I decided to put all my findings about JW chronology and their 1914 down on paper and send it to my former friends in Melbourne. Many of them must have been puzzled why we left the Watch Tower. Some, we thought, may not even have known that we had left. Shortly after I distributed my paper, “1914, THE TOUCHSTONE OF THE WATCHTOWER” one of the senior Jehovah’s Witnesses was sent from Sydney to interview me and ask me to attend a meeting of the local Congregation in order to consider my actions.
Recommended publications
  • THE ROMANCE of BIBLE CHRONOLOGY Rev
    THE ROMANCE OF BIBLE CHRONOLOGY Rev. Martin Anstey, BA, MA An Exposition of the Meaning, and a Demonstration of the Truth, of Every Chronological Statement Contained in the Hebrew Text of the Old Testament Marshall Brothers, Ltd., London, Edinburgh and New York 1913. DEDICATION To my dear Friend Rev. G. Campbell Morgan, D.D. to whose inspiring Lectures on “The Divine Library in Human History” I trace the inception of these pages, and whose intimate knowledge and unrivalled exposition of the Written Word makes audible in human ears the Living Voice of the Living God, I dedicate this book. The Author October 3rd, 1913 FOREWORD BY REV. G. CAMPBELL MORGAN, D. D. It is with pleasure, and yet with reluctance, that I have consented to preface this book with any words of mine. The reluctance is due to the fact that the work is so lucidly done, that any setting forth of the method or purpose by way of introduction would be a work of supererogation. The pleasure results from the fact that the book is the outcome of our survey of the Historic move- ment in the redeeming activity of God as seen in the Old Testament, in the Westminster Bible School. While I was giving lectures on that subject, it was my good fortune to have the co—operation of Mr. Mar- tin Anstey, in a series of lectures on these dates. My work was that of sweeping over large areas, and largely ignoring dates. He gave his attention to these, and the result is the present volume, which is in- valuable to the Bible Teacher, on account of its completeness and detailed accuracy.
    [Show full text]
  • POSTMODERN OR PROPOSITIONAL? Robert L
    TMSJ 18/1 (Spring 2007) 3-21 THE NATURE OF TRUTH: POSTMODERN OR PROPOSITIONAL? Robert L. Thomas Professor of New Testament Ernest R. Sandeen laid a foundation for a contemporary concept of truth that was unique among evangelicals with a high view of Scripture. He proposed that the concept of inerrancy based on a literal method of interpretation was late in coming during the Christian era, having its beginning among the Princeton theologians of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He ruled out their doctrines related to inspiration because they were based on rational thinking which he taught was absent from earlier Christian thought. Subsequent evaluations of Sandeen’s work have disproved his assumption that those doctrines were absent from Christianity prior to the Princeton era. Yet well-known Christian writers have since built on Sandeen’s foundation that excludes rationality and precision from an interpretation of Scripture. The Sandeenists criticize the Princetonians for overreacting in their response to modernism, for their use of literal principles of interpretation, for defining propositional truth derived from the Bible, and for excluding the Holy Spirit’s help in interpretation. All such criticisms have proven to be without foundation. The Princetonians were not without fault, but their utilization of common sense in biblical interpretation was their strong virtue. Unfortunately, even the Journal of the inerrantist Evangelical Theological Society has promoted some of the same errors as Sandeen. The divine element in inspiration is a guarantee of the rationality and precision of Scripture, because God, the ultimate author of Scripture, is quite rational and precise, as proven by Scripture itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
    Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 8 Summer 2016 Numbers 1-2
    TENNESSEE ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 8 Summer 2016 Numbers 1-2 EDITORIAL COORDINATORS Michael C. Moore Tennessee Division of Archaeology TENNESSEE ARCHAEOLOGY Kevin E. Smith Middle Tennessee State University VOLUME 8 Summer 2016 NUMBERS 1-2 EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1 EDITORS CORNER Paul Avery Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. 4 The Old Man and the Pleistocene: John Broster and Paleoindian Period Archaeology in the Mid-South – Jared Barrett Introduction to the Special Volume TRC Inc. D. SHANE MILLER AND JESSE W. TUNE Sierra Bow 8 A Retrospective Peek at the Career of John Bertram University of Tennessee Broster Andrew Brown MICHAEL C. MOORE, KEVIN E. SMITH, AARON DETER- University of North Texas WOLF, AND DAVID E. STUART Hannah Guidry 24 The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Record in TRC Inc. Tennessee: A Review of the Tennessee Fluted Point Survey Michaelyn Harle JESSE W. TUNE Tennessee Valley Authority 42 Quantifying Regional Variation in Terminal Phillip Hodge Pleistocene Assemblages from the Lower Tennessee Tennessee Department of Transportation River Valley Using Chert Sourcing RYAN M. PARISH AND ADAM FINN Shannon Hodge Middle Tennessee State University 59 A Preliminary Report on the Late Pleistocene and Sarah Levithol Early Holocene Archaeology of Rock Creek Mortar Tennessee Division of Archaeology Shelter, Upper Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee JAY FRANKLIN, MAUREEN HAYS, FRÉDÉRIC SURMELY, Ryan Parish ILARIA PATANIA, LUCINDA LANGSTON, AND TRAVIS BOW University of Memphis 78 Colonization after Clovis: Using the Ideal Free Tanya M. Peres Distribution to Interpret the Distribution of Late Florida State University Pleistocene and Early Holocene Archaeological Sites in the Duck River Valley, Tennessee Jesse Tune D. SHANE MILLER AND STEPHEN B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Messiah: the Time of His Kingdom Predicted
    THE MESSIAH: THE TIME OF HIS KINGDOM PREDICTED THE SEVENTY WEEKS OF DANIEL 9:24-27 EXPLAINED Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy. Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times. And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate. (Daniel 9:24-27) SUMMARY According to a prophecy in Daniel 9:24-27, given by the angel Gabriel in about 538 B.C., the Messianic kingdom would be established 69 weeks after a commandment is issued to restore and to build Jerusalem. In the Hebrew language the word for week (shabua), being derived from the word for seven (sheba), may consist of either days or years, depending on context.
    [Show full text]
  • 316 Chronology: Timeline of Biblical World History Biblestudying.Net
    Chronology 316: Timeline of Biblical World History biblestudying.net Brian K. McPherson and Scott McPherson Copyright 2012 Period Five: The Destruction of the Temple to the Decree of Daniel 9 (Part 2) Biblical Considerations which May Indicate that the Secular Chronologies Aren’t Fully Accurate Using the standard chronology of this period and identifying Artaxerxes’ decree to Ezra would have Daniel 9:25’s 69 weeks of years begin in the year 458-457 BC. The same historical chronology would place the destruction of the Temple by the Babylonians in the year 586 BC. This means that, according to conventional chronologies, there was a total of 128 years between the desolation of Jerusalem and the Temple (in 586 BC) and the decree given to Ezra to restore and rebuild Jerusalem and its walls (in 458-457 BC.) However, earlier in our study we also learned that there may be some reason to conclude that prophet Ezekiel was noting the occurrence of a Jubilee year 14 years after destruction of the Temple (Ezekiel 40:1 and Leviticus 25.) Likewise, we learned that Daniel 9:25 indicates that the 69 weeks of years before the coming of the Messiah began with a grouping of 7 weeks of years. As Tim Warner has noted, Daniel 9:25’s grouping of 7 weeks of years may, in fact, refer to the jubilee cycle described in Leviticus 25. Yet, there is also a deliberate distinction between the first 7 Sabbatical cycles (49 years) and the remaining 62 Sabbatical cycles (434 years). Why? Scholars have struggled to explain this division.
    [Show full text]
  • Mistakes of Ptolemy, the Pagan Historian
    MISTAKES OF PTOLEMY, THE PAGAN HISTORIAN [A 1922 private letter from Brother Morton Edgar addressed to a sister in Christ as follows:] DEAR SISTER: I am real glad that my notes which I sent you have proved helpful. I found the thoughts helpful myself, and so believed I should pass them on. Is it not strange: that the Herald brethren should now be throwing doubt upon the correctness of the “times and seasons”? The Herald quotes Brother Russell as saying (at the beginning of 1914, or 7 months before the great war broke out) that if everything went on much as usual, and no time of trouble was in sight, that is, no trouble happened in 1914 at all, then we would require to look into the prophecies once more and see If we had made any error in our reckoning; for it might be that we had been looking for “the wrong thing at the right time”. Brother Russell never doubted the time. But these Herald brethren have proceeded to change the time, and not to change the thing which was expected to happen. They say that all our expectation regarding 1914 “utterly failed”. I wonder if the people in Russia, in Austria, in Germany, etc., etc., think that nothing happened in 1914. The Herald brethren are anxious to throw doubt on the chronology for some reason, and they make some strange changes in the “times” to suit their views. For instance, they say that there were no Jubilee years at all; that each 49 years was immediately followed by another 49 years; and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chronology of Ezra 7
    THE CHRONOLOGY OF EZRA 7 A REPORT OF THE HISTORICAL RESEARCH COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL CONFERENCE OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS 1953 Prepared for the Committee by SIEGFRIED H. HORN, Ph.D. Professor of Archeology Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary and LYNN H. WOOD, Ph.D. Sometime Professor of Archeology Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Review and Herald Publishing Association Washington, D.C. Preface SOME YEARS ago the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists set up a committee, later called the Historical Research Committee, to study certain problems of historical dating that relate to prophetic periods, and to engage in scientific research where it seemed necessary. One of the problems studied by the committee was the date for the seventh year of Artaxerxes. The evidence secured, as set forth in the following study, furnishes indisputable proof that the date accepted by the early pioneers of the Advent message was accurate from a scientific as well as from a Biblical viewpoint. Since the committee members were occupied with regular denominational responsibilities, the work was necessarily carried on intermittently, with intensive work done by a few from time to time. Special tribute should be paid to Lynn H. Wood, a charter member of the committee, who has done most of the basic research on the problems involved in this report. He has contributed very important principles and calculations, and has indicated the direction the research should take and the probable methods by which the solutions might be found. Grace E. Amadon, who passed away in 1945, contributed also to the early studies, especially in Jewish calendars.
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Ancient Biblical Timeline
    PREFACE When I decided to write this book, I found I had two things to consider. One was what the book would say; and the other was what motivated me to write it. A brief account of why I chose to write this book can help make the nature of the work more understandable. For this reason, I will tackle the second consideration first. Like most Christians, I grew up with bible stories. I came to believe in the truth of what the Bible said. As my education in science developed, I also came to believe in the truth of the scientific model of the universe and the development of the human species. However, I was troubled. There did not seem to be much physical evidence to show that the descriptive picture presented in the Bible actually matched the scientific model. For instance, Noah's flood is a well-known story, and pivotal event in biblical history; but the physical evidence is lacking. People have been looking for Noah's ark without success for over 200 years; and, there seems to be no evidence of flood debris in the Middle East around the time when the Bible says it should be, ~2300 BC. This is just one example of a lack of scientific evidence available to support the biblical account. After much study I discovered, what I believe, shows how both the scientific picture and the biblical picture are telling the same true story. Only the audience is different. I discovered that there really is physical evidence to support biblical events.
    [Show full text]
  • Antecedent Fluvial Systems on an Uplifted Continental Margin: Constraining Cretaceous to Present-Day Drainage Basin Development in Southern South Africa
    I Antecedent fluvial systems on an uplifted continental margin: constraining Cretaceous to present-day drainage basin development in southern South Africa Janet Cristine Richardson Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Earth and Environment May 2016 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own, except where work which has formed part of jointly-authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. Chapter 7: Richardson, J.C., Hodgson, D.M., Wilson, A., Carrivick J.L. and Lang, A. Testing the applicability of morphometric characterisation in discordant catchments to ancient landscapes: a case study from southern Africa. Geomorphology, 201, 162- 176. DOI - doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.02.026 Author contributions: Richardson, J.C – Main author. Responsible for data collection, collation and interpretation, and for writing the manuscript. Hodgson, D.M, Wilson, A., and Lang, A – Data discussion, and detailed manuscript review. Carrivick, J.L – Manuscript review. Submitted: 26th September 2015 Available online: 23rd February 2016 This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Janet C. Richardson to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of the Babylonians and Assyrians
    AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE BABYLONIANS AND ASSYRIANS BY EUGENE FAIR Kirksville, Missouri Journal Printing Company 1907 PREFACE. The writing of this pamphlet has been brought about wholly by the needs of the ^Titer's classes in Oriental History. So far as he knows, there is no outline of this subject which is suitable to his purposes. The usual w^orks are either too extensive or out-of-date. There is no attempt made at originality. The facts have been di'awn largely from such works as Goodspeed's History of the Babylonians and Assyrians, Rogers' History of Babylonia and Assjrria, Maspero's Life in Ancient Egypt and 4ssyria, Dawn of Civilization, Struggle of the Nations and Pass­ ing of the Empires; Perrot and Chipiez's History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria; Saj'ce's Babylonians and Assyrians: Clay's Light on the Old Testament from Babel. Special thanks are due to President John R. Kirk, Professor E. M. Violette and Mrs. Fair for consultation and encouragement in many ways. In the body of the text G. stands for Goodspeed's History of the Babylonians and Assyrians. CHAPTER I, NATURAL EXVIRONJIENTS .^ND THK PEOPLE. The dominating physical characteristic of Babylonia and Assyria was the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The most distant sources of these streams are between 38 and 40 de.ijrees North latitude, in the lofty Armenian table-lands which are some 7000 feet above the sea level, while their mouths leading into the Per­ sian gulf have a North latitude of about 31 degrees. After break­ ing through the southern border of these table-lands, the one on the eastern, the other on the western edge, both rivers flow south east, generally speaking, through a country whose northern bor­ der is about 800 miles from the Persian gulf.
    [Show full text]
  • Generic Viagra Online
    The Astronomical Dating of Ancient History Before 700 B.C. By John Brug [1981/1988.] [Author’s Note: This is a working draft. The endnotes need verification and additions. The evidence and arguments need further evaluation.] Introduction Beginning students of ancient history are easily impressed by the beautiful chronological charts which they find in the books which introduce them to ancient history. Each king or pharaoh stands in his place with the years of his reign neatly printed behind his name. However, students soon learn that it is not so neat and simple after all, and that these lists are not at all like a list of the presidents of the United States whose years in office are well established. They find that there is not one established chronology for the ancient Near East, but several competing chronologies to be considered. There are high, medium, and low chronologies for both Egypt and Mesopotamia. Furthermore, for the most ancient times these must be compared with three different radio-carbon chronologies which are based on different uncorrected and corrected half-lives for carbon 14. However, the divergence between all of these systems is relatively minor when we are speaking in terms of millennia. In itself the existence of high, middle, and low chronologies would seem to be an incentive to thorough scholarly research in order to resolve the debate, rather than a cause for grave misgivings about the basic framework of ancient chronology. The very debate about high, middle, and low chronologies implies that the basic framework is well established and that our main need today is to tie up a few loose ends.
    [Show full text]