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Base Referencial Mundial Del Recurso Suelo 2014: Sistema Internacional

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Base Referencial Mundial Del Recurso Suelo 2014: Sistema Internacional ISSN 1020-430X INFORMES SOBRE RECURSOS MUNDIALES DE SUELOS 106 Base referencial mundial del recurso suelo 2014 Sistema internacional de clasificación de suelos para la nomenclatura de suelos y la creación de leyendas de mapas de suelos Actualización 2015 Fotos de la cobertura (de la izquierda a la derecha): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (Foto: ©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Rusia (Foto: ©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (Foto: ©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (Foto: ©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – República Checa (Foto: ©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – México (Foto: ©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – Sudáfrica (Foto: ©Márta Fuchs) Los productos de información de la FAO pueden adquirirse mediante solicitud por correo electrónico a [email protected] Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Roma, Italia E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org INFORMES SOBRE RECURSOS Base referencial mundial MUNDIALES DE SUELOS del recurso suelo 2014 106 Sistema internacional de clasificación de suelos para la nomenclatura de suelos y la creación de leyendas de mapas de suelos Actualización 2015 ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA ALIMENTACIÓN Y LA AGRICULTURA Roma, 2016 Citación recomendada: IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015. Base referencial mundial del recurso suelo 2014, Actualización 2015. Sistema internacional de clasificación de suelos para la nomenclatura de suelos y la creación de leyendas de mapas de suelos. Informes sobre recursos mundiales de suelos 106. FAO, Roma. Las denominaciones empleadas en este producto informativo y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos que contiene no implican, por parte de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), juicio alguno sobre la condición jurídica o nivel de desarrollo de países, territorios, ciudades o zonas, o de sus autoridades, ni respecto de la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites. La mención de empresas o productos de fabricantes en particular, estén o no patentados, no implica que la FAO los apruebe o recomiende de preferencia a otros de naturaleza similar que no se mencionan. Las opiniones expresadas en este producto informativo son las de su(s) autor(es), y no reflejan necesariamente los puntos de vista o políticas de la FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-308369-5 © FAO, 2016 La FAO fomenta el uso, la reproducción y la difusión del material contenido en este producto informativo. Salvo que se indique lo contrario, se podrá copiar, imprimir y descargar el material con fines de estudio privado, investigación y docencia, o para su uso en productos o servicios no comerciales, siempre que se reconozca de forma adecuada a la FAO como la fuente y titular de los derechos de autor y que ello no implique en modo alguno que la FAO aprueba los puntos de vista, productos o servicios de los usuarios. Todas las solicitudes relativas a la traducción y los derechos de adaptación así como a la reventa y otros derechos de uso comercial deberán dirigirse a WWW.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request o a [email protected]. Los productos de información de la FAO están disponibles en el sitio Web de la Organización (WWW.fao.org/publications) y pueden adquirirse mediante solicitud por correo electrónico a [email protected]. iii Contenido Prólogo V Agradecimientos VI Prólogo para la edición en español VII Lista de acrónimos VIII Capítulo 1. Antecedentes y conceptos básicos 1 1.1 Historia 1 1.2 Los cambios mayores en la WRB 2014 2 1.3 El objeto clasificado en la WRB 3 1.4 Principios básicos 4 1.5 Arquitectura 9 1.6 Suelo superficial 10 1.7 Traducción a otros idiomas 10 Capítulo 2. Las reglas para la clasificación de suelos y la creación 12 de leyendas de mapas 2.1 Reglas generales 12 2.2 Reglas para la clasificación de suelos 13 2.3 Reglas para la creación de leyendas de mapas 14 2.4 Subcalificadores 17 2.5 Suelos enterrados 21 Capítulo 3. Horizontes, propiedades y materials de diagnóstico 23 Horizontes de diagnóstico 23 Propiedades de diagnóstico 65 Materiales de diagnóstico 81 Capítulo 4. Clave para los Grupos de Suelos de Referencia con listas de 90 calificadores principales y calificadores suplementarios iv Capítulo 5. Definiciones de los calificadores 122 Bibliografía 148 Anexo 1. Descripción, distribución, uso y manejo de los Grupos de Suelos 152 de Referencia Anexo 2. Resumen de los procedimientos analíticos para la caracterización 195 del suelo Anexo 3. Códigos recomendados para los Grupos de Suelos de Referencia, 201 calificadores y especificadores Anexo 4. Tamaño de partículas y clases texturales 205 v Prólogo La primera edición de la Base Referencial Mundial del Recurso Suelo (WRB) fue difundida en el 16° Congreso Mundial de la Ciencia del Suelo en Montpellier en 1998. Durante el mismo evento, fue aprobado y adoptado como sistema de correlación de suelos y comunicación internacional de la International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS). La segunda edición de la WRB fue avalada en el 18° Congreso Mundial en Filadelfia en 2006. Hoy, después de ocho años de una intensa etapa de prueba y recolección de datos al nivel mundial, se presenta la tercera edición de la WRB. Esta publicación refleja el valioso trabajo de los autores de los primeros diseños y ediciones de la WRB, así como las experiencias y contribuciones de muchos científicos de la ciencia del suelo que han participado en las labores del Grupo de Trabajo de IUSS sobre WRB. La WRB es un sistema de clasificación de suelos para denominar suelos y crear leyendas de mapas de suelos. Es de esperar que la presente publicación contribuya a la comprensión y entendimiento de la ciencia del suelo al público en general y a la comunidad científica. Esta publicación ha sido posible por los esfuerzos sostenidos de un gran grupo de expertos autores, así como por la cooperación y apoyo logístico de la Organización de Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y Alimentación (FAO) y de la IUSS. Peter Schad (Presidente) Cornie van Huyssteen (Vice-Presidente) Erika Michéli (Secretaria) IUSS Working Group WRB Ronald Vargas Land and Water Development Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) vi Agradecimientos Esta edición ha sido compilada bajo el liderazgo de Peter Schad (Technische Universität München, Freising, Alemania), Cornie van Huyssteen (University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Sudáfrica) y Erika Michéli (Szent István University, Gödöllö, Hungría). Las decisiones fundamentales han sido tomadas por miembros de la Comisión de WRB: Lucía Anjos (Brasil), Carlos Cruz Gaistardo (México), Seppe Deckers (Bélgica), Stefaan Dondeyne (Bélgica), Einar Eberhardt (Alemania), Maria Gerasimova (Rusia), Ben Harms (Australia), Arwyn Jones (Comisión Europea), Pavel Krasilnikov (Rusia), Thomas Reinsch (Estados Unidos de América), Ronald Vargas (FAO), y Ganlin Zhang (China). La edición de lenguaje (inglés) fue realizada por Ben Harms (Australia). La presente tercera edición ha recibido contribuciones de muchos científicos, entre ellos: David Badia Villas (España), Frank Berding (Países Bajos), Vanda Buivydaite (Lituania), Przemysław Charzyński (Polonia), Joe Chiaretti (Estados Unidos de América), Juan Comerma (Venezuela), Carmelo Dazzi (Italia), Mahmut Dingil (Turquía), Arnulfo Encina Rojas (Paraguay), Márta Fuchs (Hungría), Luise Giani (Alemania), Sergey Goryachkin (Rusia), Alfred Hartemink (Estados Unidos de América), Juan José Ibáñez Martí (España), Plamen Ivanov (Bulgaria), Jerôme Juilleret (Luxemburgo), Cezary Kabała (Polonia), Andrzej Kacprzak (Polonia), Arno Kanal (Estonia), Nikolay Khitrov (Rusia), Roger Langohr (Bélgica), Xavier Legrain (Bélgica), Andreas Lehmann (Alemania), Gerhard Milbert (Alemania), Brian Murphy (Australia), Otmar Nestroy (Austria), Åge Nyborg (Noruega), Tatiana Prokofieva (Rusia), Jaroslava Sobocká (Eslovaquia), Leigh Sullivan (Australia), Wenceslau Teixeira (Brasil), Łukasz Uzarowicz (Polonia). El Grupo de Trabajo está inmensamente agradecido a dos brillantes científicos del suelo que hicieron grandes contribuciones al desarrollo de la WRB y lamentablemente han fallecido: Rudi Dudal (Bélgica, 1926–2014), quien fue autor principal del Mapa de Suelos del Mundo, y Otto Spaargaren (Países Bajos, 1944-2015) quien fue durante mucho tiempo el científico líder del Grupo de Trabajo WRB. Por último, el Grupo de Trabajo desea expresar su gratitud a la FAO por el apoyo y por hacer posible la impresión y distribución de este documento. vii Prólogo para la edición en español La primera versión de la Base Referencial Mundial del Recurso Suelo (WRB por sus siglas en inglés) fue publicada en 1998, edición que luego fue traducida a 13 idiomas. La segunda edición se publicó en el 2006 y luego de intensa colección de datos y comprobaciones de campo se publicó la tercera edición en el 2014. Esta es la versión en español de esta última edición. La tercera edición de la WRB incorpora, en el nuevo capítulo 2, elementos que permiten generar nombres taxonómicos mucho más informativos que llevan a deducir con facilidad la génesis y funciones de los suelos. Por otro lado, esta nueva versión de la WRB facilita la elaboración de leyendas de mapas a varias escalas para uso multifinalitario. Los aportes científicos incorporados tienen significativa importancia debido a que facilitan la vinculación entre los sistemas de clasificación existentes, haciendo que esta edición de la WRB sea una herramienta de comunicación muy versátil para compilar bases de
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