DOCSLIB.ORG

The Evolving State-Of-The-Art in Technology Transfer Research

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Evolving State-Of-The-Art in Technology Transfer Research Research Policy 44 (2015) 34–49 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Research Policy jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/respol The evolving state-of-the-art in technology transfer research: ଝ Revisiting the contingent effectiveness model a,∗ b c Barry Bozeman , Heather Rimes , Jan Youtie a Center for Organizational Research and Design, Arizona State University, United States b Department of Public Administration and Policy, University of Georgia, United States c Enterprise Innovation Institute and School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The purpose of our study is to review and synthesize the rapidly evolving literature on technology transfer Received 2 December 2013 effectiveness. Our paper provides a lens into relatively recent work, focusing particularly on empirical Received in revised form 18 March 2014 studies of US technology transfer conducted within the last 15 years. In doing so, we update and extend Accepted 23 June 2014 the Contingent Effectiveness Model of Technology Transfer developed by Bozeman (2000). Specifically, Available online 28 July 2014 we include the growing interest in social and public value oriented technology transfer and, thus, the contingent effectiveness model is expanded to consider this literature. We categorize studies according Keywords: their approaches to measuring effectiveness, draw conclusions regarding the current state of technology Technology transfer transfer evaluation, and offer recommendations for future studies. Public policy Research © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Theory 1 1. Introduction technology transfer. Using the same structure facilitates com- parison of the pre- and post-2000 technology transfer literature. Technology transfer continues to be a popular topic among Further, we categorize studies according their approaches to mea- not only researchers, but also among managers and entrepreneurs suring effectiveness, draw conclusions regarding the current state trolling the academic literature and hoping for usable knowledge. of technology transfer evaluation, and offer recommendations for As is the case for so many popular research topics, especially those future studies. addressed by the researchers from numerous, diverse disciplines, Since Bozeman’s previous study, the broader technology the research findings and theory developments in technology transfer literature has been expanding rapidly in several major transfer evolve rapidly. Our paper provides a lens into relatively directions. First, there have been many studies of government recent work, focusing particularly on the last 15 years. laboratory and research centers, especially those located European In 2000, Bozeman published in this journal a comprehensive nations. During the period covered in Bozeman’s earlier review, state of the art review of domestic technology transfer literature. the majority of studies focused on US laboratories and research Our study updates and extends this review, with an emphasis, centers. A second trend is that the vast majority of the post-2000 although not an exclusive one, on the US technology transfer pol- technology transfer literature focuses on transfer from university icy and program context, and research about these policies, and settings or from multi-organizational research centers or consortia programs. In doing so, the paper employs a modestly revised (many of which are anchored by or housed entirely in universities). version of the Contingent Effectiveness Model of Technology Trans- A third trend is that non-linear technology transfer mechanisms fer used in the earlier paper. The model has by this time been have been put forth and analyzed to a greater extent. Bradley adapted or applied directly in scores of analyses or evaluations of et al. (2013) developed rich descriptions and sets of literature around these non-linear mechanisms. These authors highlight four such non-linear mechanisms: (1) reciprocal relationships among ଝ The research was supported by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Tech- nology under a under a subcontract from VNS Group, Inc. The opinions expressed in 1 this monograph are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of any The Contingent Effectiveness model has been used in application or as a concep- government agency, or Arizona State University, the University of Georgia, Georgia tual framework in a wide variety of articles, ranging from industrial ecology to higher Tech, or VNS Group, Inc. education innovations to transfer of vaccines (see for example Ramakrishnan, 2004; ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 4806866336. Albors et al., 2006; Albors-Garrigos et al., 2009; Mohammed et al., 2010; Kitagawa E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Bozeman). and Lightowler, 2013; Hendriks, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.06.008 0048-7333/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. B. Bozeman et al. / Research Policy 44 (2015) 34–49 35 university–industry- and government actors (Etzkowitz and transfer, how they are doing it, what is being transferred and to Leydesdorff, 2000); (2) “multiversity” approaches in which many whom. sub-units and programs of the university can interact with The term “contingent” is key in both the original and revised companies in diverse ways (Kerr, 2001); (3) open innovation model because of the assumption that technology transfer by (Chesbrough, 2003) in which the university can both acquire definition includes multiple parties and these parties generally and distribute unused intellectual property; and (4) open source have multiple goals and, ergo multiple effectiveness criteria. Effec- approaches (such as the Creative Commons) in which knowledge tiveness is considered in terms of multiple criteria including (1) transfer extends to collaborators through standards creation and out-the-door (was anything transferred?), (2) market impact, (3) tacit knowledge sharing and for which the technology transfer economic development, (4) political advantage, (5) development office can serve as a broker. of scientific and technical human capital, and (6) opportunity cost This current review of technology transfer evaluation stud- considerations. The revised model, shown in Fig. 2, adds an addi- ies focuses chiefly on empirical research, including qualitative tional effectiveness criterion: public value. research, and has a US orientation, albeit not an exclusive one. Our primary data source was articles pertaining to evaluation of 2.1. The addition of the public value criterion technology transfer programs or policies that appeared in scholarly journals concerning technology, policy and management such as The addition of the Public Value criterion arises from the recog- The Journal of Technology Transfer, Research Policy, Organization nition that transfer agents, particularly public sector transfer agents Science, Technovation, Research Evaluation, The Journal of Higher but others as well, are housed within agencies and organizations Education, Evaluation and Program Planning, Regional Studies, Tech- that are themselves in pursuit of broad public-interest goals. Thus, nological Forecasting and Social Change, Minerva, R&D Management, their endeavors are motivated, influenced, and directed by ever- and International Journal of Technology Management. We emphasize changing constellations of public values (Jørgensen & Bozeman, post-2000 literature in this paper except in those cases where 2007). For example, each federal laboratory operates within a an allusion to previous literature is necessary for clarifying our federal agency or department which in turn functions under the understanding of research trajectories. To this end, we have also auspices of a mission to further some aspect of the public inter- been guided by several technology transfer literature reviews (e.g. est. As a case in point, part of the mission of the U.S. Department Adomavicius et al., 2008; Agrawal, 2003; Tran and Kocaoglu, 2009; of Agriculture (USDA) is to “promote agriculture production sus- Protogerou et al., 2012; Bradley et al., 2013). tainability that better nourishes Americans while also helping feed Two criteria for exclusion of articles were applied to this search. others throughout the world; and to preserve and conserve our First, much of the technology transfer literature continues to focus Nation’s natural resources” (USDA, 2013). Consequently, one means on international relations and owner technologies, often focused by which to judge USDA technology transfer successful is if the on relationships between nations and sometimes groups of firms. transfer in some way furthers the agency’s mission. Indeed, many We do not examine the international technology transfer litera- federal agencies include narratives of technology transfer success ture, though we do consider cross-national transfers among peer stories in their annual reports, and often these success stories cen- 2 firms. Second, we also do not include the great many single case ter on social impacts of agency technology transfer activities. In study papers resident in the gray literature in this review, albeit we this way, evidence demonstrates tacit acceptance by practitioners acknowledge the importance of such gray literature in the field of that public value is an important criterion for evaluating technology assessing the effectiveness of technology transfer. Evaluations that transfer activity in some realms. appear in gray literature only are not always
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Technology Transfer: a Bibliometric Analysis Dimitrius Pablo Sabino Lima De Miranda;Armoni Da Cruz Santos;Suzana Leitão Russo
    Technology Transfer: A Bibliometric Analysis Dimitrius Pablo Sabino Lima de Miranda;Armoni Da Cruz Santos;Suzana Leitão Russo Abstract In a global context of highly competitive, new technologies have become an indispensable element for companies, the tool normally used to gain such advantage is the transfer of technology. In order to provide an overview of how this issue has been studied by the academic community, this article presents a bibliometric analysis of published studies on the technology transfer in the Scielo and ScienceDirect bases between the years 1973 to 2016. It was concluded the year with more publications on the subject in both bases was in 2013, the journal with the highest number of articles in the Scielo base was the Journal of Technology Management & Innovation with concept Qualis B2, while the Innovation magazine with concept A1 had more items on the base ScienceDirect. Keyword: technology; technology transfer; bibliometric analysis Published Date: 12/31/2017 Page.78-87 Vol 5 No 12 2017 Link: http://ijier.net/ijier/article/view/867 International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol:-5 No-12, 2017 Technology Transfer: A Bibliometric Analysis Dimitrius Pablo Sabino Lima de Miranda, Armoni Da Cruz Santos, Suzana Leitão Russo Postgraduate Program in Intellectual Property Science/ Federal University of Sergipe Abstract In a global context of highly competitive, new technologies have become an indispensable element for companies, the tool normally used to gain such advantage is the transfer of technology. In order to provide an overview of how this issue has been studied by the academic community, this article presents a bibliometric analysis of published studies on the technology transfer in the Scielo and ScienceDirect bases between the years 1973 to 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethnographic Research of the Digital Divide
    DIGITAL DIVIDE IN ISTRIA A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Igor Matic August 2006 The dissertation entitled DIGITAL DIVIDE IN ISTRIA by IGOR MATIC has been approved for the School of Telecommunications and the College of Communication by Karen E. Riggs Professor, School of Telecommunications Gregory J. Shepherd Dean, College of Communication ABSTRACT MATIC, IGOR, Ph. D., August 2006, Mass Communication DIGITAL DIVIDE IN ISTRIA (209 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Karen E. Riggs This dissertation covers the Digital Divide phenomena in the Istrian region. Istria is a Northern Adriatic peninsula that is administratively divided between three European countries: Croatia (which covers approximately 90% of the peninsula), Slovenia (app. 7%), and Italy (app. 3%). In this dissertation my goal was to articulate the most influential theoretical frameworks that are used to explain the Digital Divide today and I try to give an explanation of the issue through ethnographic procedures. The goals of this research include the examination of the current Digital Divide debate, extension of the theory toward the local understanding and perception of this global phenomenon. Additionally, I wanted to identify different interpretations of the Digital Divide in three countries within one region and compare the differences and similarities in new technology usage and perceptions. Also, I was interested to see how age - which is described as one of the major Digital Divide factors - influences the relationships between older and younger generations, specifically relationships between parents and children, instructors, students and co-workers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Models of International Technology Transfer in China
    The Changing Models of International Technology Transfer in China Zhou, Yuan (1); Xu, Guannan (2) 1: Tsinghua University, China, People's Republic of; 2: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, People's Republic ofChina ABSTRACT In recent years, there have been some changes in technology transfer and cooperation activities that are different from traditional unidirectional technology transfer paradigm. This paper aims to explore the changing models of international technology transfer in China. This research examines the transfer of technology in three aspects: scientific knowledge, explicit technology, and tacit technology. Based on the network methods, we adopt a framework that integrates quantitative bibliometrics and patent analysis methods, complemented by qualitative enquiries with domain experts. Specifically, the research selects two emerging industries as representative cases: wind turbine and dye-sensitized solar cell. We find that the technology transfer models have experienced significant changes when considering scientific knowledge flows and industrial technology cooperation – the technology transfer models are different between these two emerging industries. The newer technology transfer models of dye-sensitized solar cell signify the rising innovation capacity of Chinese institutions which allows them to play more central roles in global innovation network. Keywords: international technology transfer; patent; bibliometrics; China 1 The Changing Models of International Technology Transfer in China INTRODUCTION Many scholars within innovation literature have looked at international technology transfer for innovation diffusion from a nation state perspective (Freeman, 1986; Nelson, 1993). In this context, China has been a recipient of transferred technology from developed economies such as the US and the European Union (EU) countries (Lema et al., 2015) for at least three decades.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.1.7.3 Innovation and Technology Transfer
    4.1.7.3 Innovation and technology transfer The primary goal of these investments is to exploit public research activities in order to support firms with their innovation process. The budget allocation for ITT (Innovation and Technology Transfer) activities are quite substantial (estimated 367 MECU=14%). This does not include investments in CSF- funded TTI-infrastructure (Technology Transfer Centres, Technology Parks) to host and support new technology based firms (NTBF). Creation of co-operation and partnerships between the public and private sector through joint public-private research is a main mechanism for stimulation of innovation and technology transfer. A second type of ITT- measures is the provision of competent (public and private) support services to industry in the field of innovation and product and process development. Some good examples can be seen in the Netherlands and the New German Länder. In some of the countries support for innovation and technology transfer is well organised and seems to contribute to regional economic development. This regards specifically Finland, Ireland, UK and Sweden. In other countries the support is still developing (Spain), has gaps (Austria), is fragmented (Italy) or receives insufficient attention (Greece). In Austria, a technology centre (TCE) was funded, housing a number of small new technology based firms and providing support to them (incubator centre). In Belgium, several (5) measures are directed at innovation and technology transfer. The most successful measure to support innovation is a grant scheme (Rdplus). Two measures were directed at creating intermediate organisations to create joint public /private R&D projects. These projects seem to be successful, they resulted in more than 600 projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Technology Transfer
    Office of Research Awareness presents: Introduction to Technology Transfer Jennifer Crisp Director, Office of Technology Transfer January 27, 2021 Office of Research Office of Research, Syracuse University • Office of Technology Transfer (OTT) • Office of Sponsored Programs (OSP) • Office of Proposal Support Services (OPSS) • Office of Research Integrity and Protections (ORIP) • Syracuse Office of Undergraduate Research & Creative Engagement (SOURCE) Office of Research 2 Meet Office of Technology Transfer Team: Jennifer Crisp, J.D. Elizabeth “Beth” Jeffery Director Operations Specialist Not pictured: Outside Intellectual Property/Patent Counsel Point of contact for intellectual property (IP) matters including patents, software, copyrights, and data rights Syracuse University Office of Research 3 What We Do • Advise on IP-centric (patent, software, copyright, data) contract terms appearing in research grants, and IP policy. • Manage the segment of IP developed by university faculty that has commercial value & which is also owned by SU. • Execute contracts and agreements • Central unit • Liaison between the university and industry; and the university and government, as relates to IP Office of Research 4 Technology Transfer Supports Faculty, Post-Docs & Grad Students • Services are available across all schools and colleges, regardless of discipline/department • We wear many “hats” and are many things to many people • Our constituencies are internal and external (our focus today is on the internal….) • External constituencies include industry, government, and other universities in the US and abroad Office of Research 5 A Bridge From the Academy to the World “Syracuse is a top-tier international research university, where academic Technology transfer: moving inquiry spans and unites a full range of university knowledge and disciplines.
    [Show full text]
  • Information and Communication Technologies and the Global Digital Divide Technology Transfer, Development, and Least Developing Countries
    Information and Communication Technologies and the Global Digital Divide Technology Transfer, Development, and Least Developing Countries MITCHELL F. RICE ABSTRACT This article examines the global digital di- vide and discusses conditions and circumstances that have con- tributed to its creation. An important issue this article explores is whether there is a convergence, absolute convergence, divergence, or relative divergence in the application and diffusion of Informa- tion and Communication Technologies (ICTs) between developed countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and if so, which of these conditions will continue. A second issue addressed by this article involves the basic conditions required in a country to facil- itate technology transfer, application, and diffusion of ICTs. This article draws on several highly respectable data sources and an extensive body of literature to provide a fairly clear picture of how the ICT revolution is shaping up globally. For a number of reasons, mostly related to data availability, data timeliness, and data accura- cy, the article does not pretend to be a full assessment of the ICT global situation between countries. Comparative Technology Transfer and Society, volume 1, number 1 (April 2003):72–88 © 2003 by Colorado Institute for Technology Transfer and Implementation 72 Rice | I&C TECHNOLOGIES and the GLOBAL DIGITAL DIVIDE INTRODUCTION Many parts of the world are undergoing a digital revolution in the area of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) (Commission of the European Communities, 2001). A recent United Nations Report (2000, p. 3) notes, “the world is undergoing a revolution in information and com- munication technologies that has momentous implications for the current and future social and economic situation of all countries of the world” (emphasis added).
    [Show full text]
  • Technology Transfer Performance of USM Institutions
    APPENDIX 9 Technology Transfer Performance of USM Institutions Prepared by Maryland Technology Development Corporation (TEDCO) & University System of Maryland As required by the Joint Chairmen’s Report of the General Assembly 2006 Session January 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 USM INSTITUTIONS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 3 Metrics 3 Miscellaneus 17 Summary 17 Incubators and University-Affiliated Research Parks 18 Technology Incubators 18 University-Affiliated Research Parks 19 Future Directions 24 2 Introduction The Joint Chairmen’s Report (JCR) of the 2006 General Assembly session tasked the Maryland Technology Development Corporation (TEDCO) and the University System of Maryland (USM) with reporting on the technology transfer performance of USM institutions and university‐ affiliated research parks and incubators. This report provides a current snapshot of USM and affiliated research park performance in technology transfer. USM Institutions Technology Transfer Metrics Successful technology transfer is not dependent on any one factor but instead on the confluence of multiple factors inside and outside the academic institution. 1 In summarizing the activities of institutions that have achieved an amount of success in the technology transfer process, The Innovation Associates Technology Transfer and Communization Partnerships wrote, “Technology transfer and commercialization are as much an art as a science, and personal relations between technology transfer agents and faculty, corporate licensees and business and investment communities
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Knowledge-Based Society: the Legacy of Science and Technology Cooperation Between Pakistan and the United States,” Science & Diplomacy, Vol
    Franklin A. Carrero-Martínez et al., “Towards a Knowledge-Based Society: The Legacy of Science and Technology Cooperation Between Pakistan and the United States,” Science & Diplomacy, Vol. 6, No. 1 (March 2017).* http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2017/ towards-knowledge-based-society-legacy-science-and-technology-cooperation-between This copy is for non-commercial use only. More articles, perspectives, editorials, and letters can be found at www.sciencediplomacy.org. Science & Diplomacy is published by the Center for Science Diplomacy of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the world’s largest general scientific society. *The complete issue will be posted and available in hard copy in March 2017. Towards a Knowledge-Based Society: The Legacy of Science and Technology Cooperation Between Pakistan and the United States Franklin A. Carrero-Martínez, Katherine E. Himes, and Ali Douraghy ore than ten years ago, the governments of Pakistan and the United States Mlaid the foundation for bilateral cooperation in science, technology, and engineering (STE) and related education fields through the establishment of the Pakistan-U.S. Science and Technology (S&T) Cooperation Program. The program jointly awards grants directly to Pakistani and U.S. scientists and engineers engaged in partner research programs through their in-country affiliate research institutions. Pakistani researchers have an impressive record of scholarship, ranging from Mohammad Abdus Salam’s 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics to establishing an Antarctic research station in 1991. Despite these and other highlights, much of Pakistan’s potential to solve its development challenges remains underutilized, and the country continues to suffer from major technical gaps related to water, sanitation, energy, agriculture, response to natural disasters, and health, resulting in high poverty rates, poor health outcomes, and missed economic opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Science As Catalyst for Deeper Arctic Cooperation? Science Diplomacy & the Transformation of the Arctic Council
    Science as Catalyst for Deeper Arctic Cooperation? Science Diplomacy & the Transformation of the Arctic Council Clemens Binder As a variety of challenges emerge in the Arctic, the demand for scientific and technological solutions is increasing. Due to the complex nature of the given challenges, cooperation in the fields of science and technology could serve profitable in order to tackle these issues. The impact of cooperation in Science and Technology however exceeds the purely practical dimension; it rather opens opportunities for closer political cooperation as well as requiring diplomatic efforts in order to establish cooperative structures. This chapter assesses the current state and possible future trajectory of scientific and technological cooperation within the Arctic Council by applying the concept of science diplomacy and assesses if scientific cooperation can assist in ameliorating political cooperation by creating an epistemic community. Examples will comprise the development of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy into the Arctic Council as well as the legally binding agreements. Science and technology are among the fields where cooperation is most visible in the Arctic. A variety of initiatives within the Arctic Council (AC) such as the Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG), the Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR) or the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) represent sub-units within the AC that show at least the symbolic significance of scientific cooperation within the Council. The AC has introduced the Agreement on Enhanced International Arctic Scientific Cooperation1, a legally binding agreement, in order to strengthen scientific relations in the Arctic. This agreement will represent one of the major objectives of the United States’ AC chairmanship from 2015 to 2017 (State Department, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Science and Technology Issues in the 117Th Congress
    Science and Technology Issues in the 117th Congress May 5, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46787 SUMMARY R46787 Science and Technology Issues in the 117th May 5, 2021 Congress Frank Gottron, The federal government supports scientific and technological advancement directly by funding Coordinator and performing research and development, and indirectly by creating and maintaining policies Specialist in Science and that encourage private sector efforts. Additionally, the federal government regulates many Technology Policy aspects of S&T activities. This report briefly outlines a key set of science and technology policy th issues that may come before the 117 Congress. Brian E. Humphreys, Coordinator Many of these issues carry over from previous Congresses, and represent areas of continuing Analyst in Science and Member interest. Examples include policies on taxation, trade, intellectual property, Technology Policy commercialization of basic scientific research and other overarching issues that affect scientific and technological progress. Other issues may represent new or rapidly evolving areas affected by the threats of pandemic diseases, climate change, and malicious cyber activities, among others. Examples covered in this report include infectious disease modeling and forecasting, digital contact tracing and digital exposure notification, hydrogen pipelines, and expansion of emerging information and communications technologies such as 5G. These and other S&T-related issues that may come before the 117th Congress are grouped into 10 categories. Overarching S&T Policy Issues, Agriculture, Biotechnology and Biomedical Research and Development, Climate Change and Water, Defense, Energy, Homeland Security, Information Technology, Physical and Material Sciences, and Space. Each of these categories includes concise analysis of multiple policy issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Different Paths to Achieve High Technological Innovation In
    applied sciences Article Different Paths to Achieve High Technological Innovation in Clustered Firms: An Analysis of the y Spanish Ceramic Tile Industry Francesc Xavier Molina-Morales, Luis Martínez-Cháfer and David Valiente-Bordanova * Department of Business Administration and Marketing, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-618-584-403 This paper is an extended version of the working paper published in the XLIV International Conference of y Regional Science (ISBN: 978-84-09-05604-0), Valencia (Spain), 21–23 November 2018. Received: 17 July 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 6 September 2019 Abstract: This paper uncovers the different factors behind the high technological innovation performance of clustered firms. Moreover, we aim to investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions of factors to achieve innovative outcomes of clustered firms. This is done by analyzing the Spanish ceramic tile cluster and using a configurational comparative method, namely, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The results reveal the presence of equifinality, as there are diverse paths or combinations of factors that lead clustered firms to higher technological innovation performance. Additionally, early adoption of new technologies and a high absorptive capacity are included in most of the successful combinations of factors. Keywords: innovative performance; disruptive technological innovation; industrial clusters; technology adoption; absorptive capacity; fsQCA analysis 1. Introduction In recent decades, a growing amount of research has focused on innovation in territorial contexts like clusters and regions [1–3]. The intensive relationships in the local context, and the existence of different levels of resources at both systemic and individual firm levels [4], provide clustered firms with opportunities for innovation that may be difficult to benefit from in other different contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Sharing and Transfer in an Open Innovation Context: Mapping Scientific Evolution
    Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity Article Knowledge Sharing and Transfer in an Open Innovation Context: Mapping Scientific Evolution Izaskun Alvarez-Meaza 1,* , Naiara Pikatza-Gorrotxategi 1 and Rosa Maria Rio-Belver 2 1 Technology, Foresight and Management (TFM) Group, Department of Industrial Organization and Management Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Pl. Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; [email protected] 2 Technology, Foresight and Management (TFM) Group, Department of Industrial Organization and Management Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country, C/Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-946-014-245 Received: 26 November 2020; Accepted: 9 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: The essence of innovation lies in knowledge, which is why open innovation opens the door to knowledge transfer with agents outside the organization. In order to comprehend the joint scientific trajectory of these two areas of knowledge, the aim of this study is to identify and analyze the main indicators of scientific behavior involved in the research field related to the link between open innovation and knowledge transfer or knowledge sharing concepts through bibliometric and network analysis. The results show clear European leadership in scientific production developed in universities. In addition, the high quality of the main sources of diffusion infers publications of good scientific quality. The most recognized source of knowledge used in new research is directed towards university-company relationships in an open innovation environment. Network analysis related to keywords has allowed us to define the most interesting, relevant fields of research, highlighting the importance acquired by topics such as ‘communication’, ‘inter-organizational context’ and ‘education’, to better focus on future research of the scientific community.
    [Show full text]