Native Stinging Nettle (Urtica Dioica
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OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/25522 Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111997 To cite this version: Jeannin, Thomas and Yung, Loïc and Evon, Philippe and Labonne, Laurent and Ouagne, Pierre and Lecourt, Michael and Cazaux, David and Chalot, Michel and Placet, Vincent Native stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) growing spontaneously under short rotation coppice for phytomanagement of trace element contaminated soils: Fibre yield, processability and quality. (2020) Industrial Crops and Products, 145. 1119997. ISSN 0926-6690 Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected] Native stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica L.) growing spontaneously under short rotation coppice forphytomanagement of trace element contaminated soils: Fibre yield, processability and quality 3 b C C d Thomas Jeannin , Loïc Yung , Philippe Evon , Laurent Labonne , Pierre Ouagne , Michael Lecourte, David Cazamr, Michel Chalotb, Vincent Placet'•'" • PEMTO-STlnsdlutt, UPC/CNRS!ENSMM/UTBM, Uni1<ersitiBo,rgogne Promhe.-Comti, Besançon, Prome b LaborotOin Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS/UPC, UniversitiBowwgne Pranche-Comli, Montbéliard, Prome • LaboratOire de ChimieAi,oo-lndustrlelle (LCA), INP-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France • LaborotOire Géniede Production (U::P), Universitide Toulouse-ENIT, Tarbes, Prome • rnTechPibres Divis/Jm, PCBA, Grenoble, Pronœ 11novyn, Tamm; Prome ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This work assesses the potential ofstinging nettle(Urd.ca dioicaL.) growing ontrace element contaminated soils Nettie fibre to produœ fibresfor rnaterial applications. The nettlesstudied in this work grewspontaneously and dominated Phytcmanagement the vegetation cover in poplarshort rotation coppices planted for thephytornanagement of lands contaminated Contanùnatedsoils by trace elements.Two siteswere studied, contaminated by Hgfor the firstone and a mixof As, Cd, Pb and Zn Fibre yield forthe second one.Results show that, forthe considered soils, thecontaminant contents in nettlebast fibreswere Tensile properties at low levels, comparable to those collected at unpolluted control areas. lt rnakes it possible to consider this biornassfor material use. The measured rnatteryield was lower than those obtained with traditionalfibre crops cultivated in Europe on agricultural lands. However, the tensile properties of the bast fibres mechanically ex tractedwithout field retting or prioralkaline treatmentwere equal to or betterthan those of industrial hemp and flax, rnaking spontaneous nettles an interesting supplement to traditional European fibre crops for rnaterial applications. 1. Introduction phytomanaged land sites, thus constituting a multilevel canopy. Bio mass from nettle could be used to extend the productivity of the mar Environmental contamination is a threat to global sustainable de ginal land from SRC alone, whilst still maintaining a functioning phy velopment. The United Nations (UN ) Sustainable Development Goals tomanagement systemof land rehabilitation. This nettle biomass could (SDGs ) have a strong focus on reducing and managing environmental constitute a relevant fibre source and thus contribute to answer the pollution. Among the various soi! phytoremediation options, phytost increasing demand in plant fibres for material application, by miti abilisation is a sustainable and profitable use of marginalized lands gating at the same time the land use conflict between the needs of food (Pilon Smits, 2005) that can remediate soi! layers in contact with the and non foodproduction. Indeed, recent literature underlines that the roots and at the sametime provide tree biomass(R ob inson et al., 2006 ), use of marginal land is a sustainable method to expand purpose grown which can be used to reach the targetsfor the use of renewable energy biomass and essential for meeting the emerging massive requirement sources (Ciadamidaro et al., 2017; Mench et al., 2010). lt creates value for biomassin the future (Mohanty et al., 2018). from contaminated land while minimising environmental risl<s and Urtica dioica L, often called common nettle or stinging nettle, is a even rendering ecosystemic services by promoting biodiversity, im herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family UTticaceae,living up proving the carbon storage and limiting soi! erosion. Interestingly, it to 10 15 years and growing up to 2m in height (Gravis, 1885). Each has beenobserved simultaneousgrowth of poplars under short rotation stemis formedof a succession of nodesand intemodes containing bast coppice (SRC) cropping systems and spontaneous dioecious nettle in fibres in the bark. At each node, two opposite leaves and four cauline •Corresponding author. E-mailaddress: vinœ[email protected] (V. Placet). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.201 9.111997 Fig. 1. Photograph of stinging nettle growing spontaneously and in suppa prevalent manner under short rotation coppice for phytomanagement of trace elements contaminated soils. stipules are inserted. As for all the fibre crops, the fibre features depend compared to woody accumulating or hyperaccumulating species on the living conditions, the plant maturity, the position in the stem (Phanthavongsa et al., 2017). Indeed, in our previous work, Zn and Cu (Gravis, 1885). The morphological features of nettle bast fibres were contents in nettle leaves collected at a sediment landfill were within accurately characterised in historical and encyclopaedic works (Gravis, physiological ranges (< 100 mg/kg DWt for Zn and < 10 mg/kg DWt 1885; Vétillart, 1876) and more recently in the scientific literature (Di for Cu), and Cd content was < 10 mg/kg DWt) (Phanthavongsa et al., Virgilio, 2013). The fibres, in limited amount, are distributed in small 2017); (Codling and Rutto, 2014; Tack and Verloo, 1996). However, numbers in the parenchyma in an irregular manner. Most of the fibres there is no clear conclusion regarding the content in stems and bast are oval in shape, with a diameter generally comprised between 20 and fibres. For other fibre crops, such hemp, it was previously demonstrated 40 μm. They have a relatively thin wall and thus a very large inner that bast fibres and shives were not affected by TE contamination cavity. The fibre wall is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose (Linger et al., 2002). The fibre features (fineness, strength) were also and lignin, in amount generally comprised in the following ranges not altered by the contamination making this type of crop a relevant 53 86, 4 12.5 and 2 10 % respectively, depending on the plant age, candidate for phytostabilisation option. maturity, growing and processing conditions (Bacci et al., 2010; Di Virgilio, 2013; Di Virgilio et al., 2015). When nettle is cultivated, dry 2. Materials and methods − stalk yields could be comprised between 3 and 12 t ha 1 (Bacci et al., 2009; Dreyer et al., 1996; Vogl and Hartl, 2003). As the two other 2.1. Site description European fibre crops (flax and hemp), nettle (Urtica dioica L) has a long fi fi history as a textile bre and its potential as reinforcement bres in The experimental sites are located in Tavaux (France, Bourgogne composite applications was also investigated more recently (Bacci Franche Comté region, lat. 47° 5’ 5.98’’ N. 5° 19’ 44.0322” E) and et al., 2010; Di Virgilio et al., 2015; Dreyer et al., 2002; Franck, 2005; Fresnes sur Escaut (France, Hauts de France region, lat. 50° 25' 4’’ N, 3° fi Harwood and Edom, 2012; Vogl and Hartl, 2003). Indeed, its bast bres 35' ‘’ E) (Fig. 1). Briefly, the Tavaux site (S1) (Fig. 2 and Fig. S1) in fi have remarkable tensile strength and neness, along with a low density. vestigated in the present study was exploited from the 1950s to 2003 as Average tensile strength and rigidity up to 1600 MPa and 90 GPa have a storage area for sediments originated from effluents produced during been reported in literature (Bodros and Baley, 2008; Davies and Bruce, the electrolytic processes associated with a Hg cell chlor alkali activity. 1998; Lanzilao et al., 2016). The stalks and shives can also be used to The Fresnes sur Escaut (S2) (Fig. 2 and Fig. S2) site was a deposit site of fi manufacture breboards (Akgül, 2013). As underlined by Di Virgilio sediments from the canal Escaut. Due to transport of metal ores in the et al. (Di Virgilio et al., 2015), despite a high market potential, the past, sediments were contaminated by TE such as Cd, Zn, As and Pb. products made from nettle are currently more a result of curiosity ra Soils at both sites differed in their composition. The full description of ther large scale industrial production, mostly due to lack in crop and the Tavaux and Fresnes sur Escaut sites and soils are provided in post harvest management. (Durand et al., 2017) and (Ciadamidaro et al., 2017), respectively. The The present study is part of a wider research project, which main main meteorological parameters during the growth period at the two fi objective is the multi purpose valorisation of wood and plant bres sites are summarized in Table 1. At both sites, nettle grew sponta produced on marginal lands, and focused more precisely on the phy neously under the woody cover (Fig. 1). tomanagement of trace element (TE) contaminated lands. It aims at Two other uncontaminated site (control) were used as reference to fi investigating the potentialities of nettle bres growing spontaneously compare contamination values. The control site in France is a natural under SRC grown poplar at two phytomanagement sites, for material area located at Courcelle les Montbéliard, 140 km east of the site S1, fi application. Hg is the main contaminant at the rst site due to the chlor not directly influenced by the point source. (Yung et al., 2019b) gives a alkali process (Durand et al., 2017), whereas As, Cd, Pb and Zn are the description of this site. The other control site is located in Belgium at main contaminants at the second site due to contamination of deposit Ghent region at 120 km north east of the site S2.