№ 4999
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Южный федеральный университет» Учебный военный центр Отдел иностранных языков и психологической работы
УТВЕРЖДАЮ Начальник учебного военного центра при ЮФУ
полковник В.Шибанов «____»______20
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
US ARTILLERY
Таганрог 2013
Туркот Ю.В. US artillery. Практический курс военного перевода. Английский язык. (Первый иностранный язык). Выпуск 1. Учебное пособие. Таганрог: Изд-во ЮФУ 2013. - 132 с.
Пособие предназначено для обучения военному переводу курсантов по специальности «Лингвистическое обеспечение военной деятельности». Оно имеет целью развитие навыков устного и письменного перевода. Данное пособие состоит из 7 уроков, которые включают в себя профессионально ориентированные материалы, теоретический комментарий, лексико-грамматические упражнения, коммуникативные упражнения, упражнения на устный последовательный перевод, упражнения на зрительно-письменный перевод, упражнения на зрительно-устный перевод. При составлении пособия автор опирался на боевые уставы армии США, оригинальные американские тексты, опубликованные в открытой иностранной печати и сети Интернет. В ряде случаев тексты адаптировались. Тематика текстов соответствует учебной программе и расширяет представление курсантов в области материальной части ствольной и реактивной полевой артиллерии армий стран НАТО, устройства их боеприпасов, организации частей и подразделений артиллерии армии США, а также боевого применения полевой артиллерии.
Ил. 26. Табл.1. Библиогр.: 11 назв.
Рецензент: Агапова С.Г. доктор филологических наук, профессор.
1. EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 1 US FIELD ARTILLERY. CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION
В результате изучения EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 1 курсант должен Иметь представление: об общей характеристике полевой артиллерии и задачах, стоящих перед ней; о классификации артиллерийских орудий, принятых на вооружение в ВС стран НАТО; об эмоционально-окрашенной лексике по тематике модуля; Знать: необходимый объем лексико-фразеологических единиц и военных терминов; функционально-стилистические особенности военных и военно-технических текстов; сокращения и условные обозначения, используемые в военных и военно-технических текстах. Уметь: осуществлять адекватный перевод военной и военно- технической информации; применять полученные теоретические знания в процессе составления основных видов вторичных документов-рефератов и аннотаций; осуществлять предпереводческий анализ военного текста, определять цель перевода и тип переводного текста; выбирать общую стратегию перевода; правильно оформлять текст перевода в соответствии с нормами и типологией текстов на языке перевода; профессионально пользоваться словарями, справочниками, банками данных и другими источниками военной и военно- технической информации; осуществлять зрительно-устный (с листа), зрительно- письменный, абзацно-фразовый и последовательный перевод на слух монологической речи на военные и военно-технические темы с английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский.
US FIELD ARTILLERY. CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION
Lesson 1 Цели занятия: 1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков: - перевода на слух (упражнение 4, 5, 11); - перевода с листа (текст 1.2); - двустороннего перевода (упражнение 11); - письменного перевода (упражнение 6); - аудирования (упражнение 4; 5); - преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических трудностей (commentary; упражнение 5; 6; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12); - переключения (упражнение 5). 2. Развитие творческого мышления (4; 7; 8; 10). 3. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5). 4. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение 1.1). 5. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 1.2).
1.1 ACTIVE TERMS field artillery (FA) полевая артиллерия ground-gaining arm подвижный род войск counterbattery fire огонь на подавление артиллерии противника installations сооружения; объекты vulnerability слабая сторона; уязвимость self-sustaining способный вести самостоятельные действия curved trajectory крутая траектория defiladed укрытый (рельефом местности) flat trajectory отлогая траектория overhead cover укрытие от навесного огня widely deployed formations сильно расчленѐнный боевой порядок anti-aircraft (AA) protection зенитное прикрытие air defense artillery (ADA) зенитная артиллерия ordnance артиллерийское вооружение; боеприпасы; оружие; средства поражения; боезаряд;
боеприпас; артиллерийско-технический cannon artillery ствольная артиллерия velocity скорость projectile снаряд; мина; реактивный снаряд; пуля; ракета (неуправляемая); летящий осколок mountain gun горная пушка; горное орудие field gun полевое орудие; орудие полевой артиллерии howitzer гаубица gun howitzer пушка-гаубица mortar миномѐт rocket artillery реактивная артиллерия long range дальнобойный; большая дальность muzzle velocity начальная скорость; дульная скорость charge заряд grooves бороздки; канавки bore канал ствола rifling система нарезки ствола armored combat vehicles боевая бронированная машина naval gun корабельная артиллерия; корабельное орудие direct-fire огонь прямой наводкой; огонь с открытых позиций plunging fire навесной огонь whereas в то время как moderately умеренно; средне indirect-fire огонь с закрытых огневых позиций defilade естественное укрытие land поле нареза towed буксируемый; прицепной vehicle (veh) сухопутное средство передвижения или перевозки (автомобиль, велосипед, повозка, сани) prime mover тягач; трактор; генератор; источник энергии self-propelled (SP) самоходный aerial авиатранспортабельный truck-drawn на автомобильной (колѐсной) тяге
tractor-drawn на тракторной (гусеничной) тяге salvo залп; «открываю огонь» shoot-and-scoot кратковременный огонь со сменой ОП missile (msl) ракета; реактивный снаряд; управляемая ракета rocket ракета; реактивный снаряд; неуправляемая ракета guided missile (GM) управляемая ракета; управляемый снаряд range capability предел действия по дальности; дальнобойность; досягаемость mortar carrier vehicle миномѐтный транспортѐр; миномѐтная установка division arty дивизионная артиллерия corps arty корпусная артиллерия army arty армейская артиллерия General HQ Reserve Arty артиллерия резерва главного командования smart artillery артиллерия с высокой точностью поражения WORD-COMBINATIONS: to place concentrations of вести сосредоточенный огонь по fire on enemy positions позициям противника to give depth to combat увеличивать дальность огневого воздействия на противника to influence the course of оказывать влияние (влиять) на исход боя combat to pierce armor пробивать броню in the open на открытой местности to lob projectiles into забрасывать мины (снаряды) в траншеи по trenches крутой траектории under nuclear conditions в условиях применения ядерного оружия under nonnuclear conditions в условиях применения обычного оружия to disrupt command system нарушать систему управления to classify according to [as] классифицировать как, подразделять
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS to come to the aid to move in deployed movement
to aim at the target to fire a projectile at a low velocity artillery with the army to fire projectile with curving trajectory
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS cosmolines презр. фам. полевая артиллерия; артиллеристы (cosmoline космолин - смазка для материальной части) Ack Tom противотанковое орудие (произвольная расшифровка сокр. * AT antitank) barker [брехливая собака; пустолайка] фам. big boy тяжѐлое орудие тяжѐлое орудие bean shooter [игрушечный пистолет, стреляющий горохом] фам. пренебр. стрелковое оружие; малокалиберная пушка big staff тяжѐлый снаряд ash can тяжѐлый снаряд boom-boom шутл. лѐгкое орудие cannon cocker фам. артиллерист (cock ставить на боевой взвод, взводить курок) cosmoline slinger [slinger - маслоотражатель] презр. фам. артиллерист galloper [лошадь, идущая галопом] шутл. лѐгкое орудие gunnery bird фам. артиллерист high archer огневое средство с крутой траекторией Jack Johnson фам. тяжѐлое орудие; тяжѐлый снаряд (по имени известного негритянского боксѐра) mud splasher артиллерист red leg(s) фам. шутл. артиллерист (в прошлом артиллеристы армии США носили брюки с красными кантами) Royal Hearse Artillery Бр. шутл. артиллерия на конной тяге (шутливо изменѐнное *Royal Horse Artillery; hearse - катафалк) wad [пыж] насм. артиллерист
wagon soldier насм. артиллерист (в прошлом артиллеристы ездили на зарядных ящиках своих орудий)
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word: Teaching technique; шеренга; abreast; фланг; preparatory command; исполнительная команда; precautionary; СТАНОВИСЬ!; band; ОТСТАВИТЬ!; port; принимать строевую стойку
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and translate the following abbreviations: Arty; msn; spt; en psns; pers; cbt; atk; res; mvmt; comm sys; wpns; nuc; AA; FA; ADA; US; fld arty; SP; FA msls; rkts; GMs; General HQ.
Exercise 3. Find in the text the equivalents of the word- combinations: Поддерживать огнѐм подвижные рода войск; вести сосредоточенный огонь по позициям противника; увеличивать дальность огневого воздействия на противника; в условиях применения ядерного и обычного оружия; может иметь спиралеобразные нарезы в канале ствола; система нарезки придаѐт снаряду устойчивость в полѐте; чаще всего используются для ведения огня не прямой наводкой; место для экипажа и боеприпасов, отвечать требованиям современного скоротечного боя.
1.2 US field artillery. Characteristics and classification
"The final argument of kings" Louis XIV's inscription on French artillery
The word ―artillery‖ as used in the current context originated in the Middle Ages. One suggestion is that it comes from the Old French "atellier" meaning "to arrange", and "attillement" meaning "equipment". From the 13th century an "artillier" referred to a builder of any war equipment, and
Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода.
for the next 250 years the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of military weapons. Another suggestion is that comes from the Italian "arte de tirare" (art of shooting) coined by one of the first theorists on the use of artillery Niccolo Fontana. The arty is a combat arm. The primary msn of arty is to spt the ground-gaining arms by fire, place concentrations of fire on en psns and pers, give depth to cbt by counterbattery fires, atk hostile res, restrict mvmt, and disrupt comm sys's and other installations. It provides a powerful means of influencing the course of cbt. The artillery forces call for maximal range and rate of fire. Its curved trajectories enable fire to reach pers defiladed against flat trajectory wpns or protected by overhead cover. The radius of effect of arty projectiles compels hostile troops in the open to move in widely deployed formations. The arty is prepared to fire under either nuc or nonnuclear conditions. It acts by fire alone and is not capable of independent action. The power of arty is limited by its inability to act otherwise than by fire action, by its vulnerability when in mvmt, and by its comparative vulnerability, even when in position, to attack by fire at medium or short ranges, especially from the flanks or rear. These limitations prevent the employment of the arty as an independent, self- sustaining arm. AA protection is another primary msn of arty. The two general types of arty are FA and ADA. Air defense arty: weapons, usually mobile, designed for attacking aircraft from the ground. Some guns were suitable for dual-role anti-aircraft and field (anti-tank) use. Artillery types can be categorized in several ways, for example by type or size of weapon or ordnance, by role or by organizational arrangements. US conventional fld arty may be classified in several ways depending on: firing characteristics (types of ordnance), weight of the weapons, mobility of the weapons, and tactical employment.
Types of ordnance The types of cannon artillery are generally distinguished by the velocity at which they fire projectiles. Types of field artillery:
Рекомендуется для пересказа по-английски.
Infantry support guns: directly support infantry units. Mountain guns: lightweight weapons that can be moved through difficult terrain. Field guns: capable of long range fire. Howitzers: capable of high angle fire. Gun howitzers: capable of high or low angle fire with a long barrel. Mortars: towed or self-propelled weapons that fire projectiles at an angle of over 45 degrees to the horizontal (not usually considered field artillery). Rocket artillery: alternative propulsion. A gun is cannon that fires projectiles from a long tube (known as the barrel) at high velocity in a low, flat trajectory. A gun has a long barrel, long range, and high muzzle velocity. The projectile usually carries a charge that explodes when it hits its target. The barrel of a gun may have spiraled grooves in its bore; the process of adding these grooves is called rifling. Rifling improves the stability of a projectile in flight, making its trajectory more accurate. Some guns use ammo that can pierce armor. Guns are widely used on warships, armored combat vehicles, and tanks. Naval guns are typically longer-barreled, low-trajectory, high- velocity weapons designed primarily for a direct-fire role. Typically the length of a cannon barrel is greater than 25 times its caliber (inner diameter). Howitzers are shorter. The name comes from Czech houfnice, denoting a 15th century cannon used by Hussites. Howitzers are distinguished from other types of cannon artillery by their trajectory because they fire at high angles and deliver plunging fire. In addition to this the barrel of a howitzer is commonly below 30 calibers, (the length of the barrel is less than 30 times as long as the diameter of the bore), whereas other cannon and field guns fire at no more than 45° and have a caliber of 30 or over. Since the Second World War, a weapon that combines both high and low angles has been developed with longer barrels, the gun howitzers. Modern gun-howitzers have barrel lengths of 39, 45 or longer. A howitzer fires a projectile with a moderately curving trajectory. Capable of both high- and low-angle fire, they are most often employed in an indirect-fire role, capable of operating in defilade. Typically, the length of a howitzer barrel is between 15 and 25 times its caliber.
Mortars are smaller, low-velocity, high-angle weapons capable of only high-trajectory fire at a relatively short range. Thus, its trajectory is sharply curved. Its extremely high angle of fire permits it to be fired effectively at tgts behind high hills and to lob projectiles into trenches. Typically the length of a mortar barrel is less than 15 times its caliber. Morts are not employed by FA.
Types of weight of the weapons (caliber) Cannons are also classified according to caliber. Caliber is the diameter of the bore measured at the muzzle from land to land. According to there caliber cannons are classified as: light (120 mm and less); medium (greater than 120 mm but not to exceed 160 mm); heavy (greater than 160 mm but not to exceed 210 mm), very heavy (greater than 210 mm). Very heavy cannons are not employed by active Army field artillery units. Types of mobility FA cannons are further classified according to their method of organic transport as towed (designed for mvmt by a separate veh generally termed a prime mover, for example, the M923 5-ton truck for the M198 howitzer), SP (installed on carriages which provide automotive power for the arty piece and from which the wpn is fired, for example, M110 Self- Propelled Howitzer) and aerial (carried on airmobile vehicles). Depending on the prime mover towed arty may be subdivided into truck-drawn and tractor-drawn. Self-propelled howitzers are permanently mounted on a carriage or vehicle with room for the crew and ammunition and thus capable of moving quickly from one firing position to another, both to support the fluid nature of modern combat and to avoid counter-battery fire. The greatest tactical advantage in the case of artillery guns is clearly the greater degree of mobility they have compared to towed artillery. Not only is it important in offering military forces greater flexibility, but it is critical in avoiding attack from the enemy by allowing the guns to change position immediately after firing one or more salvos and before their position can be located (―shoot-and-scoot‖ tactics). FA msls are classified as free rkts and GMs. GMs are further classified according to their range capability as short-range GMs (max
range less than 100 km), medium-range GMs (max range at least 100 km but less than 500 km), and long-range GMs (max range 500 km or more). There are also mortar carrier vehicles, many of which allow the mortar to be removed from the vehicle and be used dismounted, potentially in terrain in which the vehicle cannot navigate, or in order to avoid detection. As example: the U.S. M106 Mortar Carrier.
Types of tactical employment According to tactical employment arty may be divided into division arty, corps arty, army arty, and General HQ Reserve Arty. The terms ―army arty‖ and ―corps arty‖ do not include the organic arty of subordinate units. To refer to all the arty in an army or in a corps, the expression ―arty with the Second Army‖, or ―artillery with the VII Corps‖ is used.
COMMENTARY 1. Обратите внимание на перевод терминов cannon, piece, gun. Термин cannon используется для обозначения любого артиллерийского орудия. Он имеет две формы множественного числа cannons и cannon. В собирательном значении термин cannon означает ствольная артиллерия в отличие от missiles - реактивной артиллерии. Например, сочетание cannons and missiles переводится как ствольная и реактивная артиллерия. Синонимом сочетания cannon artillery ствольная артиллерия будет tube artillery. Термин piece означает любое огневое средство — артиллерийское орудие, миномет, пулемет, винтовка и т. п. При расчете плотности огня термин piece используется в значении орудие, ствол. Однако часто этот термин употребляется в терминологических сочетаниях artillery piece, piece of artillery, piece of ordnance, которые переводятся как артиллерийское орудие. Термин gun имеет весьма широкую семантику. В разговорной (не профессиональной) речи gun означает любое огнестрельное оружие: ружье - shortgun, винтовка (rifle), пистолет (pistol), пулемет - machine gun, револьвер (revolver), пистолет-пулемет - submachine gun, пушка - gun и т. д. Однако для специалиста gun означает пушка в отличие от гаубицы - howitzer и миномета - mortar, хотя в разговорной речи такие артиллерийские орудия можно назвать gun.
2. По системе, принятой в артиллерии Великобритании, Канады и некоторых армий других стран, орудия классифицируются не по калибру ствола, а по весу снаряда в фунтах. Термин pounder (производное от pound) в сочетании с числительными, определяющими вес снаряда в фунтах, применяется для обозначения орудий разных калибров и огневых подразделений, вооружѐнных этими орудиями. Ниже, для справок, приводится таблица перевода английских обозначений калибров орудий в общепринятые калибры в миллиметрах. One-pounder 37-мм пушка Two-pounder 40-мм или 42-мм пушка Three-pounder 47-мм пушка Six-pounder 57-мм пушка Ten-pounder 70-мм пушка 13-pounder 76-мм пушка 18-pounder 84-мм пушка 25-pounder 87,6-мм пушка 33-pounder 88-мм пушка 60-pounder 127-мм пушка 100-pounder 152-мм пушка
Возникновение этой системы относится ко времени, когда калибр артиллерийских орудий определялся весом чугунных ядер. Под американским влиянием данная система заменяется системой исчисления артиллерийских калибров в миллиметрах.
1.3 EXERCISES Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer them in English: 1. What is the primary mission of arty? 2. What are the main characteristics of arty? 3. What are the general types of arty? 4. How can the artillery be categorized by types? 5. How is the US conventional arty classified? 6. What types of field artillery by ordnance do you know? 7. What is a gun? 8. What does the term ‗howitzer‘ mean?
9. What is a mortar? 10. What types of field artillery by caliber do you know? 11. What is caliber? 12. What types of field artillery by mobility do you know? 13. How are FA missiles classified?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word combination by ear: Range capability; миномѐтный транспортѐр; missile; кратковременный огонь со сменой ОП; truck-drawn; тягач; self- propelled; буксируемый; self-sustaining; крутая траектория; ground- gaining arm; полевая артиллерия; overhead cover; зенитная артиллерия; flat trajectory; скорость; projectile.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form: Артиллерия – вид оружия или совокупность предметов вооружения. Она включает пушки, гаубицы, минометы, безоткатные орудия, боевые машины (пусковые установки – ПУ) противотанковых управляемых ракет (ПТУР) и реактивную артиллерию; артиллерийские и стрелковые боеприпасы; средства передвижения артиллерии – колесные и гусеничные тягачи и др.; приборы управления огнем; средства разведки и обеспечения стрельбы; все виды стрелкового оружия, гранатометы. Кроме того, название «артиллерия» используется для обозначения рода войск, а также науки об устройстве, проектировании, производстве и эксплуатации артиллерийского вооружения, его боевых свойствах, способах стрельбы и боевого применения. Различают артиллерию сухопутных войск и морскую артиллерию. Артиллерия сухопутных войск – артиллерия, состоящая на вооружении формирований сухопутных войск. Делится на войсковую (полевую) артиллерию и артиллерию Резерва Верховного Главнокомандования (Supreme Command Reserve). По назначению артиллерия сухопутных войск делится на наземную артиллерию (для поражения наземных целей) и зенитную (для поражения воздушных целей). Зенитная артиллерия также может использоваться для стрельбы по наземным (надводным) целям.
Войсковая (полевая) артиллерия – артиллерия, входящая в состав общевойсковых подразделений, частей, соединений и объединений. По организационно-штатной принадлежности подразделяется на батальонную, полковую, дивизионную, корпусную и армейскую. Термин «полевая артиллерия» используется в основном в западной военной литературе. Батальонная артиллерия – штатные артиллерийские подразделения, непосредственно подчиненные командиру батальона. На вооружении состоят противотанковые орудия, минометы и ПТУР, обладающие небольшими массой и габаритами, высокой подвижностью и скорострельностью. Предназначена для непосредственного сопровождения мотострелковых (мотопехотных) подразделений. Термин «мотопехота» («моторизированная пехота») используется в основном в западной военной литературе. Полковая артиллерия – артиллерийские подразделения, непосредственно подчиненные командиру полка. На вооружении состоят буксируемые и самоходные орудия (минометы) и ПТУР. Предназначена для решения огневых задач в интересах полка в целом, а также для усиления батальонов, действующих на главных направлениях (cardinal direction). Дивизионная артиллерия – штатные артиллерийские части и подразделения, непосредственно подчиненные командиру дивизии. На вооружении состоят самоходные и буксируемые орудия (минометы) калибра 75–155 мм, боевые машины реактивной артиллерии (rocket- artillery combat vehicle) и ПТУР. Предназначена для решения огневых задач в интересах главной группировки (main body) дивизии и усиления мотострелковых (мотопехотных), танковых полков (бригад) на главном направлении. Корпусная/армейская артиллерия – артиллерийские части и подразделения, непосредственно подчиненные командиру армейского корпуса/командующему армией. На вооружении состоят дальнобойные артиллерийские системы, боевые машины реактивной артиллерии, противотанковые орудия и ПТУР. Предназначена для решения огневых задач в интересах главной группировки корпуса/армии (в т.ч. для борьбы со средствами ядерного нападения противника), борьбы с артиллерией противника и усиления дивизий, действующих на главном направлении.
Артиллерия Резерва Верховного Главнокомандования – артиллерийские формирования, не входящие в состав общевойсковых соединений и объединений (large units). Вооружение то же, что и в войсковой (полевой) артиллерии, а также орудия большой и особой мощности (обычно пушки, гаубицы, минометы калибра 175–240 мм). Предназначена для усиления общевойсковых соединений и частей.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and translate the sentences: The arty is a … arm. The … of arty is to spt the ground-gaining arms by fire. The power of arty is … by its inability to act otherwise than by fire action. The two general types of arty are … . US conventional fld arty may be classified in several ways depending on: … . A gun is cannon that fires projectiles from a … . Rifling improves the stability … in … . Howitzers are distinguished from other types of cannon artillery by … . Cannons are … according to caliber. Depending on the prime mover towed arty may be subdivided into … .
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to the text “US field artillery. Characteristics and classification”.
Exercise 9. Say the following word-groups in English: Вести сосредоточенный огонь по позициям противника; увеличивать дальность огневого воздействия на противника; оказывать влияние (влиять) на исход боя; пробивать броню; на открытой местности; забрасывать мины (снаряды) в траншеи по крутой траектории; в условиях применения ядерного и обычного оружия; отвечать требованиям современного скоротечного боя.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your opinion: 1. The arty is a cbt svc spt br. 2. The primary msn of arty is to support the development, production, acquisition and sustainment of weapons systems and munitions. 3. The power of arty is augmented by its inability to act otherwise than by fire action. 4. A gun is cannon that fires projectiles with curving trajectory. 5. Mortars are weapons capable of only direct fire at long range.
6. According to their caliber cannons are classified as short, long and extremely long. 7. Field artillery officers lead units that have the critical mission of destroying, neutralizing or suppressing the enemy by cannon, rocket and missile fire and ensuring the integration of all supporting fires in Combined-Arms operations. 8. Depending on the prime mover towed arty may be subdivided into truck-drawn and airlift. 9. The terms ―army arty‖ and ―corps arty‖ include the organic arty of subordinate units. 10. The term ‗60-pounder gun‘ means 76-mm gun.
Exercise 11. Act as an interpreter: 1. Какова численность вашей The strength of our br is 3500 бригады? servicemen. 2. Сколько гаубиц осталось в There were 2 203,2-mm SP how вашем дивизионе? and 11 155-mm towered how in our bn after last action. 3. Сколько артиллерийских орудий There are 72 pieces in mech inf div имеется в дивизии? and 90 pieces in inf div. 4. Какие задачи выполнял ваш The primary msn of our bn was atk дивизион? hostile res, restrict its mvmt, and disrupt comm sys.
Exercise 12. Say the following word-groups in Russian: To place concentrations of fire on enemy positions; to pin down; to come to the aid of infantrymen; to shift fire; to fire over the heads of friendly troops; to deal a knockout blow; in the open; to defilade pers against flat trajectory; to concentrate the fire; to change psn; to lob projectiles into trenches.
2. EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 2 US ARTILLERY MATERIEL
В результате изучения EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 2 курсант должен Иметь представление: об общем устройстве современной ствольной артиллерии, как буксируемой, так и самоходной; об общем устройстве боеприпасов для ствольной артиллерии и боевых ракет и их предназначении; об артиллерийском вооружении армий стран НАТО и его тактико-технических данных; об эмоционально-окрашенной лексике по тематике модуля. Знать: необходимый объем лексико-фразеологических единиц и военных терминов; функционально-стилистические особенности военных и военно-технических текстов; сокращения и условные обозначения, используемые в военных, военно-технических текстах и боевых документах. Уметь: осуществлять качественный перевод военной и военно- технической информации; применять полученные теоретические знания в процессе составления основных видов вторичных документов-рефератов и аннотаций; осуществлять предпереводческий анализ военного и военно-технического текста, определять цель перевода и тип переводного текста; выбирать общую стратегию перевода; правильно оформлять текст перевода в соответствии с нормами и типологией текстов на языке перевода; профессионально пользоваться словарями, справочниками, банками данных и другими источниками военной и военно- технической информации; осуществлять зрительно-устный (с листа), зрительно- письменный, абзацно-фразовый и последовательный перевод на слух
монологической речи на военные и военно-технические темы с английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский.
US ARTILLERY MATERIEL CANNON
Lesson 2 Цели занятия: 1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков: - перевода на слух (текст 2.7; ); - перевода с листа (текст 2.2; 2.5; 2.8; 2.9; 2.10); - двустороннего перевода (упражнение 5; 11); - письменного перевода (текст 2.3; текст 2.4; текст 2.5; упражнение 6); - аудирования (текст 2.4; упражнение 4; 11); - преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических трудностей (commentary; упражнение 6; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12); - переключения (упражнение 5; 11). 2. Развитие творческого мышления(4; 7; 8; 10). 3. Развитие памяти (текст 2.5). 4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5). 5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение 2.1). 6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 2.2; 2.3; 2.4; 2.5; 2.6; 2.7; 2.8; 2.9; 2.10)
2.1 ACTIVE TERMS acquisition обнаружение и целеуказание; захват и сопровождение; закупка survey топогеодезическая привязка; съѐмка (местности) ballistic meteorology метеорологическое обеспечение fire control and coordination управление огнѐм и огневое взаимодействие automatic data processing автоматическая обработка данных barrel assembly ствол в сборе breech mechanism затворный механизм; затвор carriage лафет; (орудийный станок) cradle люлька recoil system откатное устройство top carriage вертлюг; верхний станок лафета bottom carriage рама крепостного лафета; нижний станок
лафета traversing mechanism механизм горизонтальной наводки elevating mechanism механизм вертикальной наводки shield щит axle ось; вал; мост (автомобиля) wheel колесо brake тормоз trail станина spade сошник breech ring казѐнник tube ствол bore канал ствола chamber камора; зарядная камора ammunition (ammo) боеприпасы rifling система нарезки канала ствола groove бороздка; нарез land оруж. поле нареза sealing блокирование firing mechanism ударно-спусковой механизм breechblock затвор; клин (затвора) screw breechblock поршневой затвор wedge breechblock клиновой затвор sleigh полозки trough лоток; жѐлоб recoil brake тормоз отката counterrecoil mechanism противооткатный механизм counterrecoil buffer тормоз наката; устройство для торможения наката muzzle brake дульный тормоз blade лопасть oscillations вибрирование; тряска; колебание recoil rod assemble шток тормоза отката lateral боковой; горизонтальный; побочный; по фронту; вдоль фронта; фланговый split trails раздвижные станины box trail коробчатая станина crew расчѐт direct fire support поддержка огнѐм прямой наводкой
indirect fire support поддержка огнѐм с закрытых огневых позиций combat loaded weight боевая масса recoil pit углубление для упора сошника inventory Вооружение; военная техника и имущество (воинского формирования и т.д.) HMMV (High Mobility армейский многоцелевой автомобиль Multi-purpose Wheeled повышенной проходимости «Хаммер» Vehicle) truck basic load боекомплект rocket assisted projectile активно-реактивный снаряд milliradian (mils) тысячная sustained (rate of fire) выдерживаемый длительное время темп огня fixed-wing aircraft самолѐт с крылом неизменяемой геометрии rocket assisted projectile активно-реактивный снаряд propelling charge пороховой заряд; метательный заряд; вышибной заряд Stryker Brigade Combat бригадная боевая группа на БМП Team «Страйкер» durability срок боевой пригодности independent suspension независимая подвеска footprint удельное давление на грунт; разведывательные признаки; площадь поражения primer feed mechanism механизм подачи с воспламенителем projectile loader-assist вспомогательное заряжающее устройство (орудия) digital fire control system цифровая система управления огнѐм Family of Medium Tactical семейство войсковых транспортных Vehicles (FMTV) средств средней грузоподъѐмности navigational system навигационная система automatic fire control system автоматическая система управления огнѐм chassis шасси; рама; ходовая часть pressurized crew герметичное отделение экипажа;
compartment (имеющее избыточное давление) NBC protection защита от ОМП secure voice and digital засекреченная телефонная и цифровая communications связь full-tracked vehicle гусеничная машина pinpoint accuracy точность поражения точечных (малоразмерных) целей general support battalion дивизион общей поддержки high explosives осколочно-фугасный; бризантный заряд; дробящий заряд bomblet кассетный боеприпас fording переправа в брод vertical obstacle вертикальное препятствие gap crossing преодоление рвов payload полезный груз; полезная нагрузка abreast рядом; на линии; в одну линию ammunition supply vehicle транспортно-заряжающая машина fuze взрыватель bustle hatch люк отсека башни extension assembly удлинитель в сборе adaptation kit комплект оборудования breech piece socket муфта казѐнной части ствола bipod support основание сошки travel clamp assembly ходовые узлы крепления step assembly подножка в сборе mortar ballistic computer миномѐтный электронный (MBC) баллистический вычислитель plotting board планшет-корректор (для автоматического вычерчивания кривых) firing table таблица стрельбы; площадка для огневого средства (в окопе) aiming circle буссоль; артиллерийский круг boresight equipment оборудование для визирования aiming post прицельная веха aiming post light подсветка прицельной вехи Global Positioning System глобальная система навигации и (GPS) определения местоположения
WORD-COMBINATIONS: to select firing position выбирать огневую позицию to take up position занимать позицию to make lateral changes in the direction of изменять направление оси the axis of the barrel ствола в горизонтальной плоскости to elevate the barrel to a desired angle придавать стволу нужный угол возвышения as a unit в собранном виде
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS: to fire up to ranges to enter service with the US Army to be fixed to to elevate to an angle to connect with to put to use for direct fire transportation by rail
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS Big Daddy США 105-мм орудие (кодовое название, Вьетнам) flit gun [прибор для распыления инсектицидов] Бр. фам. 87,6-мм орудие; лѐгкое орудие Long Tom фам. крупнокалиберное артиллерийское орудие; 155-мм пушка Short Tom шутл. миномѐт (ср. * Long Tom) stove pipe [лѐгкая клепаная труба, железная дымовая труба] шутл. миномѐт; реактивный самолѐт; прямоточный воздушно- реактивный двигатель
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word combinations of the previous lessons: Cannon artillery; канал ствола; overhead cover; система нарезки ствола; muzzle velocity; навесной огонь; defilade; буксируемый; truck- drawn; на тракторной тяге; shoot-and-scoot; guided missile; неуправляемая ракета; mortar carrier vehicles.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and the following abbreviations: Arty wpns sys; elms; tgt; mblty; log; fire con and coord; comm; ammo; org; spt.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the following word- combinations: Arty wpns sys; to obtain the desired effect on the tgt; a chamber to hold the ammo; the raised portions being called lands; for entry and sealing of the ammunition; the cradle houses the recoil mechanism; to absorb the energy of recoil; equipped with muzzle brakes; to reduce the recoil impulse; to connect the weapon with its prime; light weight air mobile air droppable Towed Howitzer; to provide maximum fire power; to be constructed of aluminum and steel; will replace all howitzers in operation with the Marine Corps; to enhance reliability and accuracy; to take up its firing position; entered service with the US Army; unarmored full-tracked vehicle; machine gun can be mounted over the cab; full-tracked, self-propelled, diesel- powered vehicle; well-suited to rough terrain; to provide close-in and continuous indirect fire support.
2.2 US artillery materiel1 "God is on the side with the best artillery." Napoleon Bonaparte Artillery Weapons System The arty wpns sys consists of all of those elms that are necessary to obtain the desired effect on the tgt. These elms include arty wpns (classified as cannons and msls); tgt acquisition; survey; ballistic meteorology; mblty (both air and surface); log; fire con and coord; automatic data processing; comm; ammo; org; and employment. Fire spt is the result of the effective application of the arty wpns sys. Cannon. Construction Essentially, guns and howitzers consist of the barrel assembly with the breech mechanism and the carriage.
1 Спажев Ю.А., Филиппов А.А. Курс военного перевода. Английский язык. Часть I. – М.: Военное издательство МО СССР, 1963. – 506 с. Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода по абзацам с предварительной подготовкой.
The parts which make up the carriage are: cradle, recoil system, top carriage, bottom carriage, traversing mechanism, elevating mechanism, shields, axle, wheels, brakes, trails, and spades. The barrel assembly is composed of a tube and a breech ring. The hollow part of the tube is the bore. The rear portion of the bore is a chamber to hold the ammo. The breech ring houses the breech mechanism. The rifling consists of spiral grooves cut along the interior of the bore, the raised portions being called lands. The caliber of the piece is the diameter of the bore, between lands, expressed in inches or millimeters. The breech mechanism provides for entry and sealing of the ammunition in the weapon. To the center of the breech mechanism is fastened the firing mechanism which detonates the ammo. The principal part of the breech mechanism is the breechblock which closes the back end of the barrel. There are two types of breechblocks: a screw breechblock and a wedge breechblock. The cradle supports the barrel and the sleigh. Where no sleigh is used, the cradle houses the recoil mechanism. In general, the cradle is a U- shaped trough along which the gun recoils and counterrecoils. The recoil system is a mechanism designed to absorb the energy of recoil gradually and so avoid violent movement of the carriage. It usually consists of three components: a recoil brake, a counterrecoil mechanism and a counterrecoil buffer. Large caliber weapons, 155 mm howitzers for instance, are usually equipped with muzzle brakes. The purpose of these brakes is to reduce the recoil impulse on the weapons. Muzzle brakes unfortunately have negative side effects on the recoil system. The effect is that a force resulting from the gas pressure on the blades in the muzzle brake acts on the barrel, initiating oscillations. These oscillations are transferred from the barrel to the recoil system. The force acting on the recoil rod assemble therefore is oscillatory. The top carriage supports the cradle and carries the elevating mechanism. The bottom carriage supports the top carriage and has, attached to it, the traversing mechanism. Besides, the carriage also incorporates the panoramic telescope, the shield, the axle, the wheels, the parking and the stopping brakes, the split or box trails, and the spades to restrict the movement of the piece during recoil.
The traversing mechanism is a device for making lateral changes in the direction of the axis of the barrel. The moving parts usually consist of the barrel and the top carriage. The elevating mechanism consists of devices for elevating or depressing the barrel to a desired angle. The trail transmits the forces of recoil to the ground, stabilizes the weapon, keeps it from moving out of its original firing position and serves to connect the weapon with its prime mover for transport. Trails are of two generai types: split trails and box trails. The rear end of the trail has a spade, which is forced into the ground to restrict movement of the weapon during recoil.
COMMENTARY 1. Термин materiel является собирательным и охватывает большой круг понятий. Основное его значение материальная часть. В американской и британской армиях этим термином обозначается имущество всякого рода, используемое в бою. Сюда относятся приборы, машины, обмундирование, оружие и боеприпасы. Полным синонимом этого термина является equipment, охватывающий тот же круг понятий. Оба существительных употребляются только в единственном числе. Распространѐнной ошибкой является перевод русского термина боевая техника с помощью английского technique, обозначающего приѐмы, техника (действий); синонимами technique будут термины methods, tactics и procedure. Английским соответствием русского термина боевая техника является materiel или (combat) equipment. 2. Обратите внимание на перевод термина assembly. В военно- уставной литературе он означает сбор, построение, сосредоточение войск. Например: assembly area район сосредоточения, район сбора, район погрузки; assembly plan план сбора в районе сосредоточения. В военно-технических материалах этот термин означает устройство; агрегат; узел; комплекс, система. Например, antenna assembly антенное устройство; brake assembly тормозная система; control assembly узел крыла; barrel assembly ствол в сборе.
2.3 The M119A1 105mm Lightweight Towed Howitzer2 The M119A1 (see Figure 1) is a light weight air mobile air droppable (by parachute) or Towed Howitzer with an average crew of seven soldiers. It provides direct and indirect fire support to highly mobile light infantry divisions and separate brigades. The howitzer can be quickly moved and employed to provide maximum fire power with a minimum of combat loaded weight. It also provides a low silhouette and requires no recoil pit. These aspects make the M119A1 Howitzer one of the most lethal weapon systems in the Army inventory.
Figure 1. The M119A1 105mm Lightweight Towed Howitzer 1 – barrel ствол; 2 – counterrecoil cylinder цилиндр накатника; 3 – counterrecoil cylinders head головка цилиндра накатника; 4 – прицел; 5 – trails станины; 6 – spade attachments места крепления лопат; 7 – lunette bracket шворневая лапа; 8 – trail spade сошник; 9 – clearing rod банник; 10 – wheel and tire колесо с шиной.
The M119A1 has greater range, is lighter and has a more rapid rate of fire than its predecessor, the M102, which it replaces in light/ airmobile/airborne units. The M119 weights 4,000 pounds. The prime mover is the HMMV truck. The M119 is air transportable with its basic load of ammunition by the UH60 helicopter and is dual lift capable with the CH47 Chinook. The M119 fires all current 105-mm ammunition and new propellant is being developed to give the M119 an increased range to approximately 19K with the rocket assisted projectile. The M119 was first fielded to the 7th Infantry Division, Ft Ord, CA, in December 1989.
2 www.fas.org Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода.
The main performance of the M119A1 105mm Lightweight Towed Howitzer Weight: Cannon 1,389 lb With Complete BII 4,520 lb Maximum Range 14,000 m w/Chg 8 19,000 m w/M913 RAP Designated Prime Movers HMMWV (M1097) Elevation Range -100 to +1244 mils Rate of Fire: Max 6 rounds per min for 2 min Sustained 3 rounds per min for 30 min
2.4 The M198 Towered Howitzer3 The M198 Medium Towed Howitzer (see Figure 2, 3) is a 155mm field artillery howitzer. It is constructed of aluminum and steel, and is air transportable by CH-53E helicopter, and C-130 or larger fixed-wing aircraft. The weapon is designed for use with new ammunition, such as the Copperhead and rocket assisted projectiles, as well as other 155mm standard projectiles and propelling charges.
Figure 2. The M198 Towered Howitzer Figure 3. The M198 Towered Howitzer 1 – equilibrators уравновешивающий 1 – top carriage верхний станок лафета; 2 – механизм; 2 – equilibrators bottom carriage нижний станок лафета; 3 уравновешивающий механизм; 3 – – firing platform опорная плита; traversing handwheel маховик поворотного механизма; 4 – elevating handwheel маховик подъѐмного механизма
3 www.fas.org Рекомендуется для письменного перевода на слух.
The main performance of the M198 Towered Howitzer Primary function: Provides field artillery fire support for Marine Corps. Weight: 15,758 pounds Bore diameter: 155mm Maximum effective range: conventional ammunition: 13.92 miles rocket-assisted projectile: 18.64 miles Copperhead: 16,100 meters Time into action: 6 minutes Rate of Fire: Maximum: 4 rounds per minute Sustained: 2 rounds per minute Crew: 9 enlisted Unit Replacement Cost: $527,337
2.5 The M777A2 Lightweight 155mm Howitzer (LW155) The M777A2 Lightweight 155mm Howitzer mission is to provide direct, reinforcing, and general support fires to maneuver forces as well as direct support artillery for Stryker Brigade Combat Teams. The M777A2 Lightweight 155mm Howitzer (LW155) will replace all M198 155mm howitzers in operation with the Marine Corps and Army. The extensive use of titanium in all its major structures makes it 7,000 pounds lighter than its predecessor, the M198, with no sacrifice in range, stability, accuracy, or durability. Two M777A2s can be transported by a C- 130, and it can be dropped by parachute. The M777A2‘s lighter weight, independent suspension, smaller footprint, and lower profile increase strategic deployability, and tactical mobility. The system uses a primer feed mechanism, projectile loader-assist, advanced digital fire control system, and other improvements to enhance reliability and accuracy, and significantly increase system survivability. The M777A2 is jointly managed; the Marine Corps led the development of the howitzer and the Army led the development of the digital fire control system.
Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода
Specifications for the M777A2 Weight: Less than 10,000 pounds Emplace: Less than three minutes Displace: Two to three minutes Maximum range: 30 kilometer (rocket assisted round) Rate-of-fire: Four to eight rounds per minute maximum; two rounds per minute sustained Ground mobility: Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV), five- ton Trucks Air mobility: Two per C-130; six per C-17; 12 per C-5; CH- 53D/E; CH-47D; MV-22 155mm compatibility: all fielded and developmental NATO munitions Digital fire control: self-locating and pointing; digital and voice communications; self-contained power supply Program status: The M777A2 is in full-rate production with 572 systems having been delivered to the Army and Marine Corps (354/218 respectively) Seven Stryker Brigades have been fielded and two Fires Brigades Both the Army and Marine Corps have deployed the weapon to Iraq and Afghanistan where it is currently engaged in combat operations.
2.6 The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin4 The M109A6 Paladin (see Figure 4, 5, 6) is the latest advancement in 155mm self-propelled artillery. The system enhances previous versions of the M109 by implementing onboard navigational and automatic fire control systems. Paladin has both a Kevlar-lined chassis and a pressurized crew compartment to guard against ballistic, nuclear, biological, and chemical threats.
4 www.fas.org Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода с последующим пересказом по-английски.
Figure 4. The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin – left front view 1 - muzzle brake дульный тормоз; 2 – muzzle break locking ring стопорное кольцо дульного тормоза; 3 – evacuator эжектор; 4 – hatch люк; 5 – antennas of secure voice and digital communications антенны засекреченной телефонной и цифровой связи; 6 – compensating idler wheel (or the idler) – направляющий каток; 7 - caterpillar steel track гусеница; 8 - road wheel опорный каток; 9 - segregated hydraulic compartment отсек гидравлической аппаратуры; 10 - drive sprocket ведущее колесо; 11 – travelling lock bracket with remotely operated travel lock кронштейн крепления ствола в походном положении с дистанционным управлением.
Figure 5. The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin – right view 1 – 5 gallon can 19 л. канистра; 2 – engine compartment моторное отделение; 3 – transmission compartment трансмиссионное отделение; 4 – towing eye буксирная проушина; 5 – shovel лопата; 6 – clearing rod банник.
Figure 6. The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin – left rear view 1 – tools and accessories запасные части и инструменты (ЗИП); 2 - тент; 3 – full width bustle ammo storage отсек башни для хранения боекомплекта; 4 - вещмешок; 5 – spade сошник; 6 – splashboard подкрылок; 7 – case ejection hatch люк для выбрасывания стрелянных гильз
The M109A6 is the most technologically advanced cannon in the Army inventory. This weapon has a 4 man crew, and weights approximately 62,000 lbs, and has a cruising range of 186 miles, max speed is 35 MPH. It has a fuel capacity of 133 gals. The Paladin can operate independently, from on the move, it can receive a fire mission, compute firing data, select and take up its firing position, automatically unlock and point its cannon, fire and move out - all with no external technical assistance. Firing the first round from the move in under 60 seconds, a "shoot and scoot" capability protects the crew from counter battery fire. The M109A6 Paladin is capable of firing up to four rounds per minute to ranges of 30 kilometers. The Paladin features increased survivability characteristics such as day/night operability, NBC protection with climate control and secure voice and digital communications. By the end of 1999, 824 Paladins will be in the hands of US Army and National Guard Field Artillery units. The main performance of the M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin Type Self-propelled Weight 27.5 tons Length 30 ft Width 10.3 ft
Height 10.7 ft Crew 6 - Gun Commander, Driver, 4 x Gunners Shell Separate loading; bagged charge Caliber 155 mm Breech Interrupted screw Rate of fire 4 round/min maximum, 1 round/min sustained Effective range 18,000 m - 30,000 m (with rocket-assisted projectile) Primary armament M126 155mm Howitzer Secondary .50 cal M2 mg armament Operational range 216 mi Speed 35 mph
2.7 The M110 SP Howitzer5 The M110 (see Figure 7) is a self-propelled heavy artillery cannon with a crew of 12.
Figure 7. The M110 SP Howitzer The self-propelled M-110 8-inch howitzer first entered service with the US Army in 1963. The vehicle itself transports only two projectiles and five men, while the remainder of the ammunition and the crew is on board a tracked M548. This is full-tracked, self-propelled artillery weapon that fires a 200-pound projectile out to 16,800-meters. Versions of the M110 with the longer barrel are the M110A1 (no muzzle brake) and the M110A2 (fitted with muzzle brake). In 1977, the first M110A1s entered service; these were armed with the longer 8" howitzer M201. The M201 allowed greater range over the shorter M2A2 howitzer.
5 www.fas.org Рекомендуется для устного перевода на слух.
It is highly mobile and maneuverable, and can be airlifted in large cargo aircraft. The gun is an 8" Howitzer traversing in its own mount at the rear of the vehicle. The large spade at the rear is required for the massive recoil. It is hydraulically raised and lowered, and keeps the vehicle in place when the gun is fired. With a range of 20 miles, it has pinpoint accuracy. Being mounted on a tracked chassis allows it to support infantry or armor in nearly all terrain conditions. It weighs 52,600 lbs, and has a top speed of 34 mph. The M110A2 is the largest available self-propelled howitzer in the Army's inventory. It is deployed in division artillery of general support battalions and in separate corps- and Army-level battalions. Missions include general support, counterbattery fire, and suppression of enemy air defense systems. Ammunition includes standard high explosives, bomblets and high explosive rockets. There were 1,023 M-110A2s in the Army inventory in the early 1990s. The main performance of the M110 SP Howitzer Type: 203mm SP Howitzer Crew: 5 + 8 Vehicle Range: 725 km Max. Speed: 56 km/h Fording: 1 m Vertical Obstacle: .5 m Gap Crossing: 2.3 m Armament: 1 x 203mm M2a1 Howitzer Armour: nil
2.8 The M548A3 Cargo Carrier6 The M548A3 (see Figure 8) is an unarmored full-tracked vehicle that provides transportation of ammunition and general cargo to forward
6 www.inetres.com Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода.
areas in support of field units. The vehicle is capable of carrying a six-ton payload and four men sitting abreast in its cab.
Figure 8. The M548A3 Cargo Carrier
The rear cargo deck accommodates the transport of troops and/or materiel. The M548A3 is transportable in C130 and C141 aircraft, will ford water up to 40 inches deep and travels easily over rough terrain and highways. The 7.62mm or .50 caliber machine gun can be mounted over the cab and operated from a hatch in the cab roof.
2.9 The M992 FAASV Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle7 Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle (see Figure 9) is a field artillery weapons (M109A2 self-propelled class) in terms of speed, mobility, and survivability with the turret replaced by a fully enclosed superstructure. Inside this superstructure, which has the same protection as the rest of the vehicle, can be stacked 93 155 mm projectiles, 99 propellant charges and 104 fuzes. This full-tracked, self-propelled, diesel-powered vehicle is a highly mobile and maneuverable. It is capable of long-range, high-speed operation on improved roads. It is also well-suited to rough terrain, muddy or marshy ground, sand, snow, and ice. The M992 can also ford waterways where maximum depth is 42 inches.
7 www.fas.org
Figure 9. The M992 Configuration 1 – fuzes взрыватели; 2 – stacker погрузчик; 3 – projectile racks гнѐзда для снарядов; 4 – canister compartments кассеты для снарядов; 5 – conveyor конвейер.
All ammunition handling within the M992 is mechanical. In use, the M992 backs up to the user M109 and the conveyor delivers the 155 mm ammunition at the rate of up to 8 rounds/minute to the M109 bustle or lower hatches. The M992 can have a crew of two plus six passengers and the weight fully loaded is 25,900 kg. Intended primarily for use with M109 field units, the M992 can also be used by units with 175 mm, 203 mm, 120 mm and 105 mm self-propelled weapons. With 203mm units the M992 can carry 48 203 mm projectiles, 53 charges and 56 fuzes.
2.10 The M1064A3 Mortar Carrier8 The M1064A3 (see Figure 10, 11) is a modification of the M106A2 carrier. It has external fuel tanks and is modified internally to carry a 120mm mortar. It is fully tracked, highly mobile, and armor protected. It can be transported by air and is able to propel itself across water obstacles. The M1064A3 incorporates all of the mobility, reliability improvements of the M113A3. The M1064A3 has the same silhouette as the M113A3 Personnel Carrier and features a welded-in cross beam, additional floor support structures to withstand mortar reaction forces, and an enlarged three-piece top firing hatch. The 120mm mortar has a 90 traverse for firing over the rear of the vehicle. Replaced the M106-series 4.2-inch (107mm) mortar carrier in U.S. service.
Figure 10. The M1064A3 Mortar Carrier – left front view. 1 – right headlight cluster правый блок фар; 2 – exhaust grille вытяжная воздухораспределительная решѐтка; 3 – driver’s hatch люк механика-водителя; 4 – AN/VVS-2 periscope cover бронированный колпак перископа; 5 – mortar hatch крышка люка миномѐта; 6 – ground baseplate (stowed) опорная плита для стрельбы с земли, закреплѐнная для перевозки; 7 – fire extinguisher pull handle натяжная рукоятка противопожарного устройства; 8 – driver’s periscope (M17) перископ механика-водителя; 9 – lifting eye подъѐмная скоба; 10 – left headlight cluster левый блок фар; 11 – towing eye буксирная скоба; 12 - trim vane latch замок волноотражательного щитка; 13 – trim vane волноотражательный щиток.
8 http://www.inetres.com/gp/military/cv/arty/M1064.html Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода с предварительной подготовкой
Figure 11. The M1064A3 Mortar Carrier – rear view. 1 – 5 gallon water can 20 литровая канистра; 2 – rifle stowage rack стойка для крепления стрелкового оружия; 3 – intercom box коробка внутреннего переговорного устройства; 4 – 120-mm mortar 120-мм миномѐт; 5 – telephone receptacle телефонная розетка; 6 – telephone cable reel катушка телефонного кабеля; 7 – water can канистра; 8 – vertical ammunition rack вертикальный стеллаж для боеприпасов; 9 – mortar turntable миномѐтная поворотная платформа; 10 – vertical ammunition rack вертикальный стеллаж для боеприпасов.
The 120mm mortar provides close-in and continuous indirect fire support to maneuver forces. The M121 carrier mounted mortar system consists of the M298 cannon, M9 baseplate (for ground mount mode), M191 bipod, an adaptor kit for mounting in the M1064A3, and the M67 sight unit with an extension assembly. The turntable provides a ninety degree area of fire. The adaptation kit has a breech piece socket, bipod support, travel clamp assembly, step assembly, and brackets to mount the mortar into the M1064A3. The M121 mortar system uses graphic scales, mortar ballistic computer (MBC), M16 and M19 plotting boards, and firing tables. The system is compatible with the M2 aiming circle, M45 series
boresight equipment, M14 aiming posts, and the M58/59 aiming post lights. The M95/M96 Mortar Fire Control System is currently being fielded which will vastly improve all fire control aspects of the system. M298 Cannon Weight: 110 lbs. Length 69 in. M190 Bipod Weight: 70 lbs. Assembly M9 Mortar Weight: 136 lbs. Baseplate M64A1 Sight Unit Weight: 2.5 lbs. Range Minimum: 656 ft. Maximum: 23,622 ft. Rate of Fire 16 rounds per minute for the first minute; 4 rounds per minute sustained.
The M95 Mortar Fire Control System (MFCS) provides a complete, fully-integrated, digital, onboard fire control system for the carrier-mounted 120mm mortar. It provides a "shoot and scoot" capability to the carrier- mounted M121 mortar. System accuracy is increased through the use of a Global Positioning System (GPS), an onboard azimuth reference for the gun, and digital meteorological data (MET) updates.
2.11 EXERCISES Exercise 4. Translate the following questions and answer them in English: 1. What does the artillery weapons system consist of? 2. What are the main parts of an arty piece? 3. What is the design of a barrel? 4. How many types of breechblocks do you know? What are they? 5. What are the functions of a cradle? 6. What is the recoil sys designed for? 7. What arty pieces are now in service with the US Army? 8. What are the characteristics of the M119A1 Towed Howitzer? 9. What are the characteristics of the M198 Medium Towed Howitzer? 10. What are the characteristics of the M777A2 Lightweight 155mm Howitzer? 11. What are the characteristics of the M109A6 Paladin?
12. What are the characteristics of the self-propelled M-110 8-inch howitzer? 13. What is the purpose of the M548A3 Cargo Carrier? 14. What do you know about the M992 FAASV?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word combination: Extension assembly; лопасть; split trails; тормоз отката; land; бороздка; breech ring; управление огнѐм и огневое взаимодействие; barrel assembly; затворный механизм; inventory; активно-реактивный снаряд; milliradian; раздвижные станины; counterrecoil mechanism; боекомплект; propelling charge; удельное давление на грунт; sustained (rate of fire); таблица стрельбы; fuze; переправа в брод; general support battalion; гусеничная машина; aiming circle; цифровая система управления огнѐм; projectile loader-assist; расчѐт; combat loaded weight; тормоз наката.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form: «Коалиция-СВ» - 152-мм двуствольная самоходная гаубица Рабочие места членов экипажа расположены в компьютеризи- рованном модуле управления, который размещен в носовой части шас- си. Экипаж, состоящий из 2-х человек, осуществляет полный контроль над процессами заряжания, наведения (targeting; direction) и стрельбы. Модуль управления оборудован бортовыми тактическими системами выбора цели, позиционирования и навигации. По показаниям прибо- ров и датчиков экипаж постоянно следит за общим состоянием маши- ны и количеством боеприпасов по типам выстрелов. Каждое рабочее место членов экипажа оснащено комплексом дистанционного управления, автоматизированным огнем. Предусмот- рены основные люки экипажа, эвакуационный люк, а также техноло- гический люк перехода в модуль вооружения. Установка модуля управления в носовой части корпуса позво- ляет разместить экипаж в наименее опасном месте боевой машины. Основное вооружение находятся в башне, где установлена спа- ренная артиллерийская установка и боекомплект с системой механизи- рованного заряжения. Двигатель размещен в кормовой части машины.
Продемонстрированный в конце 2006 года образец был изго- товлен на основе модифицированного шасси с использованием узлов танков Т-80 и Т-72. После выхода САУ на огневую позицию стрельба из орудия производится после автоматического наведения на цель комплексом управления огнем под контролем членов экипажа по дисплеям. Бое- припасы подаются из автоматизированных боеукладок (stowage). Ме- ханизмы в модуле обеспечивают автоматический выбор необходимых типов снарядов и модульных зарядов. В составе комплекса (САУ/ТЗМ) возможна реализация полно- стью автоматизированной системы загрузки боеприпасов на борт, за- ряжания и ведения огня, обеспечивающая высокую скорострельность. Это стало возможным введением в состав комплекса бронированной транспортно-заряжающей машины (ТЗМ), оборудованной автоматизи- рованной подсистемой загрузки и перемещения боеприпасов, которая позволяет экипажу за несколько минут перезагрузить на борт САУ все необходимые выстрелы. Спаренная артиллерийская установка (twin gun mount), имеет люльку с размещенными в ней двумя расположенными друг над дру- гом стволами. Верхний и нижний стволы установлены параллельно друг другу в вертикальной плоскости. На каждом стволе в передней части трубы выполнен дульный тормоз сотового типа с боковыми окнами. Стрельба из спаренной артиллерийской установки производит- ся поочередно из каждого ствола. Для самообороны на крыше установлен зенитный пулемет ка- либра 12,7-мм, а по бокам от башни установлены 81-мм пусковые ус- тановки дымовых гранат с электрическим управлением. САУ со спаренной артиллерийской установкой обеспечивает повышение скорострельности за счет обеспечения возможности одно- временного заряжания двух стволов, что приближает такую артуста- новку по огневой производительности к реактивным системам залпо- вого огня при сохранении кучности нарезкой ствольной системы.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and translate the sentences: Guns consist of the barrel assembly with the breech mechanism and ... . The … is composed of a tube and a breech ring. The hollow part of the
tube is … . The rear portion of the bore is a chamber to hold … . The rifling consists of … cut along the interior of the … . … provides for entry and sealing of the ammunition in the weapon. There are two types of breechblocks: … . The cradle supports the ... . The recoil system is a mechanism designed to ... . The self-propelled M-110 8-inch howitzer first entered service … the US Army in 1963.
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Make up sentences with the following word- combinations: To obtain the desired effect on the tgt; result of the effective application; to hold the ammo; being called lands; provides for entry and sealing; to absorb the energy of recoil; equipped with muzzle brakes; to reduce the recoil impulse; supports the cradle; transmits the forces of recoil to the ground; is a light weight air mobile air droppable (by parachute) or Towed Howitzer; can be quickly moved and employed; has a more rapid rate of fire; the weapon is designed for; smaller footprint; tactical mobility; is the latest advancement; to enter service with the US Army; it is highly mobile and maneuverable; to withstand mortar reaction forces.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your opinion: 1. The M109A6 Paladin is the out-of-date self-propelled how. 2. The self-propelled M-110 howitzer transports all projectiles and its crew. 3. Ammunition of the self-propelled M-110 includes standard high explosives, bomblets and high explosive rockets. 4. The M992 FAASV Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle is full-tracked, self-propelled, horse traction vehicle. 5. The 120-mm mortar provides close-in and continuous indirect fire support to maneuver forces. 6. The barrel assembly is composed of a tube and the bore. 7. The rear portion of the bore is a chamber to absorb the energy of recoil. 8. Large caliber weapons, 155 mm howitzers for instance, are usually equipped with wheel and tire. 9. The cradle supports the barrel and sight.
10. The elevating mechanism is a device for making lateral changes in the direction of the axis of the barrel.
Exercise 11. Act as an interpreter: 1. Ваше воинское звание, I am driver of the M992 FAASV, Private фамилия и должность? First Class, Joe Smith. 2. В какой воинской части I served in Btry A, 1st Battalion, 6th Field проходили службу? Artillery assigned to the 1st Infantry Mechanized Division. 3. Дайте полное The full name of this combat vehicle is наименование боевой Field Artillery Ammunition Supply машине, на которой служили. Vehicle. 4. Для чего предназначена It is used to carry ammo for the эта боевая машина? M109 155mm self-propelled medium howitzer. In self-propelled units, the M992 is the companion vehicle to the howitzer. It serves as an area from which to service the weapon as well as a storage area for ammo. 5. Дайте характеристику This full-tracked, self-propelled, diesel- боевой машине, на которой powered vehicle is well-suited to rough проходили службу. terrain, muddy or marshy ground, sand, snow, and ice. It can be stacked 93 155 mm projectiles, 99 propellant charges and 104 fuzes.
Exercise 12. Say the following word-groups in Russian: Light weight air mobile air droppable Howitzer; o provide maximum fire power with a minimum of combat loaded weight; one of the most lethal weapon systems; to fire all current 105-mm ammunition; to provide direct, reinforcing, and general support fires to maneuver forces; to enhance reliability and accuracy; significantly increase system survivability; take up firing position; "shoot and scoot" capability; fully enclosed superstructure.
US ARTILLERY MATERIEL MISSILE Lesson 3 Цели занятия: 1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков: - перевода на слух (упражнение 4; 5; 11); - перевода с листа (текст 3.2; 3.3); - двустороннего перевода (упражнение 5, 11); - письменного перевода (текст 3.3; упражнение 6); - аудирования (упражнение 4; 5; 11); - преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических трудностей (commentary; упражнение 5; 6; 8; 9; 10; 11); - переключения (упражнение 5). 2. Развитие творческого мышления(4; 7; 8; 10). 3. Развитие памяти (текст 3.3). 4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5; 9). 5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение 3.1). 6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 3.2; 3.3).
3.1 ACTIVE TERMS warhead боеголовка guided missile управляемая ракета guidance system система наведения heat-seeking missile ракета с инфракрасной головкой самонаведения control mechanism механизм управления cruise type missile ракета с маршевым воздушно-реактивным двигателем; крылатая ракета ballistic type баллистический тип initial (boost) phase участок неуправляемого полѐта of flight Remote Controlled дистанционно управляемый Wire Guided Missile управляемая по проводам ракета air-breathing jet воздушно-реактивный двигатель engine cruise missile крылатая ракета silo шахтная пусковая установка railroad car железнодорожный вагон
Multiple Launch реактивная система залпового огня Rocket System (MLRS) all-weather всепогодный area fire weapon система вооружения для ведения огня по system площади high-payoff target важная цель versatile weapon многоцелевая система вооружения system time-sensitive target первоочередная цель; цель, подлежащая срочному уничтожению Armored Vehicle ракетная пусковая установка, установленная на Mounted Rocket бронированной машине Launcher Army Tactical тактический ракетный комплекс сухопутных Missile System войск (Army TACMS) ripple залповый пуск batch партия; выпуск (из училища); команда buckshot картечь camouflage netting камуфляжная сеть cot парусиновая койка
WORD-COMBINATIONS: at all depths of the tactical battlefield на всю глубину оперативно-такического района боевых действий to deliver large volumes of firepower вести огонь большой плотности to provide fire support for infantry units осуществлять огневую поддержку в интересах пехотных частей и подразделений
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS: to be aimed by orienting to home onto radar emissions
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS bad bird ракета, потерявшая управление bird орѐл (на гербе); ракета Gypsy Wagon ракетная система залпового огня (MLRS) Screaming Mimi Chase-me- шутл. самонаводящаяся ракета Charlie Christmas Tree пусковая установка с несколькими направляющими; индикаторный щит; пульт управления (со световой сигнализацией); (во всех этих значениях прослеживается отчѐтливая связь с образом ѐлки с украшениями и гирляндами разноцветных лампочек) dart [дротик] шутл. ракета drone [трутень; жужжание] управляемая ракета hot rod ракета
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word combinations of the previous lessons: Tgt acquisition; управление огнѐм и огневое взаимодействие; carriage; ствол в сборе; recoil system; механизм горизонтальной наводки; trail; ствол; breech ring; зарядная камора; firing mechanism; поле нареза; counterrecoil mechanism; расчѐт; indirect fire support; поддержка огнѐм прямой наводкой; propelling charge; активно- реактивный снаряд.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and translate the following abbreviations: Wpn; comps; HE; nuc charge; rkt mtr; msl; msl sys; rkt; lchr; GM; SRBM; MRBM; IRBM; ICBM; SLBM.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the word- combinations: To be aimed by orienting the lchr; burns until it is exhausted; corrected after firing by a guiding mechanism; closely guarded military secrets; to ―home‖ onto the hot exhaust of jet engines; relays instructions for course correction to the control mechanism; to strike targets far beyond
the battle area; area fire weapon system; while providing fire support for attacking maneuver elements; can be fired individually or simultaneously; controlled in both azimuth and elevation.
3.2 US artillery materiel. Missiles
"Artillery is the god of war." Joseph Stalin
Missile is a rocket-propelled wpn designed to deliver an explosive warhead with great accuracy at high speed. Missiles vary from small tactical weapons that are effective out to only a few hundred feet to much larger strategic wpns that have ranges of several thousand miles. The main comps of a msl are: the warhead which contains a HE, chemical, or nuc charge and a fuze to initiate detonation; the rkt mtr which contains the combustion chamber to house the propellant, either solid or liquid; the fin assembly which stabilizes the msl in flight. A combination of men and equip necessary to make a msl a wpn is called a msl sys. Classification Almost all missiles contain some form of guidance and control mechanism and are therefore often referred to as guided missiles. An unguided military missile is usually referred to as a rocket. A rkt is aimed by orienting the lchr. It has no guidance sys within or without and therefore cannot be further guided once it is fired. The rkt mtr burns until it is exhausted. A guided missile‘s trajectory or flight path may be altered or corrected after firing by a guiding mechanism. The guidance system is the most important and sophisticated part of the missile. Details of the guidance systems of most modern missiles are closely guarded military secrets. In tactical missiles, electronic sensors locate the target by detecting energy emitted or reflected from it. For example, heat-seeking missiles carry infrared sensors that allow them to ―home‖ onto the hot exhaust of jet engines. Antiradiation missiles home
Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода с предварительной подготовкой.
onto radar emissions, while one type of optically homing missile may ―lock‖ onto an image of the target that is captured by a television camera. Upon receiving information through its sensor, the guidance system relays instructions for course correction to the control mechanism through some type of autopilot contained within the missile or through commands transmitted from the launch platform. Although missiles can be propelled by either liquid-fueled or solid- fueled rocket engines, solid fuel is preferred for military uses because it is less likely to explode and can be kept ready-loaded for quick launch. Such engines commonly propel tactical guided missiles — i.e., missiles intended for use within the immediate battle area — toward their targets at twice the speed of sound. Strategic missiles (weapons designed to strike targets far beyond the battle area) are either of the cruise or ballistic type. Cruise missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while ballistic missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial (boost) phase of flight, after which they follow an arcing trajectory to the target. As gravity pulls the ballistic warhead back to Earth, speeds of several times the speed of sound are reached. Thereafter it follows a high, curving traj similar to that of an arty shell. Ballistic missiles contain some type of inertial guidance system, which compares the missile‘s actual speed and position to the positions that it must assume in order to hit the target. The guidance system then generates correcting commands to the control system. Inertial guidance has become so accurate that the United States‘ MX Peacekeeper ballistic missile, with a range of more than 6,000 miles, has a 50-percent chance of delivering its 10 nuclear warheads within 400 feet of their targets. A GM whose flight path may be altered by electrical signals received through trailing wires as it heads for the tgt is known as a Remote Controlled, Wire Guided Missile. Examples: Dragon, TOW. A propeller-driven underwater missile is called a torpedo, and a guided missile powered along a low, level flight path by an air-breathing jet engine is called a cruise missile.
Types of missiles Tactical guided missiles are generally categorized according to the location of the launch platform and target. There are five types, air-to-air, air-to-surface, surface-to-air, antiship, and antitank, or assault.
Ballistic missiles are most often categorized as short-range, medium-range, intermediate-range, and intercontinental ballistic missiles (SRBMs, MRBMs, IRBMs, and ICBMs). SRBMs are effective to 300 miles, MRBMs from 300 to 600 miles, IRBMs from 600 to 3,300 miles, and ICBMs more than 3,300 miles. ICBMs are usually launched from silos, which are reinforced canisters sunk into the ground for protection. Shorter-range ballistic missiles and some ICBMs are launched from railroad cars or wheeled trailers that offer the protection of mobility. ―Hot-launched‖ ballistic missiles are launched directly from their canisters, while ―cold-launched‖ missiles are ejected from the canisters by compressed gas before the rocket engines ignite. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) are ejected in this manner to the ocean surface from tubes within the submerged vessel.
COMMENTARY 1. Следует обратить внимание на перевод терминов rocket и missile. Эти термины синонимичны. Раньше они были почти абсолютными синонимами. Так, например, неуправляемая ракета называлась free-flight rocket, free-flight missile, unguided rocket, unguided missile, а управляемая ракета — guided rocket, guided missile. Однако за последнее время произошла дифференциация значений. В настоящее время термин rocket используется для обозначения, как правило, неуправляемых ракет, иногда с уточняющим определением free rocket, а термин missile — для управляемых ракет, почти всегда с уточняющим определением guided missile. В настоящее время значение термина missile несколько шире понятия rocket. Сочетание rockets and missiles переводится неуправляемые и управляемые ракеты. 2. Сокращенные обозначения ракет в вооруженных силах США представляют систему, каждый элемент которой имеет свое собственное значение. Ракеты, состоящие на вооружении сухопутных войск, ВВС и ВМС США, имеют буквенно-цифровые обозначения, которые определяют класс ракеты, вид вооруженных сил, по заказу которого она разработана, тип и модификацию ракеты. Часто к обозначению добавляется наименование ракеты. В зависимости от места запуска и места цели, ракеты подразделяются на четыре класса, которые имеют следующие обозначения:
класс «земля — земля» — SSM (Surface-to-Surface Missile); класс «земля — воздух» — SAM (Surface-to-Air Missile); класс «воздух — земля» —ASM (Air-to-Surface Missile); класс «воздух — воздух» — ААМ (Air-to-Air Missile) Например, обозначение SAM-A-5 N1KE расшифровывается: SAM — ракета класса «земля — воздух», А — армия (индекс заказчика): 5 — тип пятый (индекс типов), NIKE — «Найк» (наименование ракеты). Кроме того в подобных сочетаниях может встретиться буква U (underwater), которая указывает на подводную цель или подводную пусковую установку, обозначая таким образом место запуска или место расположения цели под водой, например: AUM (Air-to-Underwater Missile), UAM (Underwater-to Air Missile), USM (Underwater-to-Surface Missile), SUM (Surface-to-Underwater Missile).
3.3 The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (M270 MLRS) (see Figure 12) is a multiple rocket launcher, a type of rocket artillery. The Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) provides the Army an all-weather, indirect, area fire weapon system to strike counterfire, air defense, armored formations, and other high-payoff targets at all depths of the tactical battlefield. The Multiple Launch Rocket System is a versatile weapon system that supplements traditional cannon artillery fires by delivering large volumes of firepower in a short time against critical, time-sensitive targets. These targets often include enemy artillery, air defense systems, mechanized units, and personnel. MLRS units can use their system's "shoot and scoot" capability to survive while providing fire support for attacking maneuver elements. MLRS is not intended to replace cannon artillery, but has been designed to complement it.
Рекомендуется для письменного перевода с дальнейшим пересказом по-английски.
Figure 12. The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System 1 – fire control panel пульт управления стрельбой; 2 – communicating processor устройство обработки связи; 3 – antennas антенны; 4 – battery box ящик аккумуляторной батареи; 5 – loading booms погрузочные стрелы; 6 – launcher loader module заряжающе-пусковое устройство; 7 – elevation actuator подъѐмный привод; 8 – cage assembly стакан в сборе; 9 – payload interface module модуль сопряжения ракет; 10 – power distribution box силовой распределительный щит; 11 – shorting voltage tester прибор измерения напряжения пробоя; 12 – fire control unit блок управления огнѐм; 13 – rocket tubes трубчатая ракетная пусковая направляющая; 14 – improved stabilization reference package position determining system усовершенствованный контейнер стабилизации системы определения местоположения; 15 – boom controller датчик положения заряжающе-пускового устройства; 16 – rocket pods контейнер с ракетами; 17 – turret assembly турельная установка; 18 – electronic box радиотехнический отсек; 19 – improved electronic unit усовершенствованный радиотехнический блок.
The MLRS M270 Launcher is the standard U.S. Army platform for firing surface to surface artillery rockets and missiles. The Armored Vehicle Mounted Rocket Launcher (M270) is a full-tracked, self-propelled launcher/loader designed to launch 12 tactical rockets or 2 Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS) missiles, which can be fired individually or simultaneously and re-deploy before enemy determination of launch position (shoot and scoot). Rockets have a range beyond 30 kilometers, and the Army TACMS Block IA missile can reach to 300 kilometers. The launcher consists of six rockets, each of which are mounted and controlled in both azimuth and elevation.
The M270 launcher has a maximum speed of 64 Km/hour, with a maximum range of 435 Km. It is capable of climbing a 60 degree slope and a one meter wall. The M270 can load, arm, and fire a 12 rocket ripple within five minutes. M270 launchers are deployed three per battery and 29 per battalion. The M270 launcher can be conFigure d for transport by Air Force C-141 aircraft. The M270 launcher is also transportable by Air Force C-5 and C-17 aircraft. Some 1,300 M270 systems have been manufactured, along with more than 700,000 rockets. The system has been used in the Gulf War and Iraq War, where it proved itself as a practical and effective weapons system. The production of the M270 ended in 2003, when a last batch was delivered to the Egyptian army. US military operators refer to the M270 as "the commander's personal shotgun" or as "battlefield buckshot." It is also commonly referred to as the "Gypsy Wagon", because crews store additional equipment such as camouflage netting, cots, and personal items on top of the vehicle as the launcher itself lacks adequate storage space for the crew. With the adoption of the new M30 GPS guided rocket it is now being referred to as the "70 kilometer sniper rifle."
The main performance of the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System Crew 3 man Cruise Range 483 km Reload Time 9 minutes Rocket Range 31.8 km
3.4 EXERCISES Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer them in English: 1. What is a missile? 2. What are the main comps of a msl? 3. What is the difference between rkt and guided msl? 4. What is the designation of a missile‘s guidance system? 5. What is the purpose of missile‘s rocket engine? 6. What are the main types of tactical guided missiles do you know?
7. What are the main types of ballistic missiles do you know? 8. What multiple rocket launchers and rocket missiles are now in service with the US fld arty? 9. What are the main characteristics of the M270 MLRS? 10. What kind of ammo can be fired the M270 MLRS?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word combinations: Initial (boost) phase of flight; крылатая ракета; silo; реактивная система залпового огня; all-weather; система вооружения для ведения огня по площади; versatile weapon system; цель, подлежащая срочному уничтожению; Armored Vehicle Mounted Rocket Launcher; залповый пуск; тактический ракетный комплекс сухопутных войск; buckshot; камуфляжная сеть.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form: Реактивная система залпового огня "Смерч" "Смерч" - качественно новое в области реактивных систем оружие. "Смерч" создан в 1986-м, на вооружение Вооруженных Сил принят в 1989-м. РСЗО - боевая машина (БМ) с 12 направляющими (размещенная на автомобильном шасси высокой проходимости МАЗ- 543М, которая обеспечивает скорость передвижения до 60 км/час, запас хода по топливу - 850 км); транспортно-заряжающая машина с краном и заряжающим устройством; реактивные снаряды (РС) осколочно-фугасного действия (high-explosive), кассетного с суббоеприпасами осколочного действия (cluster warhead with anti- personnel bomblet), кассетного с самоприцеливающимися суббоеприпасами высокой эффективности (cluster warhead with high performance intelligent submunitions), позволяющими вести эффективную борьбу с современными танками и другой бронированной техникой. Пуски РС обеспечиваются из кабины БМ или с помощью выносного пульта. "Смерч" - это оружие нового качественного уровня, он не имеет аналогов по дальности и эффективности огня, площади поражения живой силы и бронетехники. Если "Град" накрывает площадь в 4 га на расстоянии 20 км, "Ураган" - 29 га на дальности 35 км, MLRS - 33 га на расстоянии 30 км, то у "Смерча" площадь
поражения фантастическая - 67 га (672 тыс. кв. м) при дальности залпа от 20 до 70 км, в ближайшей перспективе - и до ста. Причем "Смерч" сжигает все, даже бронетехнику. Подготовка к бою РСЗО после получения целеуказания (target indication) - всего 3 минуты, полный залп - 38 секунд. "Смерч" неуязвим - удар, и он мгновенно исчезает. 12-ствольный "Смерч" ведет огонь 300-мм снарядами. Впервые ракета имеет на борту блок системы управления. В отличие от предыдущих за боевой частью ракеты размещен дополнительный двигатель, с помощью которого ее недолгий полет до цели корректируется по высоте и курсу. В результате рассеивание (dispersion) уменьшается в три раза по сравнению с неуправляемым снарядом, в два раза увеличивается точность стрельбы. Для корректируемого снаряда "Смерча" характерно также и то, что из его 800 кг боевая часть составляет 280 - это идеальное соотношение между маршевым двигателем и поражающими элементами. В кассете 72 боеприпаса весом 2 кг. Угол встречи их с целью (с землей, окопами, боевой техникой противника) не как у обычного снаряда - от 30 до 60 градусов, а за счет особого устройства строго вертикальный - 90 градусов. Конусы таких "метеоритов" запросто дырявят башни боевых машин, где броня не очень толстая.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and translate the sentences: Missile is a rocket-propelled wpn designed … an explosive warhead … great accuracy … high speed. The main comps of a msl are … . Almost all missiles contain some form … guidance and control. A rkt is aimed … orienting the … . In tactical missiles, electronic sensors … the target … detecting energy emitted or reflected from it. Missiles can be propelled by either … or … rocket engines. The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (M270 MLRS) (see Figure 12) is a … . US military operators refer to the M270 … "the commander's personal shotgun".
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text of the lesson.
Exercise 9. Make up sentences with the following word- combinations:
To be aimed by orienting the lchr; burns until it is exhausted; corrected after firing by a guiding mechanism; closely guarded military secrets; to ―home‖ onto the hot exhaust of jet engines; relays instructions for course correction to the control mechanism; to strike targets far beyond the battle area; area fire weapon system; while providing fire support for attacking maneuver elements; can be fired individually or simultaneously; controlled in both azimuth and elevation.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your opinion: 1. Missile is a rocket-propelled wpn designed to deliver an explosive warhead with great accuracy at high speed. 2. The main comps of a msl are: the warhead, the propellant, strong steel case, a bursting charge and the launcher. 3. A guided missile‘s trajectory or flight path may be altered or corrected after firing by a guiding mechanism. 4. Strategic missiles (weapons designed to strike targets far beyond the battle area) can be only ballistic type, wile tactical missiles can be only cruise type. 5. Tactical guided missiles are generally categorized according to its size. 6. The Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) provides the Army an all-weather, indirect, point-target fire weapon system to destroy en tanks and individual foxholes. 7. The MLRS M270 Launcher is the standard U.S. Army platform for firing surface to air artillery rockets and missiles.
Exercise 11. Act as an interpreter: 1. Для чего Missile is a rocket-propelled wpn designed to предназначены ракеты? deliver an explosive warhead with great accuracy at high speed. 2. Из каких основных The main comps of a msl are: the частей состоит ракета? warhead, the rkt mtr, and the fin assembly. 3. На какие классы Tactical guided missiles are generally подразделяются ракеты? categorized according to the location of the launch platform and target. There are five types, air-to-air, air-to-surface, surface-to-air, antiship, and antitank, or assault.
US ARTILLERY MATERIEL ARTILLERY AMMUNITION Lesson 4 Цели занятия: 1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков: - перевода на слух (упражнение 4; 5); - перевода с листа (текст 4.2; 4.3; 4.4; 4.5); - двустороннего перевода (упражнение 5); - письменного перевода (текст 4.5; упражнение 6; 12); - аудирования (текст 4.4; упражнение 4); - преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических трудностей (commentary; упражнение 6; 8; 9; 10; 12); - переключения (упражнение 5); 2. Развитие творческого мышления (7; 8; 10). 3. Развитие памяти (текст 4.2; 4.4). 4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 9). 5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение 4.1). 6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 4.2; 4.3; 4.4; 4.5).
4.1 ACTIVE TERMS fixed ammunition унитарные боеприпасы separate-loading ammunition боеприпасы раздельного заряжания cartridge case гильза service ammunition (основные) боеприпасы; боевые выстрелы practice ammunition учебные боеприпасы, практические боеприпасы для выполнения учебных стрельб dummy ammunition учебные боеприпасы, предназначенные для тренировок или показа blank ammunition холостые боеприпасы shell (полый) артиллерийский снаряд bursting charge разрывной заряд soft target уязвимая цель; слабозащищѐнная цель percussion fuze взрыватель ударного действия time fuze взрыватель с установкой на взрыв в определѐнное время
proximity fuze дистанционный взрыватель armor-piercing shell бронебойный снаряд high explosive anti-tank противотанковый кумулятивный (HEAT) round снаряд armor-piercing discarding бронебойный подкалиберный снаряд с sabot отделяющимся поддоном sabot round подкалиберный снаряд armor-piercing fin-stabilized оперѐнный бронебойный снаряд с discarding sabot отделяющимся поддоном drag stabilization стабилизация за счѐт сопротивления воздуха tungsten alloy вольфрамовый сплав depleted uranium обеднѐнный уран dense плотный; крепкий High Velocity Armor Piercing бронебойный снаряд с высокой (HVAP) начальной скоростью core внутренняя полость неразрывного снаряда tungsten carbide карбид вольфрама Armor-piercing capped, бронебойный снаряд с бронебойным ballistic cap (APCBC) shell баллистическим наконечником composite armor композитная броня reactive armor активная броня (защита); динамическая броня (защита) probe конус chemical shell снаряд с боевым ОВ smoke shell дымовой снаряд base ejection shell снаряд с вышибным дном illuminating shell осветительный снаряд carrier shell специальный снаряд flare осветительный патрон steering vanes управляемые стабилизаторы graze fuze ударный взрыватель инерционного действия delay fuze взрыватель замедленного действия mechanical time fuze механический дистанционный взрыватель airburst fuze взрыватель воздушно-ударного
действия (срабатывающий от ударной взрывной волны) proximity sensor airburst неконтактный взрыватель воздушно- ударного действия electronic time радиоэлектронный дистанционный взрыватель electronic proximity fuze радиоэлектронный неконтактный взрыватель cargo ammunition Improved conventional усовершенствованный обычный ammunition боеприпас squash head shell снаряд со сминаемой головной частью igniferous timer замедлитель воспламеняющего действия photo-electric fuze фотоэлектрический взрыватель radar fuze радиолокационный взрыватель shell retardation замедление полѐта снаряда downrange в направлении от места стрельбы shot сплошной снаряд payload боевая часть; боевая загрузка; полезный груз nose ejection снаряд с вышибной носовой частью dual purpose improved кумулятивно-осколочный conventional munition- усовершенствованный артиллерийский bomblet снаряд малого калибра scatterable mines укладываемые внаброс мины colored flare цветная ракета flechette игольчатый боеприпас; стреловидный поражающий элемент contained area изолированная зона combustion chamber камера сгорания black powder дымный (чѐрный) порох ramjet прямоточный воздушно-реактивный двигатель cartridge bag зарядный картуз cartridge case патронная гильза obturation закрывание отверстия percussion взрыватель ударного действия;
ударного действия primer magazine сосок гильзы joint task force (JTF) объединѐнная оперативная группа operational fire оперативный огонь helicopter forward area вертолѐтный передовой пункт rearming/refueling point пополнения боекомплекта и дозаправки горючим Anti-Personnel, Anti-Materiel боевой элемент кассетного боеприпаса (APAM) bomblet для поражения живой силы и техники solid rocket motor твердотопливный ракетный двигатель insulation теплоизоляция liner бронирующее покрытие заряда (РДТТ); внутренняя труба; облицовка; подкладка nozzle сопло igniter arm воспламенитель заряда fire assembly воспламенитель заряда fin стабилизатор; оперение bulkhead переборка; перегородка warhead assembly снаряжѐнная боевая часть skin severance system наружное устройство отделения target location error (TLE) ошибка в определении координат цели electronic time fuze электронный дистанционный взрыватель submunition боевой малокалиберный боеприпас; поражающий элемент кассетного боеприпаса; боевой поражающий элемент cannon-launched guided управляемый артиллерийский снаряд projectile (CLGP) toxic projectile химический снаряд hollow charge projectile кумулятивный снаряд rocket-assisted projectile активно-реактивный снаряд self-destroying fuse самоликвидатор ammunition lot партия боеприпасов
WORD-COMBINATIONS: to shatter the case разрывать гильзу
to scatter sharp pieces рассеивать острые осколки to be superseded by smth замещаться, заменяться чем-либо to present представлять собой to deflagrate вспыхивать, гореть без детонации to betray the positions демаскировать позиции umbilical cable отрывной кабель (наземного питания ракеты) aft end хвостовая часть flight computer system (FCS) система управления полѐтом wire rope тросовый леер retaining strap фиксирующая скоба lanyard вытяжной фал
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS: To propel the projectile at the target to be made of copper
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS ammo Joe солдат службы боепитания brick шутл. снаряд; мина doodle bug [дурной жук] тяжѐлый снаряд dud [неудачник; пугало огородное] неразорвавшийся боеприпас flying ash can [урна для мусора] тяжѐлый снаряд [мина] flying ashbin [зольный бункер] тяжѐлый снаряд [мина] flying dustbin [пылесборник] тяжѐлый снаряд [мина] gun fodder [fodder – фураж; корм для скота] боеприпас jam pot [банка с вареньем] миномѐтная мина red nose шрапнель stink [зловоние; вонь] фам. пренебр. химический снаряд [мина, бомба]; сигарета с наркотиком whiz-bang снаряд с высокой начальной скоростью whizzbang (звукоподражание) снаряд с высокой начальной скоростью (звукоподражание) Willie Peter белый фосфор Wilson Picket белый фосфор yellow nose осколочно-фугасный снаряд
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word combinations: Warhead; система наведения; control mechanism; ракета с инфракрасной головкой самонаведения; cruise type missile; участок неуправляемого полѐта; Wire Guided Missile; воздушно-реактивный двигатель; all-weather; важная цель; area fire weapon system.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and translate the following abbreviations: Fld arty; cbt; acft; rkt; SA; ammo; arty ammo; wpns; cal; in; HE; AP shell; HEAT round; APDS round; APFSDS round; DU; WHA; USA; UK; HVAP projectile; APCBC shot; AP shot; WP.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the word- combinations: Tailored for the engagement of different types of targets; is assembled in the cartridge case; in live fire training; mimics the characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds; to shatter the case; specially hardened and shaped nose; have better penetration; kinetic energy of the shot; used to defeat armored vehicles; illuminated with a laser; the devices that trigger explosion; spin in flight; time sensitive targets.
4.2 Classification of ammunition
"I do not have to tell you who won the war. You know, the artillery did." General George S. Patton, Jr.
Fld arty has a wide variety of ammunitions tailored for the engagement of different types of targets. Ammunition is explosive materiel intended to be expended in cbt or simulated cbt conditions. It consists of arty, acft, rkt, SA, and miscellaneous ammo. Arty ammo includes all ammo, used in wpns of cal greater than 60 in.
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Based on the method of loading ammo are classified as fixed and separate-loading. In fixed ammunition the propelling charge is assembled in the cartridge case, which is crimped rigidly to the projectile. Artillery ammunition has four classifications according to use: Service: ammunition used in live fire training or for wartime use in a combat zone. Also known as "warshot" ammunition. Practice: Ammunition with a non- or minimally-explosive projectile that mimics the characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds for use under training conditions. Practice artillery ammunition often utilizes a colored-smoke-generating bursting charge for marking purposes in place of the normal high explosive charge. Dummy: Ammunition with an inert warhead, inert primer, and no propellant; used for training or display. Blank: Ammunition with live primer greatly reduced propellant charge (typically black powder) and no projectile; used for training, demonstration or ceremonial use. There are many different types of shells. The principal ones include: The most common shell type is high explosive, commonly referred to simply as HE. They have a strong steel case, a bursting charge, and a fuze. The fuze detonates the bursting charge which shatters the case and scatters hot, sharp case pieces (fragments, splinters) at high velocity. Most of the damage to soft targets such as unprotected personnel is caused by shell pieces rather than by the blast. The term "shrapnel" is sometimes incorrectly used to describe the shell pieces, but shrapnel shells functioned very differently. Depending on the type of fuze used the HE shell can be set to burst on the ground (percussion), in the air above the ground (time or proximity), or after penetrating a short distance into the ground (percussion with delay, either to transmit more ground shock to covered positions, or to reduce the spread of fragments). An armor-piercing shell (see Figure13) is a type of ammo designed to penetrate armor. Shells designed for this purpose have a greatly strengthened case with a specially hardened and shaped nose, and a much smaller bursting charge. Some smaller-caliber AP shells have an inert filling, or incendiary charge in place of the HE bursting charge. The AP shell is now little used in naval warfare, as modern warships have little or no armor protection, but it remains the preferred round in tank warfare, as it has a greater "first-hit-
kill" probability than a high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) round, especially against a target with composite armor, and because of higher muzzle, is also more accurate than a HEAT round.
Figure 13. Armor piercing shell of the APBC 1 – light weight ballistic cap облегчѐнный баллистический наконечник; 2 – steel alloy piercing shell бронебойный снаряд из легированной стали; 3 –bursting charge разрывной заряд); 4 – fuze взрыватель (set with delay to explode inside the target); 5 – bourrelet (front) and driving band (rear) центрирующее утолщение (спереди) и ведущий поясок (сзади)
Armor-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) (see Figure14, 15) is a type of kinetic energy projectile fired from a gun to attack armored targets. APDS rounds are sabot rounds and were commonly used in large caliber tank guns, but have now been superseded by armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) projectiles in such guns. However, APDS rounds are still commonly used in small or medium caliber weapon systems.
Figure 14. French "Arrow" armor- Figure 15. APFSDS at point of separation of piercing round, a form of APFSDS sabot An Armor-Piercing, Fin-Stabilized, Discarding Sabot (APFSDS) projectile uses the sabot principle with fin (drag) stabilization. A long, thin
sub-projectile has increased sectional density and thus penetration potential. However, once a projectile has a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 10 (less for higher density projectiles), spin stabilization becomes ineffective. Instead, drag stabilization is used, by means of fins attached to the base of the sub-projectile, making it look like a large metal arrow. Large caliber APFSDS projectiles are usually fired from smooth- bore (unrifled) barrels, though they can be and often are fired from rifled guns. This is especially true when fired from small to medium caliber weapon systems. APFSDS projectiles are usually made from high-density metal alloys such as tungsten heavy alloys (WHA) or depleted uranium (DU). DU alloys are cheaper and have better penetration than others as they are denser and self-sharpening, but they present radiological and toxic hazards that remain on the battlefield. The less toxic WHAs are preferred in most countries except the USA, UK, and Russia. The High Velocity Armor Piercing (HVAP) projectile is a core of a high-density hard material such as tungsten carbide surrounded by a full- bore shell of a lighter material (e.g. an aluminum alloy). Most HVAP projectiles are shaped like the standard APCBC shot, but the projectile is lighter: up to half the weight of a standard AP shot of the same caliber. The lighter weight allows a higher velocity. The kinetic energy of the shot is concentrated in the core and hence on a smaller impact area, improving the penetration of the target armor. The High-Explosive, Anti-Tank (HEAT) (see Figure 16) shells are a type of shaped charge used to defeat armored vehicles. They are extremely efficient at defeating plain steel armor but less so against later composite and reactive armor. The effectiveness of the shell is independent of its velocity, and hence the range: it is as effective at 1000 meters as at 100 meters. The speed can even be zero in the case where a soldier simply slaps a magnetic mine onto a tank's armor plate. A HEAT charge is most effective when detonated at a certain, optimal, distance in front of the target and HEAT shells are usually distinguished by a long, thin nose probe sticking out in front of the rest of the shell. HEAT shells are less effective if spun (i.e., fired from a rifled gun).
Figure 16. A HEAT round. 1 – case base and seal основание корпуса и обтюрирующее устройство; 2 – fuze взрыватель; 3 – shaped charge liner удлинѐнный кумулятивный заряд; 4 – impact sensor датчик столкновения; 5 – wave shaper формирователь кумулятивной струи; 6 – combustible cartridge case сгораемая гильза; 7 – stick propellant пороховая шашка; 8 – primer воспламенитель огнепроводного шнура Chemical shells contain just a small explosive charge to burst the shell, and a larger quantity of a chemical agent such as a poison gas. Signatories of the Chemical Weapons Convention have renounced such shells. The smoke shell is designed to create a smokescreen. The main types are bursting (those filled with white phosphorus (WP) and a small HE bursting charge are best known) and base ejection (delivering three or four smoke canisters, or material impregnated with white phosphorus). Modern illuminating shells are a type of carrier shell. A modern illumination shell has a fuze which ejects the "candle" (a pyrotechnic flare emitting white or infrared light) at a calculated altitude, where it slowly drifts down beneath a heat resistant parachute, illuminating the area below. These are also known as starshell or star shell. Guided or "smart" ammunition have become commonplace. The M712 "Copperhead" is a 155 mm cannon-launched, fin- stabilized, terminally laser guided, explosive projectile intended to engage hard point targets such as tanks, SP howitzers or other high-value targets. It may be fired from the following US Army field artillery weapons: both the short-barrel (M109A1 and M109A1B) and long-barrel (M109A2, M109A3, M109A3B, M109A4, M109A5 and M109A6) M109 howitzer series SP howitzers and the M198 towed howitzer. The projectile has a minimum ranger of 3 km and a maximum range of 16 km. In order for Copperhead to function, the target must be illuminated with a laser. Once the laser signal is detected, the on-board guidance system will operate the steering vanes to maneuver the projectile onto the tgt. The
Copperhead targeting logic is designed to (1) ensure that the optical system will always be able to detect the target, and (2) that once the tgt has been detected there will be sufficient time and velocity to maneuver to hit the target. Copperhead must be below any cloud cover at critical parts of the trajectory, and there must be sufficient visibility to ensure that when the target is acquired the projectile will have sufficient time to maneuver.
COMMENTARY 1. При переводе терминов ammunition и munitions часто допускаются ошибки, т. к. значения терминов полностью не совпадают. Термин ammunition означает только боеприпасы (но ни в коем случае не амуниция). Например, ammunition factory — это завод по производству боеприпасов (патронный завод или снарядный завод). Термин munitions передает понятие военное имущество (оружие, боеприпасы, снаряжение и все прочие виды имущества, необходимые для ведения войны). В этом случае сочетание munitions factory означает военный завод, a munitions industry военная промышленность. 4.3 Shell. Construction A round of artillery ammunition comprises four components: 1. The Fuze 2. The Projectile 3. The Propellant 4. The Primer Fuzes Fuzes are the devices that trigger explosion of the artillery ammunition charge. Broadly there are four main types: impact (including graze and delay) mechanical time including airburst proximity sensor airburst electronic time When used with HE shells, airburst fuzes usually have a combined airburst and impact function. However, until the introduction of electronic proximity fuzes, the airburst function was mostly used with cargo ammunitions—for example shrapnel, illuminating, smoke and improved
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conventional munitions. Airburst HE is more lethal than groundburst against many unprotected targets. The larger calibers of anti-aircraft artillery are almost always used airburst. Most arty fuzes are nose fuzes. However, base fuzes have been used with armor piercing shells and for squash head (HESH or HEP) anti-tank shells. Early airburst fuzes used igniferous timers which lasted into the second half of the 20th century. Mechanical time fuzes appeared in the early part of that century. By the 1990s, electronic time fuzes had been introduced. Proximity fuzes have been of two types: photo-electric or radar. The former was not very successful and seems only to have been used with British anti-aircraft artillery ―unrotated projectiles‖ (in other words, rockets) in World War 2. The first radar proximity fuzes were also used for anti-aircraft purposes in World War 2. The first radar proximity fuzes were designed to detonate at a specified height above the ground. These air-bursts are much more lethal against personnel than ground bursts because they deliver a greater proportion of useful fragments and deliver them into terrain where a prone soldier would be protected from ground bursts. Electronic proximity fuzes were a big improvement over the mechanical (non-proximity) fuzes which they replaced, as time fuzes required an accurate estimate of the round's time of flight to the target and especially of the altitude of the target area. If the target's altitude was incorrectly estimated, the rounds would either strike the ground or burst too high. Delay fuzes are used to allow the round to penetrate into the earth before exploding. This is very effective for attacking earthen bunkers. Similarly, hardened delay fuzes are used against concrete bunkers. Graze fuzes were activated by shell retardation, for example passing through light cover that was insufficiently solid to activate an impact fuze.
Projectiles The projectile is the ordnance or ―bullet‖ fired downrange. This may or may not be an explosive device. Traditionally, projectiles have been classified as ―shot‖ or ―shell‖, the former being solid and the latter having some form of ―payload‖.
Shells can also be divided into three configurations: bursting, base ejection or nose ejection. The latter is sometimes called the shrapnel configuration. The most modern is base ejection, which was introduced in World War I. Both base and nose ejection are almost always used with airburst fuzes. Bursting shells use various types of fuze depending on the nature of the payload and the tactical need at the time. Payloads have included: Bursting: high-explosive, white phosphorus ("Willie Pete" or "Wilson Picket"), chemical, nuclear devices; high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) and canister may be considered special types of bursting shell. Base Ejection: dual purpose improved conventional munitions (DPICM)-bomblet, scatterable mines, illuminating, colored flare, smoke, incendiary, propaganda, and modern exotics such as electronic payloads and sensor-fuzed munitions. Nose Ejection: shrapnel, flechette, incendiary.
Projectile stabilization Rifled: Traditionally, artillery projectiles have been spin-stabilized, meaning that they spin in flight so that gyroscopic forces prevent them from tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having rifling which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a "driving band" (UK) or ―rotating band‖ (U.S.). The driving band is usually made of copper, but synthetic materials have also been used. Smoothbore/Fin-Stabilized: In modern artillery smoothbore tubes have been used mostly by mortars. These projectiles use fins in the airflow at their rear to maintain correct orientation. The primary benefit over rifled barrels is reduced barrel wear and longer ranges that can be achieved (due to the reduced loss of energy to friction and gas escaping around the projectile via the rifling). Rifled/Fin-Stabilized A combination of the above can be used, where the barrel is rifled, but the projectile also has deployable fins for stabilization, guidance or gliding.
Propellant All forms of artillery require a propellant to propel the projectile at the target. Propellant is always a low explosive, this means it deflagrates instead of detonating, as with high explosives. The shell is accelerated to a high velocity in a very short time by the rapid generation of gas from the
burning propellant. This high pressure is achieved by burning the propellant in a contained area, either the chamber of a gun barrel or the combustion chamber of a rocket motor. Until the late 19th Century the only available propellant was black powder. Black powder had many disadvantages as a propellant; it has relatively low power, requiring large amounts of powder to fire projectiles, and created thick clouds of white smoke that would obscure the targets, betray the positions of guns and make aiming impossible. In 1846 nitrocellulose (also known as guncotton) was discovered, and the high explosive nitroglycerin was discovered at much the same time. Nitrocellulose was significantly more powerful than black powder, and was smokeless. Early guncotton was unstable however, and burned very fast and hot, leading to greatly increased barrel wear. Many other formulations were developed in the following decades, generally trying to find the optimum characteristics of a good artillery propellant: low temperature, high energy, non corrosive, highly stable, cheap, and easy to manufacture in large quantities. Broadly, modern gun propellants are divided into three classes: single-base propellants which are mainly or entirely nitrocellulose based, double-base propellants composed of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, and triple base composed of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin and nitroguanidine. Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range in three ways: Rocket assisted projectiles (RAP) enhance and sustain the projectile's velocity by providing additional ―push‖ from a small rocket motor that is part of the projectile's base. Base bleed uses a small pyrotechnic charge at the base of the projectile to introduce sufficient combustion products into the low-pressure region behind the base of the projectile responsible for a large proportion of the drag. Ramjet assisted, similar to rocket assisted but using a ramjet instead of a rocket motor. Propelling charges for tube arty can be provided in one of two ways: either as cartridge bags or in metal cartridge cases. Generally anti- aircraft arty and smaller caliber (up to 6" or 155 mm) guns use metal cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern rifle cartridge. This simplifies loading and is necessary for very high rates
of fire. Bagged propellant allows the amount of powder to be raised or lowered depending on the range to the target. It also makes handling of larger shells easier. Each requires a totally different type of breech to the other. A metal case holds an integral primer to initiate the propellant and provides the gas seal to prevent the gases leaking out of the breech, this is called obturation. With bagged charges the breech itself provides obturation and holds the primer. In either case the primer is usually percussion but electrical is also used and laser ignition is emerging. Modern 155 mm guns have a primer magazine fitted to their breech.
Nomenclature Because of the many sizes and types of present-day ammo it is essential to differentiate between them. Ammo, including comps, is completely identified by means of the painting, marking, and the accompanying data card (see Figure17). Arty ammo is painted the usual colors and marked in the usual way for protection (to prevent rust) and identification. The table # 1 indicates the colors.
Figure 17. Marking of rounds 1 — weight zone marking весовой знак; 2 — caliber and type of cannon калибр и тип орудия; 3 — kind of filler вид снаряда; 4 — model of shell индекс снаряда; 5 — lot number номер партии; 6 — ammunition lot number with loader's initials номер партии боеприпасов и шифр сборщика; 7 — caliber of cannon and model of cartridge case номер орудия и индекс гильзы; 8 — model of shell индекс снаряда; 9 — manufacturer's initials and year of manufacture шифр изготовителя и год выпуска
4.4 The MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket The MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket (see Figure 18) was designed to complement cannon weapons in the tactical fires arena. The M26 tactical rocket provides devastating effects in attacking critical, time sensitive targets with large volumes of firepower in a very short time. The M26 is a free flight unguided tactical rocket that provides all weather, indirect fire capability to attack artillery and air defense systems, personnel, and light materiel targets. The M26 tactical rocket warhead contains 644 M77 dual purpose improved conventional munition submunitions which can be deployed to cover a 0.23 square km area.
Figure 18. The MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket
The MLRS rockets are tube-launched, spin-stabilized, free-flight projectiles. The rockets are assembled, checked, and packaged in a dual- purpose launch-storage tube at the factory. This design provides for tactical loading and firing of the rocket without troop assembly or detailed inspection. Major components of the rocket assembly include four stabilizer fins, a propulsion section, and a warhead section. Propulsion for the rocket is provided by a solid propellant rocket motor. An umbilical cable, passing through the aft end of the launch tube, links the FCS to an igniter in the rocket nozzle. The motor is ignited by an electrical command from the FCS. Each rocket is packaged with the four fins folded and secured by wire rope
Рекомендуется для устного перевода на слух с последующим пересказом по- английски.
retaining straps. As the rocket moves forward upon firing, lanyard devices trigger a delayed strap-cutting charge. After the rocket leaves the launch tube, the charge cuts the straps. This allows the fins to unfold and lock.
4.5 The M39 Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS)9 The Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS) (see Figure 19) is a family of long-range, near all-weather guided missiles fired from the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) M270 launcher. The Army TACMS provides the joint task force (JTF) and corps commanders an operational fires capability for precision engagement of the enemy throughout the depth of the battlefield beyond the range of currently fielded cannons and rockets. It delays disrupts, neutralizes or destroys high payoff targets such as combat maneuver units, surface to surface missile units, air defense units, command and control communications sites and helicopter forward area rearming/refueling points. The Block IA is an upgrade intended to double the range of the current Army TACMS Block I missile. Army TACMS Block IA will dispense M74 Anti-Personnel, Anti-Materiel (APAM) bomblets, as does the Block I.
Figure 19. The M39 Army Tactical Missile 1- guidance and control section отсек аппаратуры наведения и управления; 2 – warhead assembly снаряжѐнная боевая часть; 3 – propulsion section отсек двигательной установки; 4 – control section отсек управления.
Guidance and Control Section (GCS). The GCS provides all navigation, guidance, autopilot, and internal communications functions for the Army TACMS missile while in flight and for all ground operations. Continuous determination of position, attitude, and motion are provided by the inertial sensors, associated electronics, and software processing. Guidance and autopilot functions are provided by software processing
9 http://www.fas.org Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода.
within the GCS computer. All communications, both internal and external are provided by the GCS electronics and software. Propulsion Section. The solid rocket motor furnishes the energy necessary to launch the missile and sustain missile flight for a sufficient time to meet Army TACMS altitude and range requirements. The solid rocket motor consists of a motor case, propellant, insulation/liner, nozzle, and igniter arm/fire assembly. Control Section. The primary functions of the control section assembly are to position the missile fins, provide the missile electrical power while in flight, and support selected pyrotechnic functions. Warhead Assembly. The primary function of the warhead assembly is to carry, protect, and dispense the missile payload. The warhead assembly consists of a rolled aluminum shell with aluminum support structures and front and rear bulkheads. A center tube connects the bulkheads and provides a central wire route. In addition to the payload, the warhead assembly contains a skin severance system which controls the release of the payload at the required time. The M39 Missile Warhead is used against personnel and soft targets normally with a TLE of 150 m or less. Larger TLEs may reduce effectiveness. Each missile dispenses a cargo of approximately 950 antipersonnel and antimateriel (APAM) M74 grenades over the target area. Warhead event is initiated by an electronic time fuze (M219A2). The fuze detonates shaped charges mounted to the skin and bulkheads. This in turn severs the skin. By means of centrifugal force and airstream currents, the M74 grenades are distributed over the target area. Arming of the M74 grenades is accomplished by the spin action which is induced on the individual grenade. The M74 grenade is filled with composition B explosive filler and is covered by a steel shell. Upon impact and detonation each grenade breaks up into a large number of high-velocity steel fragments that are effective against targets such as truck tires, missile rounds, thin- skinned vehicles, and radar antennas. This submunition is not effective against armored vehicles. The M74 grenade also contains incendiary material and has an antipersonnel radius of 15 m.
Army TACMS Block IA System description: Army TACMS Block IA (see Figure20) is an extended range variant of the Army TACMS Block I missile. The Block IA effort entails
integrating an onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) with antenna and software into an inertial navigation system and reducing the Block I payload from 950 M-74 bomblets to approximately 300 M-74 bomblets to achieve the required accuracy and extended range. To compensate for the reduced payload, the accuracy of the missile has been improved with inflight GPS updates.
Figure 20. Army TACMS Block IA 1 – Added thermal protection дополнительная тепловая защита; 2 – GPS antenna антенна глобальной системы навигации и определения местоположения; 3 – improved missile guidance system усовершенствованная система управления; 4 – 275 M74 bomblets 275 шт. боевых элементов кассетного боеприпаса
4.6 EXERCISES Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer them in English: 1. What is ‗ammunition‘? 2. What types of ammunitions based on the method of loading do youu know? 3. What is the classification of ammunition according to service use? 4. How is artillery ammunition classified according to tactical use? 5. What are the main parts of a complete round? 6. How many types of fuzes do you know? What are they? 7. How artillery shells can be classified? 8. What is the purpose of projectile stabilization? 9. What is the MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket? 10. What are the main parts of the Army Tactical Missile System‘s Block IA?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word combination: Flare; специальный снаряд; illuminating shell; игольчатый боеприпас; black powder; прямоточный воздушно-реактивный
двигатель; cartridge case; воспламенитель заряда; Anti-Personnel, Anti- Materiel bomblet; сопло; fin; снаряжѐнная боевая часть; target location error; боевой малокалиберный боеприпас; fixed ammunition; учебные боеприпасы; service ammunition; разрывной заряд; (полый) артиллерийский снаряд.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form: Снаряд — средство поражения живой силы, материальной части и укреплений противника, выстреливаемое из артиллерийского орудия. Большинство типов современных артиллерийских снарядов представляют собой металлическое тело с плоским днищем, на которое давят пороховые газы, образующиеся при сгорании метательного заряда. Это тело может быть сплошным или пустотелым, обтекаемой (оживальной) или стреловидной формы, нести полезную нагрузку или нет — все эти факторы (вместе с внутренним устройством) определяются назначением снаряда. Орудийные снаряды конической формы были впервые применены итальянским артиллеристом Кавалли для изобретенного им нарезного орудия (1845) и с распространением нарезных пушек около 1860 года полностью вытеснили прежние пушечные ядра.
Назначение снарядов Бронебойный снаряд — боеприпас, предназначенный для борьбы с бронетехникой противника. По своему устройству бронебойные снаряды в свою очередь подразделяются на калиберные, подкалиберные с постоянным или отделяющимся поддоном, и стреловидные оперѐнные снаряды. Бетонобойный снаряд — боеприпас, предназначенный для разрушения железобетонных долговременных фортификационных сооружений. Фугасный снаряд (demolition proj) — боеприпас, предназначенный для разрушения полевых и долговременных фортификационных сооружений, проволочных заграждений, зданий. Кумулятивный снаряд (hollow charge projectile; shaped charge projectile) — боеприпас, предназначенный для уничтожения бронетехники и гарнизонов долговременных фортификационных
сооружений путѐм создания узконаправленной струи продуктов взрыва с высокой пробивной способностью. Осколочный снаряд (fragmentation proj) — боеприпас, предназначенный для уничтожения живой силы противника осколками, образующимися при разрыве снаряда. Шрапнель (shrapnel) — боеприпас, предназначенный для уничтожения открыто расположенной живой силы противника пулями, находящимися внутри его корпуса. Разрыв шрапнели происходит дистанционно в воздухе. Картечь (canister) — боеприпас, предназначенный для уничтожения открыто расположенной живой силы противника при самообороне орудия. Представляет собой уложенные в легкосгораемый каркас пули, при выстреле разлетающиеся в определѐнном секторе от ствола орудия. Ядерный снаряд (nuclear proj) — боеприпас для нанесения тактического ядерного удара по крупным целям и скоплениям сил противника. Химический снаряд (gas shell; gas proj) — боеприпас, содержащий сильнодействующее отравляющее вещество для уничтожения живой силы противника. Биологический снаряд (biological proj) — боеприпас, содержащий сильнодействующий биологический токсин или культуру заразных микроорганизмов. Термобарический снаряд (thermobaric proj) — боеприпас, содержащий рецептуру для образования взрывчатой газообразной смеси. Исключительно эффективен против укрытой живой силы противника. Зажигательный снаряд — боеприпас, содержащий рецептуру для воспламенения легкогорючих материалов и объектов, таких как городские здания, склады топлива и т. п. Дымовой снаряд — боеприпас, содержащий рецептуру для образования дыма в больших количествах. Применяется для создания дымовых завес, ослепления командно-наблюдательных пунктов противника. Осветительный снаряд — боеприпас, содержащий рецептуру для создания длительно и ярко горящего пламени. Применяется для освещения поля боя в тѐмное время суток. Как правило, оснащѐн парашютом для более долгой продолжительности свечения.
Агитационный снаряд (leaflet shell; propaganda shell) — боеприпас, содержащий внутри себя листовки для агитации солдат противника или распространения пропаганды среди гражданского населения в прифронтовых населѐнных пунктах противника. Учебный снаряд — как правило, сплошной боеприпас, предназначенный для обучения личного состава арт частей.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and translate the sentences: Fld arty has a wide variety of … tailored for the engagement of different types of targets. Arty ammo includes … . Based on the method of … are classified as fixed and separate-loading. Most of the damage to soft targets such as unprotected personnel is caused by … . Armor-piercing discarding sabot is a type of kinetic energy projectile fired from a … to attack … . The High-Explosive, Anti-Tank shells are extremely efficient at defeating … . Chemical shells contain … . The smoke shell is designed to … . In order for Copperhead to function, the target must be illuminated with a … . The Copperhead targeting logic is designed to 1 - … and 2 - … . Most arty fuzes are … . Traditionally, projectiles have been classified as … or … . Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range in … ways. . The M26 is a … The solid rocket motor … the energy necessary to launch the missile. The solid rocket motor … a motor case, propellant, insulation/liner, nozzle, and igniter arm/fire assembly.
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Make up sentences with the following word- combinations: Consists of; to furnish the energy necessary to launch the missile; to be assembled in; to be caused by shell pieces; depending on the type of; to penetrate armor; to defeat armored vehicles; rocket warhead contains; propulsion for the rocket is provided by; continuous determination of position; warhead assembly; over the target area.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your opinion: 1. Arty ammo includes all ammo, used in wpns of cal greater than 60 in.
2. Artillery ammunition has three classifications according to use: service, practice and blank. 3. There are many different types of shells. 4. Fuzes are the devices that propel the projectile at the target. 5. All artillery projectiles are spin-stabilized. 6. All forms of artillery require a propellant to trigger explosion of the artillery fuze. 7. The MLRS rockets are tube-launched, spin-stabilized, guided projectiles. 8. The purpose of Army Tactical Missile System is to destroy high payoff targets such as heavily protected vehicles, helicopters on the ground and trench strawberry glades. 9. Some types of arty ammo have propeller to propel the projectile at the target. 10. The driving band of the arty projs is usually made of plasticine.
Exercise 11. Study the table and tell in Russian about the system of color marks of the USA Army artillery ammunition. Table 1 Table of painting and marking colors of artillery bounds Marking Color bands Type of shell Shell color (letters and Figure on body s) High-explosive Olive drab Yellow Armor-piercing with Olive drab Yellow HE Without HE Black White Chemical Grey Same color as band Non-persistent toxic 1 green band gas Persistent toxic gas 2 green bands Persistent harassing 2 red bands agent Smoke 1 yellow band Practice Blue White Dummy or drill (Inert) Black White
Exercise 12. Translate the following text in written form: Сухопутные войска США увеличивают закупки ракет10 Корпорация Lockheed Martin заключила контракт на поставку дополнительной партии ракет ATACMS для армии США, сообщает Defense-Aerospace. com. Оперативно-тактические ракеты ATACMS имеют дальность стрельбы от 115 до 300 километров в зависимости от модификации и применяются для уничтожения стационарных целей - таких как склады, самолеты на аэродромах, военные лагеря, огневые позиции артиллерии и другие подобные объекты. Вес ракеты составляет 422 килограмма. Ракеты могут запускаться со стандартных реактивных систем залпового огня MLRS. Каждая пусковая установка может нести две ракеты этого типа. Наведение на цель осуществляется с помощью приемника глобальной навигационной системы GPS. Существуют различные модификации ATACMS, в том числе кассетные. Так, ракета MGM-140 block 2A снаряжается самонаводящимися боевыми элементами Bat, оснащенными инфракрасной головкой самонаведения и предназначенными для поражения бронированных целей. Одна ракета может нести шесть таких элементов. Ракеты ATACMS block 1, предназначенные для поражения открыто расположенной живой силы и небронированной техники, были впервые применены во время войны в Персидском заливе 1991 года. В настоящий момент СВ и корпус морской пехоты США активно используют ATACMS различных модификаций в боевых действиях в Ираке и Афганистане.
10 http://www.lenta.ru/news/2006/10/12/atacms
3. EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 3 US FIELD ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF US FIELD ARTILLERY В результате изучения EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 3 курсант должен Иметь представление: об организации частей и подразделений полевой артиллерии армии США; об общих обязанностях должностных лиц в артиллерийских подразделениях ствольной артиллерии; о видах артиллерийского огня и порядке его ведения; о степени поражения целей; о тактическом применении полевой артиллерии, об эмоционально-окрашенной лексике по тематике модуля. Знать: необходимый объем лексико-фразеологических единиц и военных терминов; функционально-стилистические особенности военных и военно-технических текстов; сокращения и условные обозначения, используемые в военных, военно-технических текстах и боевых документах. Уметь: осуществлять качественный перевод военной и военно- технической информации; осуществлять предпереводческий анализ военного и военно-технического текста, определять цель перевода и тип переводного текста; выбирать общую стратегию перевода; правильно оформлять текст перевода в соответствии с нормами и типологией текстов на языке перевода; профессионально пользоваться словарями, справочниками, банками данных и другими источниками военной и военно- технической информации; осуществлять зрительно-устный (с листа), зрительно- письменный, абзацно-фразовый и последовательный перевод на слух монологической речи на военные и военно-политические темы с английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский.
US FIELD ARTILLERY US FIELD ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION Lesson 5 Цели занятия: 1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков: - перевода на слух (текст 5.4; упражнение 4; 5); - перевода с листа (текст 5.2; 5.3); - двустороннего перевода (упражнение 5; 11); - письменного перевода (текст 5.3; упражнение 6); - аудирования (текст 5.4; упражнение 4; 5); - преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических трудностей (commentary; упражнение 6; 8; 9; 10; 11); - переключения (упражнение 5). 2. Развитие творческого мышления(4; 7; 8; 9; 10). 3. Развитие памяти (текст 5.4). 4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5; 9). 5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение 5.1). 6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 5.2; 5.3; 5.4).
5.1 ACTIVE TERMS division artillery (div arty) дивизионная артиллерия corps artillery корпусная артиллерия army artillery армейская артиллерия army group artillery артиллерия группы армий theater artillery артиллерия ТВД General HQ Reserve Artillery артиллерия резерва главного командования command and control (C2) командование и управление fire support (FS) mission задачи по огневой поддержке field artillery (FA) полевая артиллерия target acquisition (TA) разведка и обнаружение целей general support (GS) fire общая огневая поддержка notional условный theatre missile defense (TMD) противоракетная оборона ТВД fire support element (FSE) группа управления огневой поддержкой command post (CP) командный пункт (КП); пункт управления (ПУ)
direct support (DS) непосредственная поддержка target acquisition battery батарея артиллерийской (TAB) инструментальной разведки (АИР); батарея по обнаружению и захвата целей committed введѐнный в бой; участвующий в боевых действиях; выделенный в подчинение austere простой; аскетический; строгий liaison section секция связи взаимодействия ambulance section автосанитарная секция wire team секция проводной связи cavalry troop fire support группа огневой поддержки team разведывательного подразделения fire support team (FIST) группа огневой поддержки corps target acquisition выделенное подразделение detachment (CTAD) артиллерийской инструментальной разведки корпуса position and azimuth система (комплекс) определения determining system (PADS) местонахождения и углов combat service support (CSS) тыловое и техническое обеспечение general support reinforcing общая огневая поддержка средствами усиления ground combat element наземный элемент экспедиционного (GCE) (USMC) формирования морской пехоты США; наземная боевая часть; боевое подразделение СВ Marine air-ground task force тактическая группировка наземных сил (MAGTF) и авиации МП Marine expeditionary force экспедиционное соединение МП (MEF) command echelons группа управления; группа штаба fire support coordination центр координации огневой поддержки center (FSCC) (USMC) sustainment operation тыловое обеспечение combat operations center командный пункт управления боевыми (COC) (USMC) действиями; центр управления боевыми действиями
headquarters and service батарея штабная и обслуживания battery fire direction center (FDC) центр управления огнѐм (пуском) technical fire control управление огнѐм посредством технических средств fire direction officer офицер пункта управления огнѐм position area позиционный район; район обороны tactical standing operating постоянно действующая инструкция по procedures тактическим вопросам TC (tactical coordinator) офицер по координации тактических вопросов degraded operations боевые действия в сложных условиях firing element огневое подразделение lull оперативная пауза; убаюкивать; успокаивать POC (platoon operations командный пункт взвода center) rehearsal репетиция; учебная тренировка section орудие (США; как подразделение) chief of section (CS) командир орудия gunner (G) наводчик-оператор assistant gunner (AG) помощник наводчика-оператора cannoneer номер орудийного расчѐта missileman ракетчик; специалист по ракетному вооружению deflection поправка (угломера); магнитное склонение elevation возвышение; вертикальная наводка cross-level bubble пузырѐк поперечного уровня longitudinal-level bubble пузырѐк бокового уровня hull door загрузочный люк корпуса (башни) loading tray зарядный лоток
WORD-COMBINATIONS: to retain under the comd оставлять под командованием to refer the piece наводить орудие (ствол) to ram the proj досылать снаряд to prime the how заряжать гаубицу
to swab the powder chamber прочищать пороховую камеру
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS: The major differences with heavy div artys
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS: squinter [косоглазый] шутл наводчик (орудия) ammo [humper – землекоп] фам подносчик боеприпасов humper
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word combinations: Separate-loading ammunition; унитарные боеприпасы; liner; сопло; cartridge case; боевой элемент кассетного боеприпаса для поражения живой силы и техники; ramjet; камера сгорания; стреловидный поражающий элемент; dual purpose improved conventional munition-bomblet; боевая часть; shot; взрыватель замедленного действия; steering vanes; дымовой снаряд; chemical shell; динамическая броня; sabot round.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and translate the following abbreviations: Org; wpns; pers; log spt; US FA; btries; bns; admin and tac units; arty bns; div arty; GHQ Res Arty; div arty HHB; comd; div arty comdr; hq; hq and svc btry; how; in; msl bn; hq and hq btry; msl btries; lchr; FDC; how sec; sec pers; mtr carriage; SP; equip; armd or mech divs; CS; FA units; gp; con; GHQ Res Arty.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the word- combinations: To be organized into; infrastructure to accomplish their FS and FA missions; is based on theater requirements; with minimum friendly casualties; to provide the personnel, equipment, and logistic support; in contrast to heavy div artys; the type and caliber of assigned battalions can be tailored based on mission; FA brigades may be routinely assigned any of the four standard FA tactical missions.
5.2 US Field Artillery organization
"The best generals are those who have served in the artillery." Napoleon Bonaparte
The US Army Field Artillery traces its history back to the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers, the only regular troops retained in the service of the new United States following the revolution. The org includes wpns, associated materiel, pers, and log spt. The US FA is organized into btries and bns. Btries are the smallest admin and tac units while arty bns are primarily tac units. Arty units are also organized into div arty, corps arty, army arty, army group arty, theater arty, and GHQ Res Arty. The headquarters and headquarters battery (HHB) is the organization that provides corps arty, div arty, and FA brigade commanders the necessary C2 and sustainment infrastructure to accomplish their FS and FA missions. The actual firepower is found in FA cannon and MLRS battalions and supporting survey, TA, and meteorology units.
Corps artillery11 2-2. Corps arty plans, coordinates, and executes corps FA operations and provides C2 over subordinate FA brigades. As indicated in Figure 21, a typical corps arty consists of an HHB (Section I, Appendix E), FA brigades, and TA assets. The number of deployed FA brigades is based on theater requirements: normally one or two remain under corps control to provide GS fires with others augmenting the fires of committed subordinate divisions; two augment the fires of each committed subordinate division.
Рекомендуется для абзацно-фразового перевода с последующим пересказом по- английски. 11 FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
Figure 21. Notional Corps Arty Organization.
2-3. Corps arty normally retains all ATACMS missiles and some multiple rocket units for increased flexibility and responsiveness in support of the corps deep battle and counterfire operations. AN/TPQ-37 radars in the TA detachment may also be retained at corps for maximum centralized support, mission tailored and attached to FA brigades for counterfire or TMD operations, or attached to MLRS battalions to establish a direct sensor-to-shooter linkage (for details on specific capabilities see FM 6-121, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Field Artillery Target Acquisition).
Division artillery12 General 2-4. Div arty controls the division‘s organic and attached FA units and indirect FS operations, providing an FSE for continuous operations to division main, tactical, and rear CPs. To win a major theater war quickly, decisively, and with minimum friendly casualties, each division must be supported with the fires of two fully modernized FA brigades equipped with cannons and MLRS launchers. 2-5. The div arty HHB provides the personnel, equipment, and logistic support for div arty CPs and division FSEs. Individual differences among heavy, light infantry, airborne, and air assault div arty HHBs are as indicated in Section II, Appendix E.
12 FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
Armored and mechanized infantry division artillery13 2-6. Each armored and mechanized infantry div arty is organized with an HHB and three 155mm SP howitzer battalions (three six-gun howitzer batteries – one battalion in DS of each committed maneuver brigade). In addition, a 3x6 division MLRS battalion with an organic TAB provides fires for the division (Figure 22). One AN/TPQ-36 radar section from the TAB is normally attached to each DS battalion supporting a committed brigade. The remainders to include AN/TPQ-37 radars are usually retained in GS of the division. For detailed information on TAB operations see FM 6-121.
Figure 22. Heavy Div Arty Organization
Light division artillery14 2-7. Light infantry, air assault, and airborne infantry divisions are designed to make optimum use of offensive, decentralized, irregular-type operations by highly trained small units. Although their method of initial
13 FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations 14 FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
deployment and employment requires specialized skills, the organization of organic FA units is similar. … 2-8. In contrast to heavy div artys, light div artys are more austere in terms of manning, equipment and logistic support. As indicated in Section II, Appendix E, the major differences with heavy div artys in HHBs are the absence of liaison and ambulance sections, the wire team, and cavalry troop fire support teams (FISTs). Also, as indicated in Figure 23, organic howitzers supporting divisional maneuver brigades are limited to three DS 105mm towed (T) howitzer battalions. Although light infantry divisions are supported by an organic six-gun 155mm towed howitzer battery, airborne and air assault div artys have to depend on reinforcing fires from supporting corps FA brigades and battalions. An additional significant difference with heavy divisions is the absence of an organic TAB. This limitation is partially overcome by one AN/TPQ-36 radar organic to each DS battalion and a two-section AN/TPQ-37 corps target acquisition detachment (CTAD) attached by corps to each committed light, airborne, or airmobile division.
Figure 23. Light Div Arty Organization. 2-9. FA operations in nonheavy divisions may also be challenged by a number of unique requirements and limitations. For example, in the case of the air assault division, aviation brigades are employed in high tempo, conventional offensive operations capitalizing on vertical envelopment. They habitually operate beyond the range of their DS tube artillery, unless accompanied by them. To employ FA cannon fires, FA batteries are required to join maneuver elements in air assault operations into or adjacent to maneuver unit landing zones. Also: Reinforcing SP tube and missile units cannot accompany air assault operations.
Air assault operations and deep aviation attacks in the deep area consume large quantities of ammunition to suppress, neutralize, and destroy enemy air defenses, FS, and mobile reserves.
Field artillery brigade15 2-10. The FA brigade HHB (Section III, Appendix E) provides the C2 and CSS infrastructure to fight three to five attached FA cannon or MLRS battalions. It is a highly flexible, intermediate C2 structure, capable of changing task organization. Brigades are tailored prior to deployment to meet initial theater requirements. After arrival in theater, the type and caliber of assigned battalions can be tailored based on mission, number of units available and corps FA support requirements, which frequently change with the tactical situation. 2-11. An example FA brigade organization in support of a heavy division is shown in Figure 24. Although similar in size and structure to div artys, FA brigades have no permanent command relationship with a maneuver HQ.
Figure 24. Notional FA Brigade Organization. Unlike div artys, FA brigades may be routinely assigned any of the four standard FA tactical missions (direct support, general support, general support reinforcing, reinforcing). However, FSEs and FISTs are not organic to FA brigades. When FA brigades or their subordinate battalions are assigned a DS tactical mission, they have to be provided augmentation. This augmentation may come from the supporting maneuver unit's DS battalion. FA brigades also have to rely on corps or divisions for TA assets unless task-organized with corps arty TA assets. They also depend on logistical support from corps and/or divisional support elements on an area support basis.
15 FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
US Marine Corps artillery regiment16 2-12. Each Marine division has an organic artillery regiment. The regiment and its subordinate elements are capable of deploying with and supporting the ground combat element (GCE) of any size MAGTF. For combat, the artillery regiment will have a HQ battery and five artillery battalions (three six-gun towed 155mm howitzer batteries) to support the GCE of a Marine expeditionary force (MEF) (Figure 25). Within the HQ battery, the counterbattery radar platoon consists of four AN/TPQ-36 radar sections. One radar section is normally attached to each DS battalion supporting a committed infantry regiment. The remainder is retained in GS of the division.
Figure 25. USMC Artillery Regiment
2-13. The regimental HQ battery has functional staff groupings to assist the regimental commander in the control of operations, CSS, and administrative support of the regiment (Section IV, Appendix E). The HQ battery provides the equipment and personnel for the regiment command echelons and the division FSCC. Personnel and sections of the HQ battery also may be employed to reinforce an artillery battalion operating independently of the regiment. The regimental HQ may be employed in two echelons: a main echelon, which has the necessary staff and equipment to direct tactical operations; and the rear echelon, which has the necessary staff and equipment to direct sustainment operations. A forward echelon may be formed from the staff and equipment of the main echelon to facilitate the incremental displacement of the main echelon.
16 FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
COCs are formed at each echelon to plan, direct, control, and coordinate assigned functions. The regimental COC performs tactical fire direction, targeting, and counterfire functions. The regimental commander positions himself where he can best exercise C2 of the regiment and function as the division artillery officer and fire support coordinator (FSC) (USMC). The regimental CP is that echelon where the commander is located. Artillery battalion, battery and section As has been said above, bn is the basic tactical unit for the arty. Each bn contains a headquarters battery and three firing batteries. The battery headquarters element contains communication, motor transport, medical, liaison, and ammunition sections. The battery fire direction center (FDC) exercises technical fire control for battery and communicates with higher headquarters and supported unit. The how sec consists of sec pers, a how mounted on a mtr carriage if SP or a how and a prime mover if towed, and auxiliary equip. In 155mm how btries organic to armd or mech divs, the how sec includes a chief of sec (CS), a gunner, an assistant gunner, six cannoneers, numbered 1 through 6, a driver of a how mtr carriage. The pers of 155mm how sec, towed, includes seven cannoneers. The crew of a launcher usually includes the CS, a gunner, and several missilemen. The terms ―corps artillery‖ and ―army artillery‖ do not include the organic arty of subordinate units. To refer to all arty in a corps, or in an army, the expression ―artillery with the corps‖, or ―artillery with the army‖ is used. Army gp and Theater Arty consists only of the arty stf sees necessary to fulfill the arty requirements of these hq. There are usually no arty units under the con of these hq. GHQ Res Arty includes all arty which comes under the comdr of the field forces and which is not organic part of divs, corps, or armies.
COMMENTARY Вероятно, вы обратили внимание, что термины assigned и attached иногда переводятся одинаково как приданный, однако имеется существенное различие в их значениях. Глагол to assign означает назначать, вводить в штат, включать в состав. Отсюда и значение assigned — приданный, включенный в состав, назначенный (на должность, в штат).
Сочетание assigned unit означает приданное подразделение [часть] с переподчинением командиру, которому придается, т. е. переподчиняется, включается в штатный состав. Глагол to attach имеет значение придавать, временно включать в состав и, следовательно, attached означает приданный, временно включенный в состав, прикомандированный. Сочетание attached unit имеет значение приданное подразделение (часть), остающееся в подчинении своего прямого начальника. Значение этих терминов хорошо противопоставлено в выражении attached, unassigned — прикомандированный без должности, приданный без включения в штат. Терминологическое сочетание attachments and detachments переводится как приданные и выведенные из подчинения подразделения и части, т. е. средства усиления и переподчинения. Если assigned и attached несут значение действия или точнее его совершения, то термин organic означает состояние и переводится, следовательно, штатный, табельный, входящий в состав. Сочетание organic unit переводится как штатное подразделение (часть).
5.3 DUTIES OF KEY PERSONNEL17 The tactical responsibilities of the Paladin (M109A6) firing battery key personnel are discussed in paragraphs 2-1 through 2-7.
2-1. BATTERY COMMANDER a. Generals Duties: The battery commander (BC) is responsible for all aspects of the operations of the battery. He is the senior trainer and is responsible for the professional development of the platoon leaders and fire direction officers. The BC establishes training standards for the battery and ensures that those standards are achieved and maintained. His specific tactical duties include those discussed below. b. Specific Duties: (1) Command and control the Paladin battery and supervise the operations of the platoons. To the maximum extent possible, maintain a
17 FM 6-70 ST 6-50-60 Coordinating draft Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for M109A6 howitzer (Paladin) operations Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода.
presence in the position area, teaching, supervising, and ensuring adherence to established standards. (2) Conduct general reconnaissance and select a series of firing platoon positions. (3) Directly coordinate with other units positioned in his assigned battery area to provide for mutual defensive support and to resolve any land management conflicts. (4) Coordinate with the battalion S3 and reconnaissance and survey officer for survey requirements including update points. (See Chapter 3.) (5) Obtain survivability move criteria from battalion and provide to platoon leaders. This guidance is based primarily on the anticipated level of threat and the terrain available (factors of mission, enemy terrain, troops, and time available (METT-T) and the unit's tactical standing operating procedures (TSOP). (See paragraph 3-4.) c. Vehicle Requirements. (1) The battery commander must continue to be mobile on the battlefield. Paladin tactics require the BC to have a combat tracked vehicle, driver, TC, secure GPS, and 2 long range radios. NOTE: The battalion commander requires a combat tracked vehicle and a tactical vehicle (HMMWV). ... 2-3. PLATOON LEADER a. General Duties: The platoon leader (PLT LDR) is the tactical commander of the Paladin platoon. He is responsible for all actions of the platoon to include movement, night and degraded operations, platoon defense, communications, training of the individual howitzer sections, and enforcement of standards. Primarily, he remains with the platoon during tactical operations. The platoon leader relies heavily on the platoon sergeant to supervise the firing element and on the gunnery sergeant to conduct reconnaissance, selection, and occupation of the platoon position. The platoon leader moves throughout the platoon area as his duties require. During battle preparations or lulls in combat, the platoon leader can go to the POC to obtain ..., issue orders, or coordinate for future operations. During offensive operations, he must position himself where he can effectively command and control his platoon. For example, during a movement to contact, the platoon leader could be at a critical terrain choke
point to facilitate passage, passage points through minefields, critical check or coordination points with maneuver, and if required position himself in a combat vehicle during extended movements. In the defense, he could be located in an over watch position monitoring survivability moves; at a platoon passage point, or with the platoon monitoring a pair of howitzers. In addition to the responsibilities of commanding the platoon, the Platoon Leader must be prepared to assume the duties of the platoon fire direction officer (FDO). b. Specific Duties: (1) Plan, coordinate, supervise, and direct Paladin platoon operations. For example: a. Plans and issues platoon operations orders. b. Conducts in-depth platoon rehearsals. c. Updates platoon on tactical situation and survivability movement criteria. d. Plan and supervise platoon tactical moves. (2) Oversee the critical CSS for the platoon. a. Tracks the ammunition status for the platoon. с. Vehicle Requirement: The platoon leader must have a dedicated vehicle in order to accomplish his duties, and execute battle command of his platoon. A combat vehicle is required for the platoon leader to include a driver, TC, two radios, and a secure GPS.
5.4 Duties of Individuals in SP Howitzer Section The CS, a NCO, supervises and commands his sec and is resp that all pers of the sec perform their duties properly, that all commands are executed, and that all safety precautions are observed. The G sets the announced deflection and elevation, centers the cross-level and longitudinal-level bubbles, lays for direction and elevation, and refers the piece. The AG operates the breech and assists No.l in loading and ramming the proj, primes the how, and fires the piece. No.l swabs the powder chamber; assisted by the AG loads and rams the proj; and places the powder charge in the chamber. No.2 fuzes the proj assisted by No.4, operates the fuze setter, and sets fuzes. No.3 assisted by No.5, carries the proj to the hull
Рекомендуется для устного перевода на слух с последующим пересказом по- английски.
door; returns loading tray to the ammo point. No.6 prepares powder charges, assisted by the driver, and hands the prepared charge to No.l. The driver shifts the how mtr carriage and assists in the preparation of powder charges.
5.5 EXERCISES Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer them in English: 1. What does the arty org include? 2. What is the organization of the div arty? 3. What is the difference between heavy div artys and light div artys? 4. How many MLRS bns are there in heavy div arty? 5. What elements is the 105-mm FA how bn composed of? 6. What is the basic tactical unit for the arty? 7. What element does the how sec consist of? 8. What are the general duties of the battery commander? 9. What are the specific duties of the platoon leader? 10. What are the general duties of the how gunner?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word combination: Platoon operations center; боевые действия в сложных условиях; deflection; загрузочный люк корпуса (башни); loading tray; армейская артиллерия; direct support; общая огневая поддержка; combat operations center; выделенный в подчинение; firing element; офицер пункта управления огнѐм.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form: Как подчеркивается в иностранных военных периодических изданиях, основным средством огневого поражения в сухопутных войсках является полевая артиллерия вносящая наиболее весомый вклад в огневую мощь общевойсковых формирований особенно в ходе ведения боевых действий без применения ядерного оружия. По мнению американских военных специалистов, полевая артиллерия, огневые средства которой характеризуется высокой точностью стрельбы, а также простотой конструкции и гибкостью огня, мажет успешно решать широкий круг боевых задач как в наступлении, так и
в обороне. Она способна уничтожать или подавлять средства ядерного нападения (means of nuc attack) противника, его бронетанковую технику, артиллерию миномѐты, противотанковые средства, средства ПВО и живую силу, пункты управления, органы материально- технического и тылового обеспечения, осуществлять постановку дымовых завес, дистанционное минирование и освещение местности, а также принимать активное участие в глубоком огневом поражении противника.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and translate the sentences: The US FA is … into btries and bns. A typical corps arty consists of an … . The div arty … provides the personnel, equipment, and logistic support for div arty. … is the basic tactical unit for the arty. The how sec consists of … .
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Explain in Russian and then in English the difference in value of the following terms: Truck-drawn — tractor-drawn; tube artillery — missile artillery; launcher — launching vehicle; rocket — guided missile; corps artillery — artillery with the corps; howitzer — mortar.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your opinion: 1. The US FA is organized into btries and bns. 2. Bns are the smallest admin and tac units. 3. A typical corps arty consists of an HHB, FA bns, TA assets and automobile bns. 4. The battery commander has only general duties, while platoon leader has specific duties as well. 5. During offensive operations, platoon leader must position himself near platoon‘s firing position. 6. Organic parts of a unit are those listed in its table of organization.
Exercise 11. Act as an interpreter:
1. Ваше воинское звание, I am btry commander, captain, Dick B. должность и фамилия? Sallivan. 2. В какой части I serve in C Battery, 3rd Battalion (unit служите? nickname – ―Steel Professionals‖, 18th Field Artillery Fort Silll, OK. 3. За что Вы отвечаете, I response for all aspects of the operations как командир батареи? of my battery. I am senior trainer and responsible for the professional development of the platoon leaders and fire direction officers. More over I establish training standards for the battery and ensure that those standards are achieved and maintained. 4. А какие обязанности The platoon leader is responsible for all возложены на командиров actions of the platoon to include огневых взводов? movement, night and degraded operations, platoon defense, communications, training of the individual howitzer sections, and enforcement of standards. The platoon leader moves throughout the platoon area as his duties require. During offensive operations, he must position himself where he can effectively command and control his platoon. The platoon leader must: 1. Plan, coordinate, supervise, and direct Paladin platoon operations; 2. Oversee the critical CSS for the platoon
TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF THE US FIELD ARTILLERY ARTILLERY POSITIONS. FIELD ARTILLERY TEAM CONDUCT OF FIRE Lesson 6 Цели занятия: 1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков: - перевода на слух (текст 6.2; упражнение 4; 10); - перевода с листа (текст 6.3; 6.4); - письменного перевода (текст 6.4; упражнение 6); - аудирования (текст 6.2; упражнение 4; 10); - преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических трудностей (commentary; упражнение 6; 8; 9; 10); - переключения (упражнение 5). 2. Развитие творческого мышления(7; 8; 9). 4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5). 5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение 6.1). 6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 6.2; 6.3; 6.4).
6.1 ACTIVE TERMS artillery position артиллерийская позиция; огневая позиция gun line позиция артиллерийской батареи laying наводка; прокладка кабеля cover укрытие от огня concealment обеспечение маскировки indirect laying position закрытая огневая позиция direct laying position открытая огневая позиция observer наблюдатель concealed positions позиция, укрытая от наблюдения unconcealed positions позиция, открытая для наблюдения balloon аэростат; воздушный шар open position открытая позиция primary position основная позиция firing mission огневая задача alternate position запасная позиция supplementary position дополнительная позиция
secondary target (stgt) дополнительная цель dummy position ложная позиция vicinity соседство; близость flash ranging светометрия, засечка орудий по вспышкам выстрелов sound ranging звукометрия, засечка орудий по звукам выстрелов registration пристрелка forward observer (FO) передовой наблюдатель observation post (OP) наблюдательный пост fire direction center (FDC) центр управления огнѐм (пуском) laser rangefinder лазерный дальномер laser designator лазерный целеуказатель signal communication связь сигналами shell hole воронка (от разрыва снаряда) church steeple церковная звонница trench окоп; траншея danger close безопасное удаление fire for effect (FFE) огонь на поражение fire direction управление огнѐм; направление стрельбы precise target location точные координаты цели protractor угломерный круг slide rule счѐтная линейка precomputed firing data заранее вычисленные установки для стрельбы curvature кривизна Command Post Officer (CPO) офицер командного пункта Gun Position Officer (GPO) старший офицер батареи plotter планшет; построитель траекторий; устройство отображения обстановки Forward Observer Officer офицер-передовой наблюдатель (FOO) headset radio радиогарнитура detachment отряд; подразделение, выделенное из состава своего формирования для придания другому; bearing направление по буссоли (компасу)
adjustment fire пристрелка milliradians тысячная hand crank маховик; рукоятка battery commander's telescope стереотруба range finder дальномер; дальномерщик field glasses полевой бинокль binoculars бинокль azimuth азимут site угол места цели firing battery огневая часть батареи; огневые взвода батареи sheaf ширина веера deflection difference поправка угломера fuze range трубочная дальность; установка трубки (взрывателя) quadrant квадрант discontinuance прекращение circumference окружность emplaced battery батарея на огневой позиции
WORD-COMBINATIONS: to deceive the enemy as to the вводить противника в заблуждение amount of artillery относительно количества артиллерии to carry out observation вести наблюдение to register a piece пристреливать орудие to place fire on the target накрывать цель to adjust fire on enemy корректировать огонь по противнику to compute firing data вычислять установки для стрельбы to take up a position занять позицию to mislead the enemy ввести противника в заблуждение
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS: to register a piece from a position effect on targets adjustment on a point to inclose in bracket
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS: archer снаряд [мина], летящий по крутой траектории baffle painting камуфляж bingo Бр. сосредоточенный огонь; разрыв вблизи цели; bull [бык] цель Flashy солдат [сержант] подразделения светозвукометрической разведки pillbox закрытое огневое сооружение; бронеколпак; железобетонный колпак (верхняя часть его без грунтового покрытия напоминает коробочку для пилюль какого-либо патентованного лекарства; сейчас термин)
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word combinations: Headquarters and service battery; центр управления огнѐм (пуском); technical fire control; возвышение; missileman; помощник наводчика-оператора; chief of section; артиллерия резерва главного командования; hull door; зарядный лоток.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and translate the following abbreviations: Arty psns; tgt; psn of a btry; firing msn; additional psn; en; btry psn; FO; FDC; grd obsn; tgt; frd troops; OP; sig comm; FM; FDC; CP; CPO; GPO; FOO; FFE; mils; btry cmdr.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the word- combinations: Natural protection from enemy fire; type of enemy observation; to simulate an occupied btry psn; to mislead the en; to take up a position; largely used for cbtry fire; precise target location; difference between target and howitzer altitudes; orders are specified in milliradians; elevation and bearing orders.
6.2 Artillery positions
"Renown awaits the commander who first restores artillery to its prime importance on the battlefield." Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
Arty psns are classified based on laying, concealment, and cover. Laying A psn from which the tgt cannot be seen and in which indirect laying is necessary is an indirect laying position. A psn from which the tgt can be seen through the sights is a direct laying position. Concealment The terms «concealed» and «unconcealed» are used to indicate whether or not the battery may be seen by enemy observers; thus there are concealed and unconcealed positions. When these terms are used, the type of enemy observation (ground, balloon, or aircraft) should be indicated. Cover Cover refers to artificiel or natural protection from enemy fire. A psn affording neither cover nor concealment other than camouflage is termed an open position. Tactical classification is as follows: 1. A primary position is the main psn of a btry from which it executes its firing msns. 2. An alternate position is an additional psn prepared by a btry from which it may execute its prescribed msns. When the situation permits, one of more alternate positions are prepared and kept concealed in order that the btry whose psn has been located by the en, may avoid the effect of hostile fire on that psn by moving, generally under cover of darkness, to an alternate psn. 3. A supplementary position is used for firing on secondary targets which cannot be reached from the primary or alternate psns. 4. A dummy position is one prepared to simulate an occupied btry psn in order to deceive the en either as to the amount of arty present or as to the psn of the btry firing from the vicinity of the dummy psn. When the situation
Рекомендуется для абзацно-фразового перевода на слух.
permits, a piece may be registered from the dummy psn in order to mislead the en who will perform flash or sound ranging of the piece on the dummy psn. Results of the registration may be referred to the primary psn by survey. An arty unit is ―in position‖ when the pieces are in position and ready to fire and the necessary systems of obsn and comm have been established.
COMMENTARY 1. Термин position имеет следующие основные значения: — позиция (в широком смысле этого слова); — положение (например, положение цели в воздухе или в море, положение работающей радиостанции); — положение для стрельбы (например, в сочетаниях prone, kneeling, standing position); — огневая позиция (например, в сочетаниях concealed position, primary position). Производные термины fire position, firing position — полные синонимы термина position в значении огневая позиция. Artillery position это тоже огневая позиция, однако занимаемая лишь артиллерией. 2. Обратите внимание на значения терминов camouflage, cover, concealment, которые могут вызывать трудности при переводе. Глагол to camouflage означает маскировать при помощи маскировочного имущества и материалов (также подручных) путем изменения внешнего вида предметов и местности с целью введения противника в заблуждение. Поэтому термин camouflage имеет широкое значение маскировка, а также маскировочное имущество и материалы. Глагол to cover означает покрывать, прикрывать, перекрывать. Термин cover означает не любое укрытие, а укрытие от огня противника (любое, естественное или искусственное). Например, overhead cover укрытие от навесного огня. Сравните: cover plan план обеспечения скрытности действий и camouflage plan project план проведения маскировочных работ. Термин concealment означает укрытие от наблюдения противника, маскировка. Поэтому выражение to provide cover and concealment означает обеспечивать укрытие от огня и наблюдения противника.
На различие значений существительных concealment и camouflage указывает и сопоставление глаголов to conceal и to camouflage. Если первый обозначает маскировать (ся), применяясь к местности, используя природные маски, то второй глагол, значит маскировать, используя технические и подручные средства.
6.3 Field artillery team Modern field artillery has three distinct parts (see Figure 26): the forward observer (or FO), the fire direction center (FDC) and the actual guns themselves. On the battlefield, there will be combinations of all of the following elements.
Figure 26. Artillery Call for Fire Process.
Forward Observer (FO) Because artillery is an indirect fire18 weapon, the forward observer must take up a position where he can observe the target using tools
Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода.
such as binoculars and laser rangefinders and designators and call back fire missions on his radio. This position can be anywhere from a few thousand meters to 20-30 km distant from the guns. Artillery observation may be carried out from the ground or from the air. Grd obsn is most suitable for firing on tgts immediately in front of frd troops, and OPs are selected, whenever possible, so that they may give an extensive and clear view of the zone and maintenance of sig comm, afford cover and concealment, and be as near to the front and the line of fire as practicable. Tree tops, shell holes, ruins, steel towers, church steeples, and front line trenches may be used on occasion as OPs. Obsn from aircraft is largely used for cbtry fire, for fire on distant tgts and generally for dealing with tgts which cannot be seen from the ground. Using a standardized format, the FO sends either an exact target location or the position relative to his own location or a common map point, a brief target description, a recommended ammunition to use, and any special instructions such as "danger close" (the warning that friendly troops are within 600 meters of the target, requiring extra precision from the guns). Once firing begins, if the rounds are not accurate the FO will issue instructions to adjust fire and then call "fire for effect". The FO does not talk to the guns directly - he deals solely with the FDC. The US Army Field Manual describing the duties and responsibilities is FM 6-30, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Observed Fire. Fire Direction Center (FDC) Typically, there is one FDC for a battery of six guns, in a light division. In a typical heavy division configuration, there exist two FDC elements capable of operating two four gun sections. The FDC computes firing data, fire direction for the guns. The process consists of determining the precise target location based on the observer's location if needed, then computing range and direction to the target from the guns‘ location. These data can be computed manually, using special protractors and slide rules with precomputed firing data. Corrections can be added for conditions such
18 Indirect fire means aiming and firing a gun without relying on a direct line of sight between the gun and its target, as in the case of direct fire.
as a difference between target and howitzer altitudes, propellant temperature, atmospheric conditions, and even the curvature and rotation of the Earth. In most cases, some corrections are omitted, sacrificing accuracy for speed. In recent decades, FDCs have become computerized, allowing for much faster and more accurate computation of firing data. Command Post (CP) In most artillery batteries the CP controls the firing of the guns. It is usually located at the battery centre so as to be able to communicate easily with the guns. The CP should be well camouflaged, but the CPO (Command Post Officer) should be able to see all the guns with ease. Gun markers are sometimes placed in front of the CP to remind the CPO which gun is in which position. The CPO is assisted by two assistants, who operate the fire data computers. The GPO (Gun Position Officer) and CPO work at the plotter to ensure that the data calculated by the assistants is accurate and safe. The CP signaller is contact with the OP, or Observation Post, where the FOO, or Forward Observer Officer, works with the OP team to identify targets and call-back fire data. In recent years, headset radios have become common for communication between the CPO and gun detachment commanders. Guns The final piece of the puzzle is the "gun line" itself. The FDC will transmit a warning order to the guns, followed by orders specifying the type of ammunition and fuze setting, bearing, elevation, and the method of adjustment or orders for fire for effect (FFE). Elevation (vertical direction) and bearing orders are specified in milliradians or mils. The crews load the howitzers and traverse and elevate the tube to the required point, using either hand cranks (usually on towed guns) or hydraulics.
6.4 Conduct of fire19 Conduct of fire is the technique of placing arty fire on the selected tgt. It is performed by means of fire-control instruments which enable the btry cmdr to make necessary calculations. When the fire on the tgt can be observed, arty fire usually consiste of adjustment fire and fire for effect. The object of adjustment is to determine, from
19 Спажев Ю.А., Филиппов А.А. Курс военного перевода. Английский язык. Часть I. – М.: Военное издательство МО СССР, 1963. – 506 с. Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода
the observed positions of the bursts and the tgt, the firing data to begin fire for effect. Usually adjustment is executed by bracketing method intended to inclose the tgt in a suitable bracket. The most important fire-control instruments used in the FA are the aiming circle, battery commander's telescope, range finder, and field glasses (binoculars). The aiming circle is an instrument for use in measuring angles in azimuth and site, and for simple survey work. The battery commander's telescope is a binocular, observing instrument for adjusting fire, but is also used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles in the calculation of firing data. The field glass is used in that way as well. The range finder is designed to determine ranges. All necessary calculations being made, the btry cmdr gives words of fire command to the firing battery. The prescribed sequence of fire commande is: 1) special methods of adjustment and particular missions; 2) direction; 3) sheaf; 4) deflection difference; 5) site; 6) projectile; 7) charge; 8) fuze; 9) fuze range or time; 10) pieces to fire; 11) method of fire; 12) use or discontinuance of use of quadrant; 13) range or elevation. The unit of range used in arty is the yard. The unit of angular measure is the mil equal to 1/6,400 part of the circumference of a circle. Practically a mil is the angle subtended by one yard at a distance of 1,000 yards. Fuze in commands is denoted as quick or delay. The pieces to fire are assigned by saying «number one» or «battery».
COMMENTARY Единицей измерения углов, принятой в артиллерии большин- ства армий мира, и в частности в армии США, является тысячная, равная 1/6400 части окружности (artillery mil). Следует иметь в виду, что тысячная, принятая в артиллерии Российской армии, отличается по своей абсолютной величине и равна 1/6000 части окружности. Поэтому при переводе команд или артиллерийских документов и наставлений это обстоятельство должно быть обязательно оговорено. Кроме артиллерийской тысячной в армии США используется еще так называемая пехотная тысячная (infantry mil), несколько большая по своей абсолютной величине, чем артиллерийская
тысячная. 100 артиллерийских тысячных равны 98,2 пехотной тысячной или 5,6°; 100 пехотных тысячных равны 101,8 артиллерийской тысячной. В практической работе переводчик может столкнуться со случаями, когда разницей между абсолютными величинами, вы- раженными в артиллерийских и пехотных тысячных можно пренебречь, и когда в переводе необходимо сохранить математическую точность оригинала. В последнем случае ему придется либо пересчитать величины в принятых в Российской армии единицах, либо оговорить, в каких единицах даны величины в переводе, сохранив цифры оригинала.
6.5 EXERCISES Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer them in English: 1. How are arty positions classified? 2. What is ‗indirect laying position‘? 3. What is ‗direct laying position‘? 4. What is the designation of alternate position? 5. What is a dummy position used for? 6. In what cases the supplementary position is used? 7. What missions on the battle field are carried out by the observer? 8. What is the main mission of the FDC? 9. What officials are on the CP? 10. What is the prescribed sequence of fire commands ?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word combination by ear: Огонь на поражение; fire direction; угломерный круг; slide rule; планшет; headset radio; пристрелка; emplaced battery; бинокль; Gun Position Officer; передовой наблюдатель; observation post; засечка орудий по вспышкам выстрелов; dummy position; дополнительная цель; supplementary position; основная позиция; unconcealed positions; открытая огневая позиция; laying; позиция артиллерийской батареи; artillery position.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form: Боевой порядок дивизиона20 Боевой порядок (battle formation) артиллерийского дивизиона составляют штатные и приданные силы и средства, развѐрнутые (to deploy) в соответствии с решением командира для выполнения поставленных задач. Боевой порядок дивизиона состоит из боевых порядков батарей, приданных подразделений артиллерийской разведки, командно-наблюдательного пункта (command-and-observation post), а при необходимости и наблюдательных пунктов (передового и бокового) и пункта управления огнѐм. Боевой порядок дивизиона должен обеспечивать наиболее эффективное и надѐжное выполнение поставленных огневых задач, полное использование боевых возможностей подразделений, поддержание непрерывного взаимодействия (coordination) с общевойсковыми подразделениями, устойчивое управление подразделениями, возможность быстрого манѐвра в ходе боя, а также наименьшую уязвимость подразделений от ударов всех видов оружия. Районы огневых позиций по своему предназначению могут быть основными, запасными и временными. Основной район огневых позиций назначают для выполнения огневых задач во всех видах боя. Его удаление от передовых подразделений (tentacle) (переднего края обороны) (main fighting line) наших частей зависит от принадлежности дивизиона, дальнобойности артиллерийских систем, характера местности и других условий обстановки. Запасной район огневых позиций назначают обычно в обороне для манѐвра дивизиона и выполнения огневых задач при преднамеренном или вынужденном оставлении основного района огневых позиций. Временный район огневых позиций может назначаться для выполнения отдельных огневых задач. Огневая позиция – участок местности, занятый или подготовленный к занятию огневыми взводами батареи (взводом, орудием) для ведения огня.
20 Г.Е. Передельский. Артиллерийский дивизион в бою. – Москва: Воениздат, 1984.
Огневая позиция батареи включает места для орудий и боеприпасов, для машины старшего офицера батареи, укрытий (cover position) для личного состава, окопов (entrenchment) для самообороны, наблюдательного поста, тягачей и машин с боеприпасами, а для батареи реактивной артиллерии, кроме того, места для пункта заряжания (loading depot) и метеорологического поста (weather station). Боевой порядок подразделений оптической разведки включает в себя наблюдательные пункты, пункты обработки и места расположения автотранспорта. С наблюдательных пунктов ведется наблюдение за полем боя (battle area) и производится засечка ориентиров (landmark), реперов и целей. На пункте обработки определяются координаты точек (point location), засеченных с наблюдательных пунктов. Боевой порядок подразделений звуковой разведки состоит из звуковых постов, центрального пункта, одного—двух постов предупреждения и метеорологического поста. Звуковые посты располагаются на удалении 1,5—4 км от переднего края своих войск, на расстоянии 1 — 1,5 км один от другого. Пост предупреждения располагается впереди звуковых постов. На центральном пункте находится регистрирующий прибор, пункт обработки и узел связи. Метеопост производит свои работы поблизости от центрального пункта.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and translate the sentences: The terms «concealed» and «unconcealed» are ... to indicate whether or not the battery may be ... by enemy observers. A primary position ... the main psn of a btry from which it ... its firing msns. When the situation permits, a piece may be ... from the dummy psn. The forward observer must … a position where he can observe the target. Artillery observation may be ... from the ground or from the air. Once firing begins, if the rounds are not accurate the FO will issue instructions to … fire and then … "fire for effect". The main missions of the FDC are … . In most artillery batteries the … controls the firing of the guns. ). Elevation and bearing orders are specified in … .
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your opinion: 1. A psn from which the tgt can be seen through the sights is a indirect laying position. 2. The term «concealed position» is used to indicate that the battery may be seen by enemy observers. 3. An arty unit is ―in position‖ when the pieces are in position but not yet ready to fire. 4. Modern field artillery has four distinct parts: the forward observer, the communication center, the fire direction center, and the actual guns themselves. 5. The FO talks to the guns directly in order to mislead the enemy. 6. The CP is usually located far from the battery to avoid destruction by en fire. 7. The btry cmdr makes necessary calculations by means of pencil, paper and calculator.
Exercise 10. Translate orally at hearing: 1. What fire-control instruments are 1. Well, the most important used by FA battery commander in are the aiming circle, battery making necessary calculations for commander's telescope, field conduct of fire? glasses, range finder, and some others. 2. What is the aiming circle used 2. The aiming circle is used for? for simple survey work and for measuring angles in azimuth and site. 3. Is the battery commander's 3. No, not exactly. It is used telescope also used for this purpose? for measuring horizontal and vertical angles in the calculation of firing data and also for adjusting fire. 4. Field glass, I understand, is used 4. Well, the range finder is for the same purpose. And the range designed to determine ranges. finder?
TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF US FIELD ARTILLERY APPLICATION OF FIRE. TARGET DAMAGE CRITERIA
Lesson 7 Цели занятия: 1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков: - перевода на слух (упражнение 3; 4); - перевода с листа (текст 7.2); - письменного перевода (текст 7.4; упражнение 6; 10); - аудирования (текст 7.3; упражнение 4; 6); - преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических трудностей (commentary; упражнение 5; 6; 8; 10); - переключения (упражнение 4). 2. Развитие творческого мышления (3; 7; 8; 9). 3. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 4). 4. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение 7.1). 5. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 7.2; 7.3; 7.4).
ACTIVE TERMS application of fire ведение огня opportunity target внеплановая (неплановая) цель; выгодная цель prearranged target плановая цель on-call target плановая цель, поражаемая по вызову scheduled target плановая цель fire plan порядок огневого поражения; таблица стрельбы; система огня observed fire огонь по наблюдаемой цели; корректируемый огонь unobserved fire огонь по ненаблюдаемой цели effect sought желаемый результат destruction fire огонь на разрушение neutralization fire огонь на подавление barrage заградительный огонь; огневой вал standing barrage неподвижный заградительный огонь rolling barrage огневой вал; подвижный заградительный огонь
successive concentrations последовательное сосредоточение огня box barrage окаймляющий заградительный огонь predicted fire стрельба по исчисленным данным; стрельба с предварительной подготовкой данных target acquisition system система обнаружения целей counterbattery fire огонь на подавление артиллерии противника neutralization подавление annihilation уничтожение C2 (command and control) командование и управление counterpreparation fire артиллерийская контрподготовка; ответный огонь на артподготовку противника imminence неизбежность; неминуемость covering fire огневая поддержка; огневое прикрытие defensive fire заградительный огонь final protective fire сплошной заградительный огнь (перед передним краем) harassing fire беспокоящий огонь; огонь на изнурение interdiction fire огонь на воспрещение preparation fire артиллерийская подготовка; огневая подготовка атаки deep supporting fire огневая поддержка на большую глубину close supporting fire непосредственная огневая поддержка direct supporting fire непосредственная огневая поддержка destruction fire огонь на разрушение grazing fire настильный огонь cone of fire сноп огня concentrated fire сосредоточенный огонь registration fire пристрелка fire for effect стрельба на поражение adjusting point репер platoon strongpoint взводный опорный пункт
nuclear artillery asset силы и средства ядерной артиллерии demolition разрушение; уничтожение ACR (armored cavalry разведывательный полк regiment) artillery control line рубеж безопасного удаления от огня своей артиллерии
WORD-COMBINATIONS: to impede enemy movement затруднять продвижение противнику to hinder enemy forces' затруднять продвижение войск movement противника on call по вызову to be engaged in the attack вести наступательный бой to break up hostile attack расстраивать боевые порядки formations наступающих войск to give words of command подавать команды to disorganize the enemy дезорганизовывать управление command system войсками противника to keep the enemy troops держать войска противника в alerted unnecessarily постоянном напряжении
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS: fire on targets of opportunity to deliver fire on signal (call) to secure domination over the hostile artillery to interfere with the enemy preparation batteries in position to place fire on a target to measure angles in azimuth and site
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS: firing dope [dope – секретная информация; секретные сведения] установки для стрельбы to button up подавлять (огневую точку) to make a попадать, поражать bird
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word combinations: Deflection difference; угол места цели; milliradians; пристрелка; headset radio; старший офицер батареи; Command Post Officer; огонь на поражение; danger close; лазерный целеуказатель; laser rangefinder; наблюдательный пост; flash ranging; дополнительная цель; alternate position; огневая задача; primary position; позиция, открытая для наблюдения; direct laying position; артиллерийская позиция; gun line. Exercise 2. Find in the texts and translate the word- combinations: Opportunity target; prearranged targets; target acquisition system; fire may take the form of; prearranged barrier of fire; to achieve fire superiority; the imminence of the enemy attack; to impede enemy movement; random intervals; to put psychological pressure on enemy; to weaken the enemy position; to shift fire from one target, to another; nuclear artillery assets; to make material objects unfit for further use.
7.2 Application of fire There are several dimensions to this subject. The first is the notion that fire may be against an opportunity target or may be prearranged. If it is the latter it may be either on-call or scheduled. Prearranged targets may be part of a fire plan. Fire may be either observed or unobserved, if the former it may be adjusted, if the latter then it has to be predicted. Observation of adjusted fire may be directly by a forward observer or indirectly via some other target acquisition system. Tactically arty fire is classified as to effect sought, form, prearrangement, and tactical purpose. Based on effect sought arty fires are classified as destruction fire and neutralization fire. Arty fire may take the form of concentrations (fire from a number of weapons, directed at a single point or small area) or barrages (a prearranged barrier of fire, except that delivered by small arms, designed to protect friendly troops and installations by impending en movements across defensive lines or areas). A concentration is a volume of fire placed on an area within a limited time. Sometimes successive concentrations are employed. Barrages may be standing, rolling or box.
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NATO also recognizes several different types of fire support for tactical purposes: Counterbattery fire: accomplishes the neutralization or annihilation of enemy artillery batteries. Combat with enemy artillery is one of the artillery's most important missions. It enables ground forces to achieve fire superiority on the battlefield. Combat with enemy artillery requires more than counterbattery fire. It requires the destruction of C2 centers as well as artillery. It also requires the cooperation of other ground combat arms and aviation. Counterpreparation fire: intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is discovered. Covering fire: used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms. Defensive fire: delivered by supporting units to assist and protect a unit engaged in a defensive action. Final Protective Fire: an immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas. Harassing fire: a random number of shells are fired at random intervals, without any pattern to it that the enemy can predict. This process is designed to hinder enemy forces' movement. The goal of this fire is to put psychological pressure on enemy personnel in concentrated defensive areas, command posts, and rear installations. Successful harassment fire inhibits maneuver, lowers morale, interrupts rest, and weakens enemy combat readiness. Interdiction fire: placed on an area or point to prevent the enemy from using the area or point. Preparation fire: delivered before an attack to weaken the enemy position. These purposes have existed for most of the 20th century. Broadly they can be defined as either: Deep supporting fire: directed at objectives not in the immediate vicinity of own force, for neutralizing or destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply, communications and observation. Close supporting fire: placed on enemy troops, weapons or positions which, because of their proximity present the most immediate and serious threat to the supported unit.
Direct supporting fire: Fire delivered in support of part of a force, as opposed to general supporting fire which is delivered in support of the force as a whole. Destruction fire: Fire delivered for the sole purpose of destroying material objects. Grazing fire: Fire approximately parallel to the ground where the center of the cone of fire does not rise above one meter from the ground. Registration fire: fire delivered to obtain accurate data for subsequent effective engagement of targets. Fire for effect: fire which is delivered after the mean point of impact or burst is within the desired distance of the tgt or adjusting point. Maneuver by Fire occurs when a unit shifts fire from one target, or group of targets, to another without changing firing positions. This is a combined arms concept in which the artillery plays a critical role. Maneuver by fire masses fires on the most important enemy installations or force groupings. Its intention is to destroy them in a short period of time or to redistribute fires to destroy several targets simultaneously. Another purpose may be to shift the main combat effort from one axis to another.
7.3 Target damage criteria Target damage is the effect of fires on a given military target. It results in total, partial, or temporary loss of the target's combat effectiveness. The categories of target damage are annihilation, demolition, neutralization, and harassment. Annihilation fires make unobserved targets combat-ineffective, needing major construction to be usable. For a point target such as an ATGM launcher, the opposing force must expend enough rounds to ensure a 70 to 90 percent probability of kill. For area targets such as platoon strongpoints or nuclear artillery assets, they must fire enough rounds to destroy from 50 to 60 percent of the targets within the group. Demolition refers to the destruction of buildings and engineer works (bridges, fortifications, roads). Demolition requires enough rounds to make such material objects unfit for further use. It is a subset of annihilation. Neutralization fire inflicts enough losses on a target. Cause it to temporarily lose its combat effectiveness; restrict or prohibit its maneuver;
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disrupt its C2 capability. To achieve neutralization, artillery must deliver enough rounds to destroy 30 percent of a group of unobserved targets.
7.4 Standard tactical missions21 … Direct Support. . DS is the most decentralized tactical mission. An FA unit in DS of a maneuver unit is concerned mainly with the FS needs of only that unit. The DS commander is the FSCOORD for the supported maneuver unit. He plans fires to support the maneuver commander‘s intent and positions his unit where it can best support the scheme of maneuver. To enhance coordination and training, FA units should habitually support the same maneuver force. . Example: FA brigades may be placed DS to a division and/or maneuver brigade, task force, or ACR. This could occur in the area of the enemy‘s main effort; to strengthen a defensive sector; in support of river crossing operations; when the division operates across an extended frontage; or when a maneuver brigade is leading a division exploitation, pursuit, or deep attack. Reinforcing. . R tactical missions require FA units to augment the fires of another FA unit. When a DS FA battalion requires more fires to meet maneuver force requirements, another FA battalion or an FA brigade may be assigned this tactical mission. . Example: An FA brigade reinforcing another FA unit provides responsive fires to the reinforced unit while the HQ assigning the tactical mission retains C2. General Support Reinforcing. The HQ assigning GSR tactical missions retains control over GSR units and has first call on supporting fires. Subordinate FA units receive augmentation fires in second priority. The GSR tactical mission gives the force commander additional flexibility to respond to varying tactical situations. General Support.
21 FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations. Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода.
. GS tactical missions are the most centralized of the standard tactical missions. An FA unit with a GS tactical mission supports the force as a whole and remains under the control of its parent force artillery HQ. Its fires are immediately responsive to the needs of the force commander. . Example: An FA brigade with only missile battalions or rocket and missile battalions may be assigned this tactical mission in support of corps deep operations.
7.5 EXERCISES Exercise 3. Translate the following questions by ear and answer them in English: 1. What is a tactical classification of arty fire? 2. What are the types of arty barrages? 3. How are arty fires classified based on tactical purpose? 4. What is the purpose of harassing fire? 5. What are the categories of target damage? 6. What are the four standard tactical missions?
Exercise 4. Translate the following words and word combination by ear: Репер; concentrated fire; стрельба на поражение; platoon strongpoint; разрушение; direct supporting fire; огневая поддержка на большую глубину; preparation fire; огонь на воспрещение; covering fire; подавление; target acquisition system; уничтожение; counterpreparation fire; силы и средства ядерной артиллерии; artillery control line.
Exercise 5. Translate the following text in written form: Взаимодействие артиллерийских подразделений с мотострелковыми и танковыми подразделениями Взаимодействие артиллерийских подразделений с общевойсковыми частями (подразделениями) заключается в согласовании огня и маневра артиллерийских подразделений с действиями общевойсковых частей (подразделений) по задачам, направлениям, рубежам (baseline) и времени. Для достижения этого взаимодействия артиллерийские подразделения придаются общевойсковым частям и подразделениям или назначаются для их поддержки.
Приданные артиллерийские подразделения поступают в полное подчинение командира общевойсковой части (подразделения) и выполняют поставленные им задачи. При необходимости они могут привлекаться к выполнению задач по решению старшего артиллерийского командира (начальника). Поддерживающие артиллерийские подразделения, оставаясь в подчинении старшего артиллерийского командира (начальника) выполняют также огневые задачи, поставленные им командиром поддерживаемой общевойсковой части (подразделения). Мотострелковому (танковому) батальону могут придаваться артиллерийский дивизион или батарея, подразделение противотанковых средств. Мотострелковой роте могут придаваться минометная (артиллерийская) батарея, противотанковое подразделение. Батальон (роту) в бою, кроме того, может поддерживать артиллерийский дивизион (батарея).
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form: Вызов и перенос огня Одним из важнейших условий успешного управления артиллерийскими подразделениями в бою является своевременное и точное целеуказание (target assignment). От общевойскового командира требуется безукоризненное знание способов и приемов целеуказаний, умения в сложной боевой обстановке умело выбрать и применить наиболее приемлемый в данный момент способ целеуказания, чтобы принимающий целеуказаие смог быстро и правильно отыскать нужную цель. Рассматриваемые ниже способы целеуказания отработаны на практике и получили широкое применение в различных видах боя (type of combat). Способы передачи целеуказаний командиром общевойскового подразделения командиру артиллерийского подразделения могут быть следующие: от ориентиров (местных предметов); наведением прибора в цель; трассами пуль (снарядов) (tracer streak); по карте (прямоугольными координатами, методом целеуказания по координатной сетке с условными линиями (gridded thrust line method)).
В некоторых случаях могут применяться и другие способы, напримep, полярными координатами (polar coordinate).
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and translate the sentences: Based on effect sought arty fires are … as destruction fire and neutralization fire. NATO recognizes several different types of fire … for tactical purposes. Field artillery possesses varying capabilities largely dependent … caliber, range, and ammunitions. Limited self-defense capability … ground and air attack. The goal of harassing fire … to put psychological pressure on enemy personnel. To prevent the enemy … using the area or point.
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your opinion: 1. Interdiction fire: delivered before an attack to weaken the enemy position. 2. Direct supporting fire: Fire delivered in support of part of a force, as opposed to general supporting fire which is delivered in support of the force as a whole. 3. FA brigades may be placed DS to a Corps. 4. An FA unit with a GS tactical mission supports the force as a whole and operates under the control of additional artillery HQ. 5. Maneuver by Fire occurs when a unit shifts fire from one target, or group of targets, to another with changing firing positions.
Exercise 10. Translate the following text in written form:
Field artillery22
Field artillery possesses varying capabilities largely dependent upon caliber, range, and ammunitions. Artillery has the following capabilities:
22 FM 17-95 CAVALRY OPERATIONS Chapter 9 COMBINED ARMS INTEGRATION
Provide fire support under all weather conditions and types of terrain. Shift and mass fires rapidly without the requirement to displace. Support the battle in depth with long-range fires. Deliver high-angle fires over terrain not covered with flat- trajectory direct fire. Provide a variety of conventional shell and fuze combinations. Deliver chemical and nuclear fires. Provide continuous support by careful displacement. Be as mobile as the supported unit. Artillery has the following limitations: Limited capability against moving vehicle targets. Limited self-defense capability against ground and air attack. Limited ability to destroy point targets (Copperhead is an exception). Vulnerability to detection by enemy target acquisition systems. Low rate of sustained fire.
Annexes A
Abbreviations
" inch AA anti-aircraft acft aircraft ACR armored cavalry regiment ADA air defense artillery admin administration AG assistant gunner ammo ammunition APAM bomblet anti-Personnel, Anti-Materiel bomblet APCBC armor-piercing capped, ballistic cap APDS armor-piercing discarding sabot APFSDS armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot armd armored Army TACMS Army Tactical Missile System arty artillery atk attack bn battalion btries batteries C2 command and control cal caliber cbt combat cbtry counterbattery COC combat operations center comdr commander comm communication comp component con control coord coordination CP Command Post CPO Command Post Officer CS chief of section CSS combat service support CTAD corps target acquisition detachment div division
DS direct support DU Depleted uranium elm element en enemy equip equipment FA field artillery FDC fire direction center FFE fire for effect FIST fire support team fld field FM Field Manual FMTV Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles FO forward observer FOO Forward Observer Officer FS fire support FSCC fire support coordination center FSCOORD fire support coordinator FSE fire support element G gunner gal gallon GCE ground combat element GHQ Res Arty General Headquarters Reserve Artillery GM guided missile gp group GPO Gun Position Officer GPS Global Positioning System GS general support HE high explosive HEAT High explosive anti-tank HEP high explosive penetrating HESH high explosive squash head HHB Headquarters and Headquarters Battery HMMV High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle how howitzer HQ headquarters hq headquarters hq and svc btry headquarters and service battery HVAP High Velocity Armor Piercing
ICBM intercontinental ballistic missiles in inch IRBM intermediate-range ballistic missile JTF joint task force lb pound lchr launcher log logistic MAGTF Marine air-ground task force MBC mortar ballistic computer mblty mobility mech mechanized MEF Marine expeditionary force MET meteorological data MFCS Mortar Fire Control System mil milliradian min minute MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System MPH miles per hour mph miles per hour MRBM medium-range ballistic missile msl missile msn mission mtr motor mvmt movement NCO noncommissioned officer nuc nuclear obsn observation OP observation post org organization PADS position and azimuth determining system pers personnel POC platoon operations center proj projectile psn position RAP rocket assisted projectiles res reserve resp responsible rkt rocket
SA small arm sec section SLBM Submarin-launched ballistic missile SP self-propelled spt support SRBM short-range ballistic missile stf staff stgt secondary target sys system TA target acquisition TAB target acquisition battery tac tactical TC tactical coordinator tgt target TLE target location error TMD theatre missile defense traj trajectory UK United Kingdom US United States USMC United States Marine Corps veh vehicle w with WHA tungsten heavy alloy wpns weapons
Annexes B
The table of a parity of basic Anglo-American units of measurements and metric measures
Меры массы (веса) 1 тонна длинная, американская (long ton) = 1016,047 кг 1 тонна короткая, американская (short ton) = 907,185 кг 1 фунт (pound, lb) = 453,593 г 1 унция (ounce,оz) = 28,349 г
Меры объема Меры вместимости 1 куб. фут (cubic foot) = 0,028 м3 1 пинта (US pint) = 0,473 л 1 куб. дюйм (cubic inch) = 16,387 см3 1 галлон (US gallon) = 3,785 л 1бушель (US bushel)=35,236 л Меры длины 1 миля морская (nautical mile) =1853,2 м 1 миля сухопутная (statute mile) =1609,2 м 1 ярд (yard) = 0,914 м 1 фут (foot) = 0,305 м 1 дюйм (inch) = 2,54 см
Меры площади 1 английская квадратная миля (square mile)= 2,589 км2 1 акр (acre) = 0,405 га 1 кв.фут (square foot) = 0,093 м2 1 кв. дюйм (square inch) = 6, 452 см2
Таблица пересчета калибров .30 in = 7,62 мм 2.36 in = 60,0 мм .303 in = 7,69 мм 3.5 in = 88,9 мм .45 in = 11,43 мм 4.2 in = 106, 7 мм .50 in = 12,7 мм 8 in = 203,2 мм
Bibliography
1. Громов А.В. и др. Вооружение и техника: Справочник – М: Воениздат, 1982. 2. Нелюбин Л.Л. и др. Учебник военного перевода. Английский язык.– М: Воениздат, 1981. 3. Передельский Г.Е. Артиллерийский дивизион в бою. – Москва: Воениздат, 1984 4. Спажев Ю.А., Филиппов А.А. Курс военного перевода. Английский язык. Часть I. – М.: Военное издательство МО СССР, 1963. – 506 с. 5. Степанов С.А. и др. Практический курс военного перевода второго иностранного языка. Английский язык: Учебник /– М: Изд-во ВУ, 2008. – 200 с. 6. FM 17-95 Cavalry operations. 7. FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations. 8. FM 6-70 ST 6-50-60 Coordinating draft Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for M109A6 howitzer (Paladin) operations. 9. www.fas.org - The Internet site of the Federation of American Scientists. 10. www.inetres.com 11. www.lenta.ru
Content
The educational module # 1. US Field artillery. 3 Characteristics and classification 1 Lesson # 1. US Field artillery. Characteristics and 4 classification 1.1 Active terms and word-combinations 4 1.2 US Field artillery. Characteristics and classification 8 1.3 Exercises 13 The educational module # 2. US artillery materiel 18 2 Lesson # 2. US artillery materiel. Cannon 20 2.1 Active terms and word-combinations 20 2.2 US artillery materiel. Artillery Weapons System. Cannon. 25 Construction 2.3 The M119A1 105mm Lightweight Towed Howitzer 28 2.4 The M198 Towered Howitzer 29 2.5 The M777A2 Lightweight 155mm Howitzer (LW155) 30 2.6 The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin 31 2.7 The M110 SP Howitzer 34 2.8 The M548A3 Cargo Carrier 35 2.9 The M992 FAASV Field Artillery Ammunition Supply 37 Vehicle 2.10 The M1064A3 Mortar Carrier 38 2.11 Exercises 40 3 Lesson # 3. US artillery materiel. Missile 45 3.1 Active terms and word-combinations 45 3.2 US artillery materiel. Missiles 48 3.3 The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System 51 3.4 Exercises 53 4 Lesson # 4. US artillery materiel. Artillery materiel 57 4.1 Active terms and word-combinations 57 4.2 Classification of ammunition 62 4.3 Shell. Construction 67 4.4 The MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket 72 4.5 The M39 Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS) 73 4.6 Exercises 75
The educational module # 3. US field artillery organization. 81 Tactical employment of US field organization 5 Lesson # 5. US field artillery. US field artillery organization. 82 5.1 Active terms and word-combinations 82 5.2 US field artillery organization 86 5.3 Duties of key personnel 93 5.4 Duties of Individuals in SP Howitzer Section 95 5.5 Exercises 96 6 Lesson # 6. Tactical employment of the US field artillery. 99 Artillery positions. Field artillery team. Conduct of fire 6.2 Artillery positions 103 6.3 Field artillery team 105 6.4 Conduct of fire 107 6.5 Exercises 109 7 Lesson # 7. Tactical employment of the US field artillery. 113 Application of fire. Target damage criteria 7.1 Active terms and word-combinations 113 7.2 Application of fire 116 7.3 Target damage criteria 118 7.4 Standard tactical missions 119 7.5 Exercises 120 Annexes A. Abbreviations 124 Annexes B. The table of a parity of basic Anglo-American 128 units of measurements and metric measures Bibliography 129
Туркот Юрий Валентинович
The US artillery. Выпуск 1. Практический курс военного перевода. Английский язык. (Первый иностранный язык).
Учебное пособие.
Ответственный за выпуск: Туркот Ю.В.
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