DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2012.00938.x
Reproductive and toxicological impacts of herbicides used in Eucalyptus culture in Brazil on the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
C W G MENEZES*, M A SOARES*, J B SANTOS*, S L ASSIS JU´NIOR , A J FONSECA* & J C ZANUNCIOà *Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Minas Gerais, Brazil, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Minas Gerais, Brazil, and àDepartamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Vic¸ osa (UFV), Minas Gerais, Brazil
Received 13 March 2012 Revised version accepted 25 May 2012 Subject Editor: Karen Bailey, AAFC, Canada
Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Summary which were exposed to parasitism by six females of The expansion of eucalyptus tree plantations in Brazil P. elaeisis per pupa. Glufosinate and oxyfluorfen has raised concerns that the use of herbicides may reduced parasitism and emergence of this parasitoid reach non-target organisms and compromise the envi- and were considered more harmful to the P. elaeisis ronment where parasitoids are used to control Lepi- females. Glyphosate and isoxaflutole resulted in higher doptera defoliators. So, the effect of herbicides used in numbers of individuals and females produced per eucalyptus crops on the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis female; thus these herbicides were less harmful to Delvare and LaSalle, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) P. elaeisis and maybe used in IPM programmes in was evaluated in terms of the impact on reproduction eucalyptus plantations. and survival. Treatments consisted of commercial doses Keywords: biological control, chemical control, IPM, of the herbicides sulfentrazone, oxyfluorfen, glyphosate non-target organisms, reproductive side effects, survival, and isoxaflutole with a water-only control. The herbi- parasitoids. cides were sprayed on the pupae of the alternative host
MENEZES CWG, SOARES MA, SANTOS JB, ASSIS JU´NIOR SL, FONSECA AJ & ZANUNCIO JC (2012). Reproductive and toxicological impacts of herbicides used in Eucalyptus culture in Brazil on the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Weed Research 52, 520–525.
Introduction impact on non-target organisms by these products have been reported in aquatic ecosystems and for soil Eucalyptus LÕHer. spp. are planted in Brazil to obtain microorganisms and insects (Santos et al., 2004; Reis essential oils, wood, cellulose and for other industrial et al., 2008; Botelho et al., 2009; Soares et al., 2009a). uses (Moreira et al., 2009; Zanuncio et al., 2010). Weeds Defoliating insect pests are important phytosanitary can reduce the quantity and quality of wood (Tuffi problems in eucalyptus plantations, because of compe- Santos et al., 2005), so herbicides are frequently used tition, outbreaks and damage (Zanuncio et al., 2009). because of their high efficiency, low cost and facility of Palmistichus elaeisis (Delvare & LaSalle, 1993) application. However, the risks of contamination and (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a generalist and gre-
Correspondence: J C Zanuncio, Professor do Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Vic¸osa (UFV), 35.930-000, Vic¸osa, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Tel: (+31) 3899 2534 ⁄ 2920; Fax: (+31) 3899 2864; E-mail: [email protected]