DOCSLIB.ORG

Juglans Cinerea L.) Restoration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2010 Steps Toward Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) Restoration Sunshine L. Brosi University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Forest Biology Commons, Forest Management Commons, Genetics Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons, Population Biology Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Recommended Citation Brosi, Sunshine L., "Steps Toward Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) Restoration. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2010. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/779 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Sunshine L. Brosi entitled "Steps Toward Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) Restoration." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Natural Resources. Scott E. Schlarbaum, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Frank T. van Manen, David S. Buckley, Nathan J. Sanders Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Sunshine Liberty Brosi entitled “Steps Toward Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) Restoration.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Natural Resources. Scott E. Schlarbaum Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Frank T. van Manen David S. Buckley Nathan J. Sanders Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) Steps Toward Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) Restoration A Dissertation Presented for The Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Sunshine Liberty Brosi August 2010 Copyright © 2010 Sunshine Liberty Brosi All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I dedicate my dissertation to Summer Ela Shaper, my daughter, my heart, and my inspiration to preserve species for the future. Summer, this dissertation was written for you and includes so much of you. You stood in the rain with your umbrella, avoided the copperheads, drew pictures while I collected data, and read to me as I typed. This journey has been your entire life and was only possible with you on my back, in the truck, walking along side in the woods, and always on my mind. May you live life knowing that you are as strong as the mightiest trees in the forest. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS E. Lucy Braun was on my mind throughout this journey, imagining her in the same woods with her model T many decades before, inspired me tremendously. My sincerest gratitude goes to Dr. Scott E. Schlarbaum, for serving as my major professor and mentor for many years. This dissertation would not have been possible without his support, guidance, friendship, patience and kindness. I thank him for seeing my potential and pushing me to meet goals. I also thank the other members of my committee, Dr. Frank van Manen, Dr. David Buckley, and Dr. Nathan Sanders. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Arnold Saxton for his support with statistical analysis. The University of Tennessee Tree Improvement Program (UTTIP) personnel have been invaluable in their assistance, especially support from David Griffin. I would like to thank the late Gene Johnston for giving perspective, purpose, and being an invaluable mentor in my life; his advice will stay with me forever. Thanks to Allison Mains, Tracy Binder, Allison Houser, Shinara Taylor, Laura Beth Jones, Laura Thompson, and Wes Tilley. I express my appreciation to my fellow past and present graduate students in Annex B for friendship and support, especially Dr. Stacy Clark, Belinda Esham, and Ami Sharp. I would like to thank Dr. Sandra Anagnostakis and Dr. Jeanne Romero-Severson for advice and support. My appreciation is given to several current and retired employees of the USDA Forest Service. Edwin Manchester has been a teacher, an inspiration and a friend. Dr. Robert L. Anderson taught me a great deal about butternut and answered many questions along the way. I would also like to thank the following for their valuable assistance with technical advice and field work: Paula Spaine, Carol Young, John Knighten, Dr. Paul Kormanik, Tim Dalton, Ted Oprean, Dave Casey, Jessica Beir, Jeff Lewis, John Brooks, Bill Jones, Robyn Taylor, and Clay Logan. Thanks to Tom Tibbs for inadvertently introducing me to the Tree Improvement Program. I would also like to thank the land managers at planting sites including John Perry, Scott Friedhoff, George Bullard, Bobby McCormick, Stephen Beason, Jonathan Wild, Ron Myers, David Cozzo, John Brittan, Brice Leech, and Mark DePoy. Funds for this project have been secured from grants through the USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry, The National Park Service, and The Revitalization of iv Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources subsidiary of the Cherokee Preservation Foundation. Cooperators for this project include: U.S. Geological Survey (Southern Appalachian Field Laboratory), USDA Forest Service (Southern Region, Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Program, Daniel Boone, Jefferson, Pisgah, Nantahala and Cherokee National Forests, Bent Creek Experiment Forest), National Park Service (Mammoth Cave National Park), CT Agricultural Experiment Station, The Nature Conservancy (Kentucky Chapter), Healing Stones Foundation, TN Division of Forestry, US Army Corps of Engineers (Nashville District), NC Division of Forest Resources, NC Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, CT Department of Environmental Protection, KY Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, TN Department of Environment and Conservation and Notre Dame University. Thanks to Dr. William C. Davis, my first forestry professor, and the 4-H Forestry Camp in Jabez, KY for inspiring my love of being in the woods. I would like to thank the support of my entire extended family, for field assistance, childcare, and advice. Thanks for being such a large part of my life’s journey and helping me reach many of my goals. I would especially like to thank Brook Brosi, Dr. Berry Brosi, Blossom Brosi, Sky Marietta, Glade Brosi, Eagle Brosi and my parents George and Connie Brosi. My sincerest thanks go to Steven Shaper, for financial and emotional support along my college career and for help with fieldwork. Thanks to my friends, for babysitting, being tough, teaching, rousing, and studying with me for comprehensive exams, for proofreading drafts, and for my absence at so many social events. I thank Annie’s Natural Foods for healthy options on those long research days. Special thanks to people who have shared many aspects of this professional and personal journey including old and new chapters from my transition from forester to naturalist. This dissertation would not have been written without the persistent encouragement and support of my husband and fellow scholar, Daniel J. Feller. I look forward to many more years of research collaboration with him by my side. My greatest thanks are also given to my stepson, Caeman Feller, for letting me hog the computer and for cooking so many great lunches on snow days. I wish him success in school and beyond. v ABSTRACT Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), a lesser-known relative of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), is a native tree species beneficial for wildlife, valuable for timber, and part of the great diversity of species in the eastern forests of North America. Populations of butternut are being devastated by butternut canker disease, caused by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum (V.M.G. Nair, Kostichka, & Kuntz), which is thought to be introduced to North America. The disease causes multiple branch and stem cankers that eventually girdle trees. Lack of sprouting and shade intolerance exacerbates the disease and results in permanent losses of butternut across the native range. Fortunately, healthy, canker-free butternut trees have been found proximal to diseased trees, indicating that a breeding approach could be a feasible strategy for producing and reintroducing resistant butternuts. A successful restoration program will require an understanding of genetic variation in open-pollinated seedlings, disease resistance, seedling establishment procedures, site requirements, a greater understanding of disease development over time and levels at various populations. This dissertation is divided into six parts, with the overall goal of insight into butternut ecology and management techniques which could be used to guide restoration decisions for this important species. The first two parts are an introduction and a literature review. In the third section, butternut
Recommended publications
  • Department of Planning and Zoning

    Department of Planning and Zoning

    Department of Planning and Zoning Subject: Howard County Landscape Manual Updates: Recommended Street Tree List (Appendix B) and Recommended Plant List (Appendix C) - Effective July 1, 2010 To: DLD Review Staff Homebuilders Committee From: Kent Sheubrooks, Acting Chief Division of Land Development Date: July 1, 2010 Purpose: The purpose of this policy memorandum is to update the Recommended Plant Lists presently contained in the Landscape Manual. The plant lists were created for the first edition of the Manual in 1993 before information was available about invasive qualities of certain recommended plants contained in those lists (Norway Maple, Bradford Pear, etc.). Additionally, diseases and pests have made some other plants undesirable (Ash, Austrian Pine, etc.). The Howard County General Plan 2000 and subsequent environmental and community planning publications such as the Route 1 and Route 40 Manuals and the Green Neighborhood Design Guidelines have promoted the desirability of using native plants in landscape plantings. Therefore, this policy seeks to update the Recommended Plant Lists by identifying invasive plant species and disease or pest ridden plants for their removal and prohibition from further planting in Howard County and to add other available native plants which have desirable characteristics for street tree or general landscape use for inclusion on the Recommended Plant Lists. Please note that a comprehensive review of the street tree and landscape tree lists were conducted for the purpose of this update, however, only
  • American Linden Or Basswood

    American Linden Or Basswood

    American Linden or Basswood slide 61b 340% slide 61c slide 61d 360% 360% III-123 Cold Hardiness American Linden USDA Zone 2. or Basswood Water (Tilia americana) Intermediate tolerance to flooding. Not drought resistant. May develop leaf scorch under drought conditions. Light General Description Full sun, but will tolerate shade. A medium to large tree native east of the Missouri River in North Dakota. Desirable as a landscape tree for its large stature, Uses shade and aromatic flowers. Fruit with attached pale-green bract, gives tree a two-tone appearance in late summer. Conservation/Windbreaks The largest tree in North Dakota is 75 feet tall with a canopy Medium to tall tree for farmstead windbreaks, and riparian spread of 64 feet. plantings in eastern third of North Dakota. Leaves and Buds Wildlife Bud Arrangement - No terminal buds. Lateral buds are alternate. Old hollow trees make good den trees for wildlife. Bud Color - Reddish-brown in color. Bud Size - Lateral buds are 1/8 to 2/5 inch long, somewhat Agroforestry Products flattened, lopsided, and smooth or slightly downy at tip. Wood - Light, soft, and tough. Sold mainly for lumber, dimension Leaf Type and Shape - Simple, broad-cordate or heart-shaped, stock and veneer; used in making drawing boards, furniture, oblique base. tongue depressors, and for carving. Leaf Margins - Coarsely-serrate with long-pointed teeth. Food - Honey derived from linden flowers is regarded as the Leaf Surface - Leathery with tufts of hair along midrib and veins. best in the world. Leaf Length - 3 to 6 inches. Medicinal - Used for indigestion, hysteria, nervous stomach Leaf Width - 3 to 6 inches.
  • Erigenia : Journal of the Southern Illinois Native Plant Society

    Erigenia : Journal of the Southern Illinois Native Plant Society

    ERIGENIA THE LIBRARY OF THE DEC IS ba* Number 13 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS June 1994 ^:^;-:A-i.,-CS..;.iF/uGN SURVEY Conference Proceedings 26-27 September 1992 Journal of the Eastern Illinois University Illinois Native Plant Society Charleston Erigenia Number 13, June 1994 Editor: Elizabeth L. Shimp, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Shawnee National Forest, 901 S. Commercial St., Harrisburg, IL 62946 Copy Editor: Floyd A. Swink, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532 Publications Committee: John E. Ebinger, Botany Department, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920 Ken Konsis, Forest Glen Preserve, R.R. 1 Box 495 A, Westville, IL 61883 Kenneth R. Robertson, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820 Lawrence R. Stritch, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Shawnee National Forest, 901 S. Commercial Su, Harrisburg, IL 62946 Cover Design: Christopher J. Whelan, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532 Cover Illustration: Jean Eglinton, 2202 Hazel Dell Rd., Springfield, IL 62703 Erigenia Artist: Nancy Hart-Stieber, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532 Executive Committee of the Society - April 1992 to May 1993 President: Kenneth R. Robertson, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820 President-Elect: J. William Hammel, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield, IL 62701 Past President: Jon J. Duerr, Kane County Forest Preserve District, 719 Batavia Ave., Geneva, IL 60134 Treasurer: Mary Susan Moulder, 918 W. Woodlawn, Danville, IL 61832 Recording Secretary: Russell R. Kirt, College of DuPage, Glen EUyn, IL 60137 Corresponding Secretary: John E. Schwegman, Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield, IL 62701 Membership: Lorna J. Konsis, Forest Glen Preserve, R.R.
  • Native Trees of Georgia

    Native Trees of Georgia

    1 NATIVE TREES OF GEORGIA By G. Norman Bishop Professor of Forestry George Foster Peabody School of Forestry University of Georgia Currently Named Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources University of Georgia GEORGIA FORESTRY COMMISSION Eleventh Printing - 2001 Revised Edition 2 FOREWARD This manual has been prepared in an effort to give to those interested in the trees of Georgia a means by which they may gain a more intimate knowledge of the tree species. Of about 250 species native to the state, only 92 are described here. These were chosen for their commercial importance, distribution over the state or because of some unusual characteristic. Since the manual is intended primarily for the use of the layman, technical terms have been omitted wherever possible; however, the scientific names of the trees and the families to which they belong, have been included. It might be explained that the species are grouped by families, the name of each occurring at the top of the page over the name of the first member of that family. Also, there is included in the text, a subdivision entitled KEY CHARACTERISTICS, the purpose of which is to give the reader, all in one group, the most outstanding features whereby he may more easily recognize the tree. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to the Houghton Mifflin Company, publishers of Sargent’s Manual of the Trees of North America, for permission to use the cuts of all trees appearing in this manual; to B. R. Stogsdill for assistance in arranging the material; to W.
  • Identifying Species and Hybrids in the Genus Juglans by Biochemical Profiling of Bark

    Identifying Species and Hybrids in the Genus Juglans by Biochemical Profiling of Bark

    ISSN 2226-3063 e-ISSN 2227-9555 Modern Phytomorphology 14: 27–34, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.200108 RESEARCH ARTICLE Identifying species and hybrids in the genus juglans by biochemical profiling of bark А. F. Likhanov *, R. I. Burda, S. N. Koniakin, M. S. Kozyr Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 37, Lebedeva Str., Kyiv 03143, Ukraine; * likhanov. [email protected] Received: 30. 11. 2019 | Accepted: 23. 12. 2019 | Published: 02. 01. 2020 Abstract The biochemical profiling of flavonoids in the bark of winter shoots was conducted with the purpose of ecological management of implicit environmental threats of invasions of the species of the genus Juglans and their hybrids under naturalization. Six species of Juglans, introduced into forests and parks of Kyiv, were studied, namely, J. ailantifolia Carrière, J. cinerea L., J. mandshurica Maxim., J. nigra L., J. regia L., and J. subcordiformis Dode, cultivar J. regia var. maxima DC. ′Dessert′ and four probable hybrids (♀J. subcordiformis × ♂J. ailantifolia; ♀J. nigra × ♂J. mandshurica; ♀J. cinerea × ♂J. regia and ♀J. regia × ♂J. mandshurica). Due to the targeted introduction of different duration, the invasive species are at the beginning stage of forming their populations, sometimes amounting to naturalization. The species-wise specificity of introduced representatives of different ages (from one-year-old seedlings to generative trees), belonging to the genus Juglans, was determined. J. regia and J. nigra are the richest in the content of secondary metabolites; J. cinerea and J. mandshurica have a medium level, and J. ailantifolia and J. subcordiformis-a low level. On the contrary, the representatives of J.
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic

    Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic

    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
  • Synteny Analysis in Rosids with a Walnut Physical Map Reveals Slow Genome Evolution in Long-Lived Woody Perennials Ming-Cheng Luo1, Frank M

    Synteny Analysis in Rosids with a Walnut Physical Map Reveals Slow Genome Evolution in Long-Lived Woody Perennials Ming-Cheng Luo1, Frank M

    Luo et al. BMC Genomics (2015) 16:707 DOI 10.1186/s12864-015-1906-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Synteny analysis in Rosids with a walnut physical map reveals slow genome evolution in long-lived woody perennials Ming-Cheng Luo1, Frank M. You2, Pingchuan Li2, Ji-Rui Wang1,4, Tingting Zhu1, Abhaya M. Dandekar1, Charles A. Leslie1, Mallikarjuna Aradhya3, Patrick E. McGuire1 and Jan Dvorak1* Abstract Background: Mutations often accompany DNA replication. Since there may be fewer cell cycles per year in the germlines of long-lived than short-lived angiosperms, the genomes of long-lived angiosperms may be diverging more slowly than those of short-lived angiosperms. Here we test this hypothesis. Results: We first constructed a genetic map for walnut, a woody perennial. All linkage groups were short, and recombination rates were greatly reduced in the centromeric regions. We then used the genetic map to construct a walnut bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone-based physical map, which contained 15,203 exonic BAC-end sequences, and quantified with it synteny between the walnut genome and genomes of three long-lived woody perennials, Vitis vinifera, Populus trichocarpa,andMalus domestica, and three short-lived herbs, Cucumis sativus, Medicago truncatula, and Fragaria vesca. Each measure of synteny we used showed that the genomes of woody perennials were less diverged from the walnut genome than those of herbs. We also estimated the nucleotide substitution rate at silent codon positions in the walnut lineage. It was one-fifth and one-sixth of published nucleotide substitution rates in the Medicago and Arabidopsis lineages, respectively. We uncovered a whole-genome duplication in the walnut lineage, dated it to the neighborhood of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, and allocated the 16 walnut chromosomes into eight homoeologous pairs.
  • Conservation and Management of Butternut Trees

    Conservation and Management of Butternut Trees

    Purdue University Purdue extension FNR-421-W & Natural Re ry sou Forestry and Natural Resources st rc re e o s F Conservation and Management of Butternut Trees Lenny Farlee1,3, Keith Woeste1, Michael Ostry2, James McKenna1 and Sally Weeks3 1 USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 PURDUE UNIVERSITY 2 USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, 1561 Lindig Ave. St. Paul, MN 55108 3 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 Introduction Butternut (Juglans cinerea), also known as white wal- nut, is a native hardwood related to black walnut (Juglans nigra) and other members of the walnut family. Butternut is a medium-sized tree with alternate, pinnately com- pound leaves, that bears large, sharply ridged, cylindrical nuts inside sticky green hulls that earned it the nickname lemon-nut (Rink, 1990). The nuts, a preferred food of squirrels and other wildlife, were collected and eaten by Native Americans (Waugh, 1916; Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975) and early settlers, who also valued butternut for its workable, medium brown-colored heartwood (Kel- logg, 1919), and as a source of medicine (Johnson, 1884; Lawrence, 1998), dyes (Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975), and sap sugar. Butternut’s native range extends over the entire north- eastern quarter of the United States, including many states immediately west of the Mississippi River. Butter- nut is more cold-tolerant than black walnut, and it grows as far north as the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Ontario (Fig.1).
  • Conservation Assessment for Butternut Or White Walnut (Juglans Cinerea) L. USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region

    Conservation Assessment for Butternut Or White Walnut (Juglans Cinerea) L. USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region

    Conservation Assessment for Butternut or White walnut (Juglans cinerea) L. USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region 2003 Jan Schultz Hiawatha National Forest Forest Plant Ecologist (906) 228-8491 This Conservation Assessment was prepared to compile the published and unpublished information on Juglans cinerea L. (butternut). This is an administrative review of existing information only and does not represent a management decision or direction by the U. S. Forest Service. Though the best scientific information available was gathered and reported in preparation of this document, then subsequently reviewed by subject experts, it is expected that new information will arise. In the spirit of continuous learning and adaptive management, if the reader has information that will assist in conserving the subject taxon, please contact the Eastern Region of the Forest Service Threatened and Endangered Species Program at 310 Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53203. Conservation Assessment for Butternut or White walnut (Juglans cinerea) L. 2 Table Of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION / OBJECTIVES.......................................................................7 BIOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION..............................8 Species Description and Life History..........................................................................................8 SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS...........................................................................9
  • Juglans Spp., Juglone and Allelopathy

    Juglans Spp., Juglone and Allelopathy

    AllelopathyJournatT(l) l-55 (2000) O Inrernationa,^,,r,':'r::;:';::::,:rt;SS Juglansspp., juglone and allelopathy R.J.WILLIS Schoolof Botany.L.iniversity of Melbourre,Parkville, Victoria 3052, ALrstr.alia (Receivedin revisedform : February 26.1999) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. HistoricalBackground 3. The Effectsof walnutson otherplants 3.i. Juglansnigra 3.1.1.Effects on cropplants 3. I .2. Eft'ectson co-plantedtrees 3. 1 .3 . Effectson naturalvegetation 3.2. Juglansregia 3.2.1. Effectson otherplalrts 3.2.2.Effects on phytoplankton 1.3. Othel walnuts : Juglans'cinerea, J. ntttlor.J. mandshw-icu 4. Juglone 5. Variability in the effect of walnut 5.1. Intraspecificand Interspecific variation 5.2. Seasonalvariation 5.3 Variation in the effect of Juglansnigra on other.plants 5.4. Soil effects 6. Discussion Ke1'rvords: Allelopathy,crops, history, Juglan.s spp., juglone. phytoplankton,walnut, soil, TTCCS 1. INTRODUCTION The"rvalnuts" are referable to Juglans,a genusof 20-25species with a naturaldistribution acrossthe Northern Hemisphere and extending into SouthAmerica. Juglans is a memberof thefamily Juglandaceae which contains6 or 7 additionalgenera including Cruv,a, Cryptocctrva and a total of about 60 species. Walnuts are corrunerciallyimportant as the sourceof the ediblewalnut, the highly prizedtimber and as a specimentrees. Eating walnutsare usually obtarnedfrom -/. regia (the colrunonor Persianwalnut, erroneousll'known as the English walnut)- a nativeof SEEurope and Asia, which haslong been cultivated, but arealso sometin.res availablelocally from other speciessuch as J. nigra (back walnut) - a native of eastern North America andJ. ntajor, J. calfornica andJ. hindsii, native to the u,esternu.S. ILillis Grafting of supcrior fnrit-bearing scions of J. regia onlo rootstocksof hlrdier spccics.
  • Wood Identification and Chemistry' Covers the Physicalproperties and Structural Features of Hardwoods and Softwoods

    Wood Identification and Chemistry' Covers the Physicalproperties and Structural Features of Hardwoods and Softwoods

    11 DOCUMENT RESUME ED 031 555 VT 007 853 Woodworking Technology. San Diego State Coll., Calif. Dept. of Industrial Arts. Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEA Washington, D.C. Pub Date Aug 68 Note-252p.; Materials developed at NDEA Inst. for Advanced Studyin Industrial Arts (San Diego, June 24 -Au9ust 2, 1968). EDRS Price MF -$1.00 He -$13.20 Descriptors-Curriculum Development, *Industrial Arts, Instructional Materials, Learning Activities, Lesson Plans, Lumber Industry, Resource Materials, *Resource Units, Summer Institutes, Teaching Codes, *Units of Study (Sublect Fields), *Woodworking Identifiers-*National Defense Education Act TitleXIInstitute, NDEA TitleXIInstitute, Woodworking Technology SIX teaching units which were developed by the 24 institute participantsare given. "Wood Identification and Chemistry' covers the physicalproperties and structural features of hardwoods and softwoods. "Seasoning" explainsair drying, kiln drying, and seven special lumber seasoning processes. "Researchon Laminates" describes the bending of solid wood and wood laminates, beam lamination, lamination adhesives,. andplasticlaminates."Particleboard:ATeachingUnitexplains particleboard manufacturing and the several classes of particleboard and theiruses. "Lumber Merchandising" outhnes lumber grades andsome wood byproducts. "A Teaching Unitin Physical Testing of Joints, Finishes, Adhesives, and Fasterners" describes tests of four common edge pints, finishes, wood adhesives, and wood screws Each of these units includes a bibhography, glossary, and student exercises (EM) M 55, ...k.",z<ONR; z _: , , . "'zr ss\ ss s:Ts s , s' !, , , , zs "" z' s: - 55 Ts 5. , -5, 5,5 . 5, :5,5, s s``s ss ' ,,, 4 ;.< ,s ssA 11111.116; \ ss s, : , \s, s's \ , , 's's \ sz z, ;.:4 1;y: SS lza'itVs."4,z ...':',\\Z'z.,'I,,\ "t"-...,,, `,.
  • Identification of Butternuts and Butternut Hybrids

    Identification of Butternuts and Butternut Hybrids

    Purdue University Purdue extension FNR-420-W & Natural Re ry sou Forestry and Natural Resources st rc re e o s F Identification of Butternuts and Butternut Hybrids Lenny Farlee1,3, Keith Woeste1, Michael Ostry2, James McKenna1 and Sally Weeks3 1 USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 PURDUE UNIVERSITY 2 USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, 1561 Lindig Ave. St. Paul, MN 55108 3 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 Introduction Butternut (Juglans cinerea), also known as white walnut, is a native hardwood related to black walnut (Juglans nigra) and other members of the walnut family. Butternut is a medium-sized tree with alternate, pinnately compound leaves that bears large, sharply ridged and corrugated, elongated, cylindrical nuts born inside sticky green hulls that earned it the nickname lemon-nut (Rink, 1990). The nuts are a preferred food of squirrels and other wildlife. Butternuts were collected and eaten by Native Americans (Waugh, 1916; Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975) and early settlers, who also valued butternut for its workable, medium brown-colored wood (Kellogg, 1919), and as a source of medicine (Johnson, 1884), dyes (Hamel and Chiltoskey, 1975), and sap sugar. Butternut’s native range extends over the entire north- eastern quarter of the United States, including many states immediately west of the Mississippi River, and into Canada. Butternut is more cold-tolerant than black walnut, and it grows as far north as the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Figure 1.