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Groundwater Management of a Highly Dynamic Karst by Assessing Baseflow and Quickflow with a Rainfall-Discharge Model (Dardennes Springs, SE France)

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Groundwater Management of a Highly Dynamic Karst by Assessing Baseflow and Quickflow with a Rainfall-Discharge Model (Dardennes Springs, SE France) Bull. Soc. géol. Fr. BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 2017, 188, 40 © C. Baudement et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2017 https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017203 Available online at: www.bsgf.fr Groundwater management of a highly dynamic karst by assessing baseflow and quickflow with a rainfall-discharge model (Dardennes springs, SE France) Cécile Baudement1,*, Bruno Arfib1, Naomi Mazzilli2, Johan Jouves1, Thierry Lamarque3 and Yves Guglielmi1,4 1 Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France 2 Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse À INRA, UMR1114 EMMAH, Avignon, France 3 Association Spélé-H2O, av. Bucarin, Six-Fours, France 4 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States Abstract – This paper aims at characterizing the groundwater flow in a highly dynamic karst aquifer using a global modeling approach based on rainfall and spring discharge time series. The Dardennes aquifer (SE France) was studied as it is used for drinking water supply and it also produces karst flash floods that increase the flood hazard downstream in urban areas. Three years of data were available, including a normal rainy year, a wet year and a dry year. Modeling was performed with the new platform KarstMod, a rainfall- discharge model with calibration tools. The Dardennes aquifer model was structured with three interconnected reservoirs: Epikarst, Matrix, and Conduit. Using this modeling approach, we were able to determine the groundwater hydrograph separation of the karst spring discharge, at the annual scale and at the event scale (flood). This gives insight into the low flow (Matrix) available for the drinking water demand and the fast flow (Conduit) that generates flash floods. In such a dynamic aquifer, part of the water budget cannot be accounted for by water resources as fast flow is not stored within the aquifer and is not available for the drinking water demand. The results were compared with the current groundwater management to determine whether the withdrawal is sustainable. Depending on whether it is a wet or a dry year, the proportion of slow flow ranges from 27 to 61% of the total discharge, respectively. During floods in high water periods, the proportion of quickflow increases drastically up to more than 90% of the spring discharge. In the case of a 300 mm/d simulated Mediterranean rainfall event, the mean daily peak value may reach 74 m3/s. This discharge can be reduced if the aquifer is previously depleted, which increases the storage within the aquifer. Coupling the geological context and the model results opens up future perspectives for the active management of the karst aquifer. Keywords: Karst / rainfall-discharge model / lumped model / hydrograph separation / recession coefficient / water management / flash flood Résumé – Gestion des eaux souterraines d’un karst hyper dynamique par l’évaluation du débit de base et du débit rapide avec un modèle Pluie-Débit (sources de Dardennes, SE France). Cet article a pour but de caractériser l’écoulement d’eau souterraine à travers un aquifère karstique fortement dynamique en utilisant une approche de modélisation globale basée sur les séries temporelles des précipitations et des débits. L’aquifère de Dardennes (SE de la France) est pris comme cas d’étude car il est d’une part utilisé pour l’alimentation en eau potable et d’autre part il génère des crues éclair karstiques qui augmentent le risque inondation en aval, en zone urbaine. Trois années de données sont disponibles, incluant une année pluvieuse normale, une année très pluvieuse et une année sèche. La modélisation est réalisée avec la nouvelle plateforme KarstMod, un modèle à réservoirs pluie-débit avec des outils de calage automatique. Le modèle de l’aquifère de Dardennes est structuré avec trois réservoirs interconnectés : Epikarst, Matrice et Conduit. Grâce à cette approche de modélisation, nous avons effectué une déconvolution du débit des sources, à l’échelle annuelle et à l’échelle des événements de crue. Cela permet de séparer le débit de base (Matrice) *Corresponding author: [email protected] This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. C. Baudement et al.: BSGF 2017, 188, 40 disponible pour les besoins en eau potable et l’écoulement rapide (Conduit) qui génère des crues éclairs. Dans les systèmes hyper-dynamiques, une partie de l’eau qui transite ne peut pas être comptabilisée comme ressource en eau car l’écoulement rapide n’est pas stocké dans l’aquifère et n’est donc pas disponible pour alimenter la demande en eau potable. Les résultats sont comparés avec la gestion actuelle des eaux souterraines afin de montrer si l’exploitation de l’eau est durable. Selon l’année, la proportion de débit de base varie entre 27 et 61 % du débit total, respectivement selon une année pluvieuse ou sèche. Lors des crues en période de hautes-eaux, la proportion du débit rapide augmente considérablement jusqu’à plus de 90 % du débit total des sources. Dans le cas d’un événement pluvieux de type Méditerranéen avec 300 mm/j de pluie, le débit moyen maximum simulé avec le modèle atteint 74 m3/s. Ce débit peut être réduit si l’aquifère est déjà déprimé, ce qui augmente le stockage de l’eau. Le couplage du contexte géologique et des résultats du modèle ouvre une perspective future pour une gestion active de cet aquifère karstique. Mots clés : Karst / modèle pluie- débit / modèle global / déconvolution d’hydrogramme / coefficient de récession / gestion de l’eau / crue éclair 1 Introduction than 500 m). Groundwater flows out in several permanent springs and one overflow-type spring (Lamarque et al., 2008). Three years of daily discharge are available ranging from Highly dynamic karst aquifers are characterized by rapid 3 and high changes in spring flow rate, producing high floods, in 100 L/s to more than 27 m /s. The climate is Mediterranean. response to rainfall events. This dynamic behavior can be The groundwater is used for the drinking water supply of achieved by specific in situ geological, speleogenetic (Audra Toulon city. The remaining water discharges to the Las stream, fl and Palmer, 2013) and hydraulic features that enable a rapid which ows to the Mediterranean sea through Toulon with fl fl fl pressure wave propagation from the infiltration zone to the ash oods from urban runoff and karst oods. Toulon faces discharge zone of the aquifer (main and overflow springs). two problems: – fl Moreover, Geyer et al. (2008) and Covington et al. (2009) in low ow periods, the natural discharge of the Dardennes fi showed that the spring discharge is highly correlated to the springs is not suf cient for the drinking water demand and recharge intensity in a conduit-dominated flow karst system. water quality is deteriorated by surface storage in a dam; – fl The high dynamics of karst systems have a great impact on during high rainfall Mediterranean events, karstic oods fl flood hazard and drinking groundwater management. First, increase the risk of ood hazard within the urban area. flash floods in streams are correlated to run-off on urban (Miller et al., 2014) or impervious geological surfaces, and Predicting the spring flow rate with such rapid and extreme increase in the Mediterranean environment due to the extreme increases is thus a key challenge, which is hard to achieve Mediterranean rain-type (Merz and Bloschl, 2003; Nied et al., given the dual behavior of flow within karst aquifers, 2014) and karst contribution (Maréchal et al., 2008; Vannier schematically characterized by very fast and very slow et al., 2016). Second, the volume of groundwater discharged groundwater flows. Numerous modeling studies have been during floods represents a high recharge rate. As a result, this published in recent decades to characterize the hydrodynamics volume is not available for the drinking water supply. The of karst aquifers (e.g., Goldscheider and Drew, 2007). Global water balance needed to estimate a sustainable yield should models include spring hydrograph analytical methods to account for the proportion of groundwater that does not provide information on the behavior or functioning of the constitute an available reserve. However, when the highly entire karst system. Rainfall-discharge analyses have been transmissive karst network is located below the base level, it applied at two different scales: to single storm events; to the constitutes a natural storage zone, which reconstitutes rapidly entire time series in response to a succession of rainfall events. during floods and connects and drains the low permeable Recession analysis provides groundwater separation in several matrix blocks (Kovács and Perrochet, 2008). Moreover, Jourde flow components, by fitting the basic Maillet law or adapted et al. (2013) showed the mitigation effect of a depleted karst analytical formulae (Atkinson, 1977; Fiorillo, 2014; Kovács network on floods. Pumping in such a karst network during a and Perrochet, 2008; Mangin, 1975; White, 2007). The low flow period depletes the water level below the spring base application of recession analysis gives insight into the level, which in turn allows storage of the first rainfall events in groundwater flows within the aquifer. For instance Padilla this man-induced epiphreatic zone below the overflow level. et al. (1994) and Fu et al. (2016) quantified the quickflow and This kind of groundwater management, called active baseflow of karst springs. Discharge variation versus chemical, management, mitigates the flood discharge at the outlet of electric conductivity, temperature or turbidity variation is also the aquifer (usually the spring), and proportionally increases a classical tool to investigate aquifer behavior at the flood the groundwater storage for future use as drinking water. scale, using graphical analysis of chemographs or a hysteresis In this paper, we studied the Dardennes karst system, loop in XY plots (Bakalowicz, 1979; Chanat et al., 2002; located in the South-East of France.
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