DOCSLIB.ORG

The Industrial Workers of the World and the Oregon Packing Company Strike of July 1913

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Industrial Workers of the World and the Oregon Packing Company Strike of July 1913 Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 7-9-1996 The Industrial Workers of the World and the Oregon Packing Company Strike of July 1913 Adam J. Hodges Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hodges, Adam J., "The Industrial Workers of the World and the Oregon Packing Company Strike of July 1913" (1996). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 5290. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.7163 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Adam J. Hodges for the Master of Arts in History were presented July 9, 1996, and accepted by the thesis committee and the department. COMMITTEEAPPROV ALS: Robe~t Liebman Rep. of the Office of Graduate Studies DEPARTMENT APPROVAL: David JohnsQ6., Chair Department o'tllistory ******************************************************************************************* ACCEPTED FOR PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY BY THE LIBRARY by on f.;? ~~/9'94 ABSTRACT An abstract of the thesis of Adam J. Hodges for the Master of Arts in History presented July 9, 1996. Title: The Industrial Workers of the World and the Oregon Packing Company Strike of July 1913 This study builds upon the notion of a Wobbly 'sensibility' established by Salvatore Salemo and relates it to John Townsend's analysis of conflict between that group's adherents and western Progressives. The latter scholar, by concentrating on middle-class economic anxiety, failed to deal with the virtual unanimity of opposition to the IWW in western towns. Salerno's assertion that a 'sensibility' within the IWW was more binding than ideology raises the possibility that individuals and organizations of varying beliefs could be similarly united within a single cultural sphere with a directed purpose. Such an analysis can apply to factions of Progressivism and radical labor alike. The first chapter begins with a brief account of the historical context, origins, and organizational history of the IWW. This second section discusses the internal dynamic of the IWW, particularly the relationship between the leadership and rank-and-file. The third section briefly explicates the purpose of the thesis. The second chapter recounts important episodes of IWW activity that occurred on the West Coast concurrently with the strike in order to set the regional context of the conflict. The third chapter begins with a section discussing the development of Progressivism and urbanization in a national context and emphasizes cultural conflict. The second section is a brief survey of Progressive era Portland, Oregon. The third and fourth sections discuss the cultural repercussions of women entering industrial life on a mass scale. The chapter concludes with a brief demographic survey of cannery women. The fourth chapter is a chronological narrative of the strike, and is followed by a concluding fifth chapter of analysis. The first section suggests a Progressive 'sensibility' arrayed specifically against radical labor, while the next section discusses a radical 'sensibility' hostile to varying aspects of the cultural norms of Progressivism. The final section asserts the importance of analysis of cultural values, above even notions of class, in addition to economic analysis in order to obtain a more useful synthesis of Wobbly conflict than now exists. THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD AND THE OREGON PACKING COMPANY STRIKE OF JULY 1913 by ADAM J. HODGES A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY Portland State University 1996 Preface The Oregon Packing Company, a fruit cannery located near the industrialized riverfront of Portland, Oregon's working-class East Side, battled a walkout by a significant number of its predominantly female workforce during the peak of the canning season in 1913. The strike holds little significance for students of institutional labor history, for it was unsuccessful both in achieving its demands and unionizing the protestors. In fact, the wane of the season prevented these women from even returning to the jobs they had fought to improve. Why, then, is the strike worthy of close study? The action can serve as a rich tapestry displaying the cultural transformation that emerged from the dramatic shifts in industrial relations during the Progressive era. Many such strikes have been overlooked because labor historians have so often placed economic analysis above cultural. Perhaps because the strike was doomed to failure, conducted within a seasonal industry and outside of accepted norms of labor relations, the vigorous nature of the protest is so noteworthy. Before the strike itself is chronicled in the fourth chapter, a good deal of contextual understanding will be required in order to read fully into its signifcance and to understand the concluding chapter that follows. At issue is the nature of the cultural cohesiveness within both the strike coalition and the Progressivist consensus that represented community opposition to the methods of the protest. Therein lies much of the substance of the tensions between the two. The IWW quickly became the focus of public attention during the conflict although they were merely one segment of a coalition. To complicate matters, scholarly work on the Wobblies has quite often reinforced such simplistic notions. In order to rectify these distorted perceptions, a thorough examination of the historical context and historiography of the Wobblies will serve as the focus of the first chapter. Special attention will be paid to the internal dynamic of the IWW in order to clarify the roles of culture and ideology within the union. The second chapter recounts four incidents on the West Coast during the summer of 1913 in which the IWW participated. This section will serve to contextualize the Portland conflict and raise some of the major issues concerning the union's participation in economic actions. Although it will become clear that the IWW was both internally divided and capable of participating in coalitions, Progressives viewed the union as monolithic. The shrill public outrage against the Wobblies, goaded by a relentlessly antagonistic local press, demands an understanding of the context and development of Progressivism both nationally and in Portland. Particular attention is reserved in this third chapter for the intersection of economic and cultural tensions within Progressivism. Confusion over the appropriate place for women within the context of public protest and industrial relations will be a substantial focus. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Historical Context of the IWW 1 Chapter 2 West Coast IWW Activity 22 Summer 1913 Chapter3 Progressivism & Industrial Life 39 Chapter4 Oregon Packing Company Strike 69 Conclusion Cultural Sources of the Conflict 96 MMI a4t JO txatuo:J teJµotS!H I Jatdeq::> The fifty women who marched out of the Oregon Packing Company on the morning of June 27, 1913 to protest low wages were part of a dramatic economic shift that transformed virtually every aspect of American social and cultural life in less than half a century. Although the U.S. population increased at the dramatic rate of 132% between 1870 and 1910, the number of laborers moving into industrial jobs quadrupled. Alan Trachtenberg has noted that "wage labor emerged, unequivocally, as the definitive working class experience," with the industrial work force claiming more than a third of the nation's population by 1900. As the economy was transformed by incorporation and industrial growth, workers sought to further their collective interests.1 The Knights of Labor was the first significant attempt by 'producers' (which, at this point, included small businessmen) to prevent the permanency of the wage system. Established in 1869 by a tailor, the Knights thrived in the 1870s and 1880s, before massive levels of immigration and economic growth erased the possibility of establishing a cooperative commonwealth built on traditional American ideals. In the 1890s, a substantial portion of the Knights lost interest in the seemingly hopeless ideal of transforming the economy and began to expound a pragmatic philosophy based on acceptance of corporate capitalism and an emphasis on immediate gains for workers. This constituency, composed mainly of native white males who worked in skilled crafts, filtered into the American 1 David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 (Paris: Cambridge University Press, 1987) 54; Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture & Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill & Wang, 1982) 87. 2 Federation of Labor (AFL) and left the Knights in terminal decline. The rapid growth of AFL membership after its inception in 1886 and the disappearance of the Knights dramatically increased the exclusivity of labor organization. The Knights had been fairly open to all races, ethnicities, laboring occupations, and both genders. The AFL, however, served a small homogeneous group of elite craft workers. Yet, the dramatic growth of unskilled industrial occupations, and the mass entry of immigrants and women into those jobs, left the vast majority of workers unrepresented in an economy that was leaving them increasingly impoverished. In the late 1880s, 45% of industrial workers hovered just above the poverty line while 40°/c> were below that level.2 To a substantial number of these excluded individuals, the concept of syndicalism held out hope for a collectivist society governed by workers. Syndicalists intended that after mass organization workers would elect councils, by industry, that would coordinate the government and economy. The idea was radical and transformative, differing from the reform of the Knights in that it looked to a completely new culture based on working-class collectivism rather than one of Jeffersonian independent producer values.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Radical Politics, Radical Love the Life of Dr
    Radical Politics, Radical Love The Life of Dr. Marie Equi Tom Cook 1997 Contents Equi’s early years and public notoriety ............... 3 Equi’s Medical Labors in Portland and San Francisco . 6 A Non-traditional family ....................... 7 Fear of being “queer” ......................... 9 2 Personally acquainted with many of America’s radicals in the first half of the Twentieth century, Portland physician and suffragist, Dr. Marie Equi was arrested with birth control advocate Margaret Sanger in 1916, and was sentenced to San Quentin Prison for her anti-war views in 1920. Yet it was only recently thatherex- traordinary life as an open lesbian has been acknowledged. This silence surround- ing her affections ended in 1983 when historian Nancy Krieger, a University of Washington grad student, uncovered documents at the National Archives that re- vealed Equi’s rumored love affair with Portland resident Harriet Speckart. Equi’s early years and public notoriety Marie Diana Equi was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts on April 7, 1872, the daughter of Italian and Irish parents. She spent her youth in Italy with her paternal grandfather, and while still a young woman suffered from a bout of tuberculosis, the deadly killer of its day, that sent many westward in search of a recuperative, dry climate. In 1893, Equi moved west to The Dalles, Oregon following her longtime friend, Bess Holcomb. Holcomb had accepted a teaching position, and the two friends lived together rather quietly in what historians refer to as a “Boston marriage.” That was until July 21, 1893 when a local newspaper, The Times-Mountaineer broke the following story of how Marie (identified as “Miss Aqua”), angered over apay dispute between Bess and Bess’s employer, a Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • Portland City Council Agenda
    CITY OF OFFICIAL PORTLAND, OREGON MINUTES A REGULAR MEETING OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF PORTLAND, OREGON WAS HELD THIS 13TH DAY OF JUNE, 2018 AT 9:30 A.M. THOSE PRESENT WERE: Mayor Wheeler, Presiding; Commissioners Eudaly, Fish, Fritz and Saltzman, 5. OFFICERS IN ATTENDANCE: Karla Moore-Love, Clerk of the Council; Karen Moynahan, Chief Deputy City Attorney; Heidi Brown, Senior Deputy City Attorney at 1:35 p.m.; and Nicholas Livingston and John Paolazzi, Sergeants at Arms. Item No. 633 was pulled for discussion and on a Y-5 roll call, the balance of the Consent Agenda was adopted. The meeting recessed at 12:23 p.m. and reconvened at 12:30 p.m. Disposition: COMMUNICATIONS 622 Request of Dee White to address Council regarding chronically dangerous levels of lead in our drinking water (Communication) PLACED ON FILE 623 Request of David Kif Davis to address Council regarding City sponsored political terrorism (Communication) PLACED ON FILE 624 Request of Kevin Fitts to address Council regarding elderly/disabled centered housing policies in low income housing (Communication) PLACED ON FILE 625 Request of Paul Watts, Graffiti Removal Services to address Council regarding progress report on graffiti removal program (Communication) PLACED ON FILE June 13-14, 2018 TIMES CERTAIN 626 TIME CERTAIN: 9:45 AM – Add a new per night fee assessed on Booking Agents or Transient Lodging Intermediaries for the privilege of facilitating a Short-Term Rental Occupancy (Ordinance introduced by Mayor Wheeler and Commissioner Fish; add Code Chapter 6.09) 45 minutes requested for items 626 and 627 PASSED TO Motion that the funds will go directly to the Housing SECOND READING Investment Fund and amend ordinance and impact statement AS AMENDED accordingly: Moved by Wheeler and seconded by Fish.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Washington Legislature, 1854-1963
    HISTORY of the History of the Washington LegislatureHistory of the Washington 1854 -1963 History of the Washington LegislatureHistory of the Washington 1854 -1963 WASHINGTONWASHINGTON LEGISLATURELEGISLATURE 18541854 - - 1963 1963 by Don Brazier by Don Brazier by Don Brazier Published by the Washington State Senate Olympia, Washington 98504-0482 © 2000 Don Brazier. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced or used in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission of the author. 10987654321 Printed and bound in the United States i Acknowledgments A lot of people offered encouragement and moral support on this project. I cannot name them all, but a few are worthy of mention. Nancy Zussy, Ellen Levesque, Gayle Palmer, and Shirley Lewis at the Washington State Library were extremely helpful. Sid Snyder and Ralph Munro have each been treasured friends for more than 30 years. They probably know more about the history of this legislature than any other two people. I am honored and flattered that they would write brief forwards. There are many who have offered encouragement as I spent day after day seated at the microfilm machine in the Washington Room at the library. It is a laborious task; not easy on the eyes. They include my sons, Bruce and Tom, Scott Gaspard, Representative Shirley Hankins, Shelby Scates, Mike Layton, the late Gerald Sorte, Senator Bob Bailey, Sena- tor Ray Moore and his wife Virginia, Rowland Thompson, and numerous others who I know I’ve forgotten to mention. My special gratitude goes to Deanna Haigh who deciphered my handwriting and typed the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • How Economic Inequality Shapes Mobility Expectations and Behavior
    How Economic Inequality Shapes Mobility Expectations and Behavior in Disadvantaged Youth Alexander S. Browmana Mesmin Destinb,c,d Melissa S. Kearneye,g Phillip B. Levinef,g a Lynch School of Education, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 b School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 c Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 d Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 e Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 f Department of Economics, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481 g National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138 Nature Human Behaviour, 2019 © Springer Nature Limited, 2019. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in Nature Human Behaviour. The final article is available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0523-0 2 Abstract Economic inequality can have a range of negative consequences for those in younger generations, particularly for those from lower-socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Economists and psychologists, among other social scientists, have addressed this issue, but have proceeded largely in parallel. This Perspective outlines how these disciplines have proposed and provided empirical support for complementary theoretical models. Specifically, both disciplines emphasize that inequality weakens people’s belief in socioeconomic opportunity, thereby reducing the likelihood that low-SES young people will engage in behaviors that would improve their chances of upward mobility (e.g., persisting in school, averting teenage pregnancy). In integrating the methods and techniques of economics and psychology, we offer a cohesive framework for considering this issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Louise Olivereau and the Seattle Radical Community (1917 1923)
    Louise Olivereau and the Seattle Radical Community (1917 1923) Sarah Ellen Sharbach 1986 Contents Acknowledgments 3 Chapter 1: Pre-War Seattle: Progressives, Radicals And Preparedness 4 Chapter 2: The People Do Not Want This War: Anti-War Radical Culture And Community 14 Chapter 3: A Woman Acting Alone: Louise Olivereau And The First World War 28 Chapter 4: “this after-the-war period”: Post-War Turmoil And The Prelude To The 1919 Seattle General Strike 41 Chapter 5: “No One Knows Where!” The Seattle General Strike 54 Chapter 6: Hysteria, Disillusionment and Normalcy: Seattle’s Radical Community, 1920–23 72 Conclusion 84 Selected Bibliography 93 Primary Sources ............................ 93 Published Materials .......................... 93 Interviews/Memoirs .......................... 94 Books .................................. 94 Articles ................................. 96 Unpublished Works .......................... 97 Appendix A: On Thursday at 10 A.M. 98 2 Acknowledgments I would like to thank Professor Karen Blair, who was the first to teach me the craft of researching history. It was under Dr. Blair’s guidance that I first discovered Louise Olivereau. Professor Robert Burke has been a crucial source of assistance and encourage- ment to me on this thesis; his enthusiasm for my work has never wavered. Dr. Burke pushed me towards excellence, and for this I am deeply grateful. All historians are indebted to the work of librarians and archivists, and those whom I depended upon were consistently thorough in their assistance. I wish also to express my appreciation for the comments and ideas that came from my fellow graduate students. My association with my seminar colleagues will always serve me well. Finally, I wish to thank Tari Eastman for her friendship, her generosity, and her keen editor’s eye.
    [Show full text]
  • SR 520 I-5 to Medina
    National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: William Parsons House NPS Form llHX)O OMB No. J024-0CnB (Rev. &-&tIl t. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service •• National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See Instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking MXMinthe appropriate box or by entering the M requested information. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter MN/A for "not applicable." For functions, styles, materials, and areas of significance, enter only the categories and subcategories listed in the Instructions. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form to-900-a). Type all entries. 1. Name of Property historic name Parsons, William, House other names/site number Harvard Mansion 2. Location street & number 2706 Harvard Ave. E. o not for publication city, town Seattle o vicinity state Washington code WA county King code 033 zip code 98102 3. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property IZI private IZI building(s) Contributing Noncontributing o public-local o district 2.. buildings o public-State o site sites o public-Federal o structure structures o object objects 2 a Total Name of related multiple property listing: Number of contributing resources previously N/A listed in the National Register _0_ 4. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this "' ~'M'" 0''''0''' tor '~.b'of .,".".
    [Show full text]
  • Income Mobility: Concepts and Measures
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@ILR Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR Articles and Chapters ILR Collection 2000 Income Mobility: Concepts and Measures Gary S. Fields Cornell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles Part of the Income Distribution Commons, Labor Economics Commons, and the Labor Relations Commons Thank you for downloading an article from DigitalCommons@ILR. Support this valuable resource today! This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the ILR Collection at DigitalCommons@ILR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles and Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@ILR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. If you have a disability and are having trouble accessing information on this website or need materials in an alternate format, contact [email protected] for assistance. Income Mobility: Concepts and Measures Abstract People’s economic positions may change for a variety of reasons. The economy in which they participate may improve or deteriorate because of macroeconomic growth or contraction, employer-specific events and circumstances, business expansions and contractions, and ups and downs in local communities. Individuals may experience major life events with important economic consequences, among them completion of schooling, promotions and other movements up the career ladder, marriage and divorce, poor health, and retirement. Economic mobility studies are concerned with quantifying the movement of given recipient units through the distribution of economic well-being over time, establishing how dependent ones current economic position is on one’s past position, and relating people’s mobility experiences to the various influences that have been mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Mobility in the United States Daniel P
    Economic Mobility in the United States Daniel P. McMurrer, Isabel V. Sawhill Companion Piece to Number 3 in Series, "Opportunity in America" Document date: October 01, 1996 The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not Released online: October 01, 1996 necessarily reflect those of the Urban Institute, its board, its sponsors, or other authors in the series. The size of available economic rewards and the extent to which those awards are open to all individuals in a society are two critical factors in determining the extent to which a society's economic and social structure is believed to be fair and just by those who participate in it. And over the long term, these fundamental economic elements are likely to have a significant effect on the prevailing public mood within a society. The impact of these factors is even greater in a nation such as the United States, in which the national ideology is deeply rooted in the promise of equal opportunity for all. It is well known that the rewards for success in the United States are great and that they seem to be growing larger every year. Numerous studies have reported that the income gap between the rich and poor in the United States has grown in recent decades. The ratio of mean income for the highest 20 percent of family incomes to the lowest 20 percent has increased from slightly over 7.0 in 1968 to slightly over 11.0 in 1994. 1 Inequality is lower if it is measured by consumption, rather than by income, although some studies have found that consumption inequality is growing at a similar rate to income inequality.
    [Show full text]
  • Education Policy and Intergenerational Income Mobility: Evidence from the Finnish Comprehensive School Reform
    IZA DP No. 2204 Education Policy and Intergenerational Income Mobility: Evidence from the Finnish Comprehensive School Reform Tuomas Pekkarinen Roope Uusitalo Sari Pekkala DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES DISCUSSION PAPER July 2006 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Education Policy and Intergenerational Income Mobility: Evidence from the Finnish Comprehensive School Reform Tuomas Pekkarinen Uppsala University and IZA Bonn Roope Uusitalo Labour Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki Sari Pekkala Government Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki Discussion Paper No. 2204 July 2006 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 Email: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Neoliberalism Consistent with Individual Liberty? Friedman, Hayek and Rand on Education Employment and Equality
    International Journal of Teaching and Education Vol. IV, No. 4 / 2016 DOI: 10.20472/TE.2016.4.4.003 IS NEOLIBERALISM CONSISTENT WITH INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY? FRIEDMAN, HAYEK AND RAND ON EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT AND EQUALITY IRIT KEYNAN Abstract: In their writings, Milton Friedman, Friedrich August von Hayek and Ayn Rand have been instrumental in shaping and influencing neoliberalism through their academic and literary abilities. Their opinions on education, employment and inequality have stirred up considerable controversy and have been the focus of many debates. This paper adds to the debate by suggesting that there is an internal inconsistency in the views of neoliberalism as reflected by Friedman, Hayek and Rand. The paper contends that whereas their neoliberal theories promote liberty, the manner in which they conceptualize this term promotes policies that would actually deny the individual freedom of the majority while securing liberty and financial success for the privileged few. The paper focuses on the consequences of neoliberalism on education, and also discusses how it affects employment, inequality and democracy. Keywords: Neoliberalism; liberty; free market; equality; democracy; social justice; education; equal opportunities; Conservativism JEL Classification: B20, B31, P16 Authors: IRIT KEYNAN, College for Academic Studies, Israel, Email: [email protected] Citation: IRIT KEYNAN (2016). Is neoliberalism consistent with individual liberty? Friedman, Hayek and Rand on education employment and equality. International Journal of Teaching and Education, Vol. IV(4), pp. 30-47., 10.20472/TE.2016.4.4.003 Copyright © 2016, IRIT KEYNAN, [email protected] 30 International Journal of Teaching and Education Vol. IV, No. 4 / 2016 I. Introduction Neoliberalism gradually emerged as a significant ideology during the twentieth century, in response to the liberal crisis of the 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Order in Changing Societies
    Political Order in Changing Societies by Samuel P. Huntington New Haven and London, Yale University Press Copyright © 1968 by Yale University. Seventh printing, 1973. Designed by John O. C. McCrillis, set in Baskerville type, and printed in the United States of America by The Colonial Press Inc., Clinton, Mass. For Nancy, All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form Timothy, and Nicholas (except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Library of Congress catalog card number: 68-27756 ISBN: 0-300-00584-9 (cloth), 0-300-01171-'7 (paper) Published in Great Britain, Europe, and Africa by Yale University Press, Ltd., London. Distributed in Latin America by Kaiman anti Polon, Inc., New York City; in Australasia and Southeast Asia by John Wiley & Sons Australasia Pty. Ltd., Sidney; in India by UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt., Ltd., Delhi; in Japan by John Weatherhill, Inc., Tokyo. I·-~· I I. Political Order and Political Decay THE POLITICAL GAP The most important political distinction among countries con­ i cerns not their form of government but their degree of govern­ ment. The differences between democracy and dictatorship are less i than the differences between those countries whose politics em­ , bodies consensus, community, legitimacy, organization, effective­ ness, stability, and those countries whose politics is deficient in these qualities. Communist totalitarian states and Western liberal .states both belong generally in the category of effective rather than debile political systems. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union have different forms of government, but in all three systems the government governs.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Physicians and the Politics and Practice of Medicine in the American West, 1870-1930
    Medical Frontiers: Women Physicians and the Politics and Practice of Medicine in the American West, 1870-1930 by Jacqueline D. Antonovich A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Professor Alexandra Minna Stern, Co-chair Professor Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Co-chair Professor Anna Kirkland Professor Matthew D. Lassiter Professor Martin Pernick Jacqueline D. Antonovich [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6295-7735 © Jacqueline D. Antonovich 2018 For my younger self. A single mother, working as a waitress, with only an associate degree in hand. You are my inspiration every day. ii Acknowledgements Years ago, when I decided to return to school to finish my bachelor’s degree, I never imagined that the journey would end with a Ph.D. I want to thank the History Department at the University of Michigan for taking a chance on me, and I also want to encourage them to keep taking chances on students like me – first-generation, non-traditional students bring a valuable and much-needed perspective to the academy. Alexandra Minna Stern is a phenomenal advisor. Her scholarly insight and professional mentorship has made this dissertation a stronger project, and I am a better historian because of her. My dissertation co-chair, Regina Morantz Sanchez, provided unwavering support over the past seven years. She has always taken my claims about the importance of medical women’s politics seriously, and graciously opened up both her home and her archives to me. Martin Pernick taught me not only how to be a pretty good medical historian, but also how to be an excellent teacher.
    [Show full text]