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DORISEA Working Paper 12 Competence Network DORISEA – Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia 1 DORISEA WORKING PAPER ISSUE 12, 2014, ISSN: 2196-6893 KHAMVONE BOULYAPHONH PHA KHAMCHAN VIRACHITTA MAHA THELA AND THE PRESERVATION OF THE LAO CULTURAL HERITAGE IN LUANG PRABANG, LAOS 12 DORISEA Working Paper, ISSUE 12, 2014, ISSN: 2196-6893 DORISEA WORKING PAPER SERIES EDITORS Peter J. Bräunlein Michael Dickhardt Karin Klenke Andrea Lauser BMBF Competence Network “Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia” (DORISEA) The research network “Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia” (DORISEA) is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) and coordinated by the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the Georg-August-University of Göttingen. Scholars from the Universities of Göttingen, Hamburg, Münster, Heidelberg and Berlin (Humboldt University) are involved in several projects that investigate the relationship between religion and modernity in Southeast Asia. How to cite this paper: Khamvone Boulyaphonh (2014): Pha Khamchan Virachitta Maha Thela and the Preservation of the Lao Cultural Heritage in Luang Prabang, Laos. In: DORISEA Working Paper Series, No. 12. Research Network DORISEA Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia Project Office Georg-August-University Göttingen Institut für Ethnologie Berliner Str. 28 FUNDED BY D - 37073 Göttingen Germany +49 (0)551 39 20153 [email protected] www.dorisea.net Competence Network DORISEA – Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia 3 KHAMVONE BOULYAPHONH PHA KHAMCHAN VIRACHITTA MAHA THELA AND THE PRESERVATION OF THE LAO CULTURAL HERITAGE IN LUANG PRABANG, LAOS ABSTRACT Pha Khamchan Virachitta Maha Thela, the late abbot of Vat Saen Sukharam and chairman of the Buddhist Fellowship Organization of the province of Luang Prabang, was one of the most outstanding Lao intellectuals of the 20th century. The Venerable Abbot was a charismatic monk who served as a model for many monks and novices in Luang Prabang, who tried to emulate him. He was highly respected by the people of the old royal capital of Luang Prabang, which has been the spiritual centre of Lao Buddhism since ancient times and the seat of the Supreme Patriarch until 1975. Pha Khamchan Virachitta Maha Thela’s outstanding works include the constructions and reconstructions of Vat Saen Sukharam and many other monasteries in the style of modern Lao Lan Xang architecture. Moreover, the Venerable Abbot led numerous Buddhist ceremonies, rituals and other festivals in accordance with the rules of Luang Prabang (2007) and the Museum of Buddhist Art at Vat Saen Sukharam. the BasedSangha. on Finally, a large he corpus was the of historic decisive photographs, figure to set upmanuscripts, the Buddhist documents, Archive of personal Photography letters, in as well as Buddhist art objects which the Venerable Abbot kept at his monastery over a period on the intellectual biography of Pha Khamchan Virachitta Maha Thela. of more than fifty years, this paper aims at studying monastic life in Luang Prabang by focusing The aim of this paper is to present the biography He was the late abbot of Vat Saen Sukharam of Pha Khamchan Virachitta Maha Thela1 (1920– (1949–2007), the ecclesiastical provincial governor 2007), who was a renowned and charismatic monk of Luang Prabang (1953–1966), and the chairman in Luang Prabang and one of the most prominent of the Lao Buddhist Fellowship Organization of the monks of the Sangha of Laos in the twentieth centu- Province of Luang Prabang (LBFO, 1976–2007). He was a highly venerated monk and an outstand- to the preservation of the Lao cultural heritage in ing personality with regards to his teachings of the Luangry. Not Prabang, least, his Laos. work has contributed significantly Buddhist doctrine, his exemplary life as a novice and monk, his contribution to the construction of monasteries, as well as his social and monastic roles 1 In Lao (as well as in Thai and Cambodian) Buddhism, hon- in Luang Prabang during most of the twentieth cen- tury. He strictly practiced the monastic discipline derives from brah, which is pronounced phra in Thai and and followed the teachings of the Buddha. derivesorific titles from are Pali: used vara for (meaning monks, such“supreme, as pha splendid”. and thela. Thela, Pha pronounced “thera” in Thai, derives from Pali: thera (mean- His profound knowledge of the ancient Lao ing “elder”), whereas Thai, at least in its written form, pre- culture and of its unique traditions and festivals serves the consonant /r/ and the consonant cluster /phr/. – which form the Lao identity and which he felt In Lao /r/ is transformed into /l/ in all Pali and Sanskrit de- were in danger to vanish – inspired him to initiate rived words, while the consonant cluster /phr/ is reduced the establishment of the museum of Buddhist art to /ph/. This phonetic feature of modern Lao explains the spelling and pronunciation of the two terms discussed above. and culture in Vat Saen Sukharam in 2004, and the DORISEA Working Paper, ISSUE 12, 2014, ISSN: 2196-6893 Competence Network DORISEA – Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia 4 Buddhist Archive of Photography of Luang Prabang tions of historic photographs, personal letters, doc- in 2006, to systematically collect historic docu- uments, as well as interviews with senior monks ments, photographs and art objects related to Lao and lay persons who were related or close to him. Buddhist culture and tradition. He had a museum building constructed on the premises of Vat Saen Sukharam in Luang Prabang in 2004, with the aim of exhibiting his collections of Buddhist art objects BIOGRAPHY OF PHA KHAMCHAN VIRACHITTA for the younger generations to study the history of MAHA THELA Lao Buddhism. This paper will describe three aspects which Pha Khamchan Viracitta Maha Thela, also known as made Pha Khamchan a very important and famous Sathu Nyai Khamchan, Sathu Nyai3 Vat Saen or Pha monk: Firstly, as the ecclesiastical provincial gov- Khamchan, was born under the name of Khamchan ernor and chairman of the LBFO, he was a central Virachit on 23 September 1920 (B.E. 2463) at Ban Lakkham village (present-day Ban Vat Saen village) strict practice of the monastic rules and adherence in Luang Prabang, Laos. He came from a noble and tofigure the ofVinaya the Sangha made himof Luang well Prabang;known and secondly, highly hisre- devout Buddhist family. - ervationist of the Lao cultural heritage and built a bridgespected; between thirdly, ancienthe was aand great modern collector Lao andBuddhist pres culture. In 1990, I was ordained as novice at Vat Pa Phon Phao, a forest monastery located in the out- skirts of Luang Prabang. In 1992, I moved to Vat Saen Sukharam and stayed there until 1996 as Pha Khamchan’s disciple. After the evening chanting he would regularly give talks to instruct the monks and novices on the Buddhist teachings, monastic doctrines, and the monastic life. Sometimes he rec- ollected episodes of his own biography to serve as a role model for a monk’s behavior, while also talking about the history and ancient culture of Laos. Start- ing in 2006, after I began working as a manager for the project “the Buddhist Archive of Photography in Luang Prabang, Laos”, with the German writer and photographer Hans Georg Berger, I made several in- terviews with Pha Khamchan to gather information about photographs from his collections. In 2011, the research project “The Lao Sang- ha and Modernity”, directed by Prof. Dr. Volker Grabowsky, Hamburg, was initiated at the “Buddhist Archive of Photography”. The project researches, digitizes, partly translates and safeguards the doc- uments from the collections of Pha Khamchan, in- Illustration Nr. 1: Archive Nr. A4338R. Reproduction from the painting of Achan Thongdi (1962-1926), magazines and manuscripts. It is carried out in col- grandfather of Pha Khamchan in the uniform of Chao Phaya Lu- laborationcluding official with documents, the National personal Library letters, of Laos, books, the ang Mueangchan. There is type and handwritten on the verso of Provincial government and the Asia-Africa Institute this photographs “ເຈົ້າພຍາຫລວງເມືອງຈັນທຣ໌ “ອາຈາຣຍ໌ ທອງດີ” of the University of Hamburg, Germany.2 The pro- ມໍຣະນະ ປີ ຄ.ສ.1926 ອາຍຸ 64 ປີ” “Chao Phaya Luang Mueangchan “Achan Thongdi” died in A.D. 1926, at the age of 64”. ject will continue until March 2015. I am involved in the project as a researcher, while simultaneously pursuing my PhD study. The main data for this paper came from resourc- es based on Pha Khamchan’s biography (Viradham- 3 Sathu (Pali: sādhu: good, good man, holy man), local honor- mo/Boulyaphonh, Khamvone, Pha 2004) and inter- ary title used to refer to or address a Buddhist monk who has passed the Thelabhiseka (watering ceremony). This ceremo- views with him. Other data is based on his collec- ny is conducted by the lay community to honor monks they consider especially worthy of respect. Before a monk has passed the Thelabhiseka, he is called Chao Mom or Pha. The 2 The project is part of a larger German research network, title Nyai (Lao: nyai: great, big) is an honorary title awarded dealing with “Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia”, DORI- to monks ordained for over twenty years. Therefore, the title SEA, coordinated at the University of Göttingen. See: www. Sathu Nyai is used for a senior monk who has been a monk dorisea.net. for more than twenty years. DORISEA Working Paper, ISSUE 12, 2014, ISSN: 2196-6893 Competence Network DORISEA – Dynamics of Religion in Southeast Asia 5 Illustration Nr. 2: Archive Nr. A4332R Mrs. Khamsuk (1863-1943), Nang Chao Phaya Luang Mueang- chan of Ban Lakkham village, Luang Prabang, grandmother of Pha Khamchan dressing as a Nun presenting her identity as a very Illustration Nr. 3: Archive Nr. B0228R devout Buddhist. The photograph was probably taken in the late Pha Kaenchan Kaccāñana Maha Thela (1893-1943), the former 1930s.
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