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Pour Une Épistémologie De La Problématique De Transition En Préhistoire Virginie GUILLOMET-MALMASSARI

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Pour Une Épistémologie De La Problématique De Transition En Préhistoire Virginie GUILLOMET-MALMASSARI SOCIÉTÉ PRÉHISTORIQUE FRANÇAISE 2012 MÉMOIRE LIV Cet ouvrage propose une analyse épistémologique des études qui abordent le phénomène de transition en Préhistoire (au sens de « passage d’un état à un autre »). Deux cas de transition sont considérés : le passage du Paléolithique moyen au Paléolithique supérieur ; le passage du Paléolithique au Néolithique. Ces transitions ALMASSARI -M suscitent des interprétations opposées, d’ordre historico-culturel (évolution in situ versus migration), étudiées ici sous l’angle de l’opposition « continuité-discontinuité en Europe ». Elles sont examinées depuis leur pre- UILLOMET D’UNE RÉVOLUTION À L ’ AUTRE mière formulation, au xixe siècle, jusqu’à aujourd’hui. À l’issue de cette analyse historiographique approfondie et ciblée, plusieurs aspects sont dégagés. Le développement de la controverse se caractérise notamment par Pour une épistémologie de la problématique un processus d’interaction scientifi que fructueux, en termes de construction chrono-culturelle. Toutefois la G Virginie de transition en Préhistoire persistance de cette interprétation dicho tomique de la transition sur le long terme conduit à discuter de la validité des modèles interprétatifs en vigueur, par rapport à la complexité des données archéologiques, telle qu’on l’observe aujourd’hui. Il apparaît enfi n que la controverse sur l’interprétation historico-culturelle de la Virginie GUILLOMET-MALMASSARI transition masque une problématique fondamentale mais non défi nie comme telle : celle des mécanismes du changement culturel. Th is book propose an epistemologic analysis of the studies which approach the phenomenon of transition in Prehistory (in the sense of a “passage from a state to the other one”). Two cases of transition are considered: the one between the middle and upper Palaeolithic; the other between the Palaeolithic and the Neolithic. Th ese tran- sitions arouse interpretations of “historico-cultural” order set (evolution in situ versus migration), studied here under the angle of the opposition “continuity-discontinuity in Europe”. Th ese are examined since their fi rst for- mulation, in 19th century, until today. At the conclusion of this detailed and targeted historiographical analysis, several aspects are outlined. Th e development of the controversy is characterized by a fruitful scientifi c process of interaction in terms of chrono-cultural construction. Nevertheless, the obstinacy of the dichotomous interpre- tation of the transition, on the long term, leads to discuss the validity of the interpretative models proposed with regard to the complexity of the archaeological data, such as we observe it today. Lastly, it seems that the contro- versy on the historico-cultural interpretation of the transition masks a fundamental but not recognized problem, nor shown as such: that of the mechanisms of the cultural change. révolution à l’autre D’une université Pour une épistémologie de la problématique de transition en Préhistoire de transition une épistémologie de la problématique Pour nice SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS Mémoire Ouvrage publié par la Société préhistorique française LIV en partenariat avec le CEPAM, Cultures et Environnements. Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge Prix de vente : 35 € (université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 7264) 2012 avec le concours de l’université Paris-Ouest — Nanterre-La Défense 00-couv_1.indd 1 02/05/12 12:18 VIRGINIE GUILLOMET-MALMASSARI D’une révolution à l’autre Pour une épistémologie de la problématique de transition en Préhistoire MÉMOIRE LIV DE LA SOCIÉTÉ PRÉHISTORIQUE FRANÇAISE Ouvrage publié par la Société préhistorique française en partenariat avec le CEPAM, Cultures et Environnements. Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge. (université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 7264) et avec le concours de l’université Paris-Ouest – Nanterre-La Défense Paris 2012 01_liminaires.indd 1 02/05/12 10:28 Table des matières AVANT-PROPOS ……………………………………………………………………… 7 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………… 9 CHAPITRE 1. CONSTRUCTION DE LA DIACHRONIE AU XIXe SIÈCLE …… 13 1.1. Intégration de l’âge de la Pierre à la chronologie et premier découpage temporel (F. Jouannet, 1814-1834) …………………………13 1.1.1. Les industries lithiques en contexte archéologique …………………………13 1.1.2. Les industries lithiques rattachées à la période gauloise ……………………14 1.1.3. Découpage tripartite de la période gauloise …………………………………15 1.1.4. Premier découpage chronologique de l’âge de la Pierre fondé sur la documentation archéologique …………………………………………16 1.1.5. Une approche chronologique dissociée de la question de l’ancienneté de l’Homme ……………………………………………………………17 1.2. Ancrage géologique de la profondeur temporelle (J. Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes, 1844-1847) …………………………………19 1.2.1. Des associations stratigraphiques à l’archéogéologie ………………………19 1.2.2. Le recul du plancher chronologique intégré à la vision catastrophiste ……19 1.3. Première succession chronologique de la période quaternaire (É. Lartet, 1858-1861) ………………………………………………………………………20 1.3.1. La classifi cation paléontologique ………………………………………………20 1.3.2. Une autre conception de l’histoire : fi xisme et création unique ………………20 1.3.3. Essai d’intégration des données archéologiques ……………………………21 1.4. Seconde succession chronologique : la classifi cation des temps préhistoriques (G. de Mortillet, 1867-1873) ……………………………………………21 1.4.1. La classifi cation des industries lithiques ………………………………………22 1.4.2. Conception progressiste ………………………………………………………22 1.4.3. Évolution phylogénétique des industries ……………………………………24 1.4.4. La transition n’est pas une époque ……………………………………………24 1.5. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………25 CHAPITRE 2. PREMIÈRE PROBLÉMATIQUE DE TRANSITION : LE PASSAGE PALÉOLITHIQUE / NÉOLITHIQUE ……………………………… 29 2.1. Apparition de la discontinuité ……………………………………………………29 2.1.1. G. de Mortillet ou l’interruption de la continuité phylogénétique (1873) ……29 2.1.2. É. Lartet ou la temporalité de la discontinuité (1864-1875) …………………30 2.2. Interprétations de la discontinuité culturelle ……………………………………31 Mémoire LIV de la Société préhistorique française 01_liminaires.indd 3 02/05/12 10:28 4 Table des matières 2.2.1. La théorie dualiste d’É. Dupont : invasion de populations (1873) …………31 2.2.2. La discontinuité historique d’É. Cartailhac (1872-1873) ……………………32 2.2.2.1. La « lacune » temporelle …………………………………………………32 2.2.2.2. Délocalisation d’un processus de changement par fi liation …………33 2.2.2.3. Élargissement du modèle de la « lacune » ……………………………33 2.3. Rétablissement de la continuité historique ……………………………………34 2.3.1. Sur un fond de discontinuité culturelle (É. Piette, 1873-1875) ………………34 2.3.1.1. Les successions stratigraphiques directes ……………………………35 2.3.1.2. L’invasion et la substitution d’industries sans disparition de populations ……………………………………………………35 2.3.1.3. Le facteur économique …………………………………………………36 2.3.1.4. Démonstration archéologique du scénario culturel ……………………36 2.3.2. Pour une approche de la continuité culturelle (F. Cazalis de Fondouce, 1876) ………………………………………………………37 2.3.2.1. Approche du changement graduel ………………………………………37 2.3.2.2. Pressentiment de l’existence de niveaux intermédiaires ……………37 2.3.3. Continuité historique et continuité culturelle (Ph. Salmon, 1886-1890) ……38 2.3.3.1. Sites intermédiaires ………………………………………………………38 2.3.3.2. Découpage chronologique du Néolithique et continuité Magdalénien- Robenhausien ………………………………………………………………………38 2.3.4. Alignement d’É. Piette (1891-1895) ……………………………………………39 2.3.4.1. « Assises de transition » et « période de transition » …………………39 2.3.4.2. De la « substitution » à la « transformation » des industries …………40 2.4. Acceptation de la continuité historique par É. Cartailhac (1889-1912) ………42 2.4.1. Pluralité des mécanismes de changement, absence de scénario culturel …42 2.4.2. Remise en question de la loi du progrès ………………………………………43 2.5. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………44 2.5.1. Reconnaissance du Mésolithique ……………………………………………45 CHAPITRE 3. SECONDE PROBLÉMATIQUE DE TRANSITION : LE PASSAGE PALÉOLITHIQUE MOYEN / PALÉOLITHIQUE SUPÉRIEUR …49 3.1. Reconnaissance d’une discontinuité culturelle et phylogénétique (premier tiers du xxe siècle) ………………………………………………………………49 3.1.1. La discontinuité selon H. Breuil (1912) ………………………………………50 3.1.2. La discontinuité selon D. Peyrony (1938) ……………………………………51 3.2. Développement d’une dichotomie interprétative « continuité /discontinuité culturelle » en Europe occidentale (années 1950-1970) ……………………………52 3.2.1. Retour de la continuité culturelle ………………………………………………52 3.2.1.1. Modèle de continuité culturelle et approche des mécanismes du changement (G. Laplace, 1966) ………………………………………………52 3.2.1.2. Premier modèle « synthétique » (F. Bordes, 1968-1972) ……………55 3.2.2. Investigations de la discontinuité culturelle et phylogénétique ……………57 3.2.2.1. Approfondissement des termes du modèle de diffusion et de remplacement de populations en Europe (R. Klein, 1973) ………………57 3.2.2.2. Approches des caractères de la discontinuité par P. Mellars (1973) …59 3.2.3. Continuité / discontinuité, le point de vue des paléontologues ………………60 3.2.3.1. Le redéveloppement de la continuité biologique : succession et pluralité des scénarios (1930-1965) ………………………………60 3.2.3.2. Du modèle de « remplacement africain » à l’ « Out of Africa ». ………62 3.3. L’essor du scénario « Out of Africa » : nouveaux fondements de l’interprétation culturelle (1989-1998) …………………………………………………62 3.3.1. Développement de l’approche migrationniste ………………………………63 3.3.1.1. La « révolution humaine » de P. Mellars (1989) ………………………63 D’une
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